89/369/EEC - Prevention of air pollution from new municipal waste incineration plants
Council Directive 89/369/EEC aims to prevent air pollution from new municipal waste incineration plants by setting specific emission limit values and operational requirements. It defines municipal waste and incineration plants, stipulating the need for authorization to operate new facilities. The directive establishes limits for pollutants such as total dust, heavy metals, hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, and sulfur dioxide, with stricter limits for larger plants. New plants must maintain combustion temperatures of at least 850°C for two seconds in the presence of oxygen and limit carbon monoxide and organic compound emissions. Continuous and periodic measurements are mandated to ensure compliance, with auxiliary burners required to maintain temperature during startup and shutdown. Procedures for monitoring, reporting, and public information are detailed, including corrective actions if emission limits are exceeded. The directive allows limited derogations for plants burning waste-derived fuels. Member States must implement these provisions by December 1990, reinforcing environmental protection and public health within the EU through harmonized standards for municipal waste incineration.
Purpose
Council Directive 89/369/EEC aims to prevent air pollution from new municipal waste incineration plants within the European Community. The directive focuses on reducing emissions harmful to human health, living resources, ecosystems, and material property by setting emission limit values and operational requirements based on the best available technology that does not entail excessive costs. It seeks to complement existing environmental legislation, ensuring high levels of public health and environmental protection, especially concerning air pollution originating from the incineration of municipal waste.
Key obligations
Authorization conditions: New municipal waste incineration plants must obtain prior authorization with attached conditions ensuring compliance with emission limits and operational standards (Article 2).
Emission limit values: Specific emission limits are established for pollutants such as total dust, heavy metals (Pb, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, As, Cd, Hg), hydrochloric acid (HCl), hydrofluoric acid (HF), and sulphur dioxide (SO2), depending on the nominal capacity of the plant (Article 3).
Combustion conditions:
- Flue gases must reach at least 850°C for two seconds post-combustion air injection, with a minimum of 6% oxygen presence (Article 4).
- Carbon monoxide concentrations must not exceed 100 mg/Nm³, and organic compounds 20 mg/Nm³ (Article 4).
- Alternative combustion techniques can be authorized if dioxin and furan emissions are equivalent or lower than those under standard conditions (Article 4).
Emission control and monitoring:
- Continuous measurement and recording of concentrations of total dust, CO, oxygen, HCl (for plants ≥1 tonne/h).
- Periodic measurement of heavy metals, HF, SO2, organic compounds (expressed as total carbon), and other pollutants as required (Article 6).
- Auxiliary burners to maintain combustion temperatures, especially during startup and shutdown (Article 7).
- Procedures for addressing emissions exceeding limits, including notification of competent authorities and potential plant shutdown (Article 8).
Public information: Results of emission controls and conditions imposed must be made public, respecting commercial confidentiality (Article 9).
Derogations: Member States may allow exemptions for plants burning waste-derived fuels under strict conditions related to fuel type and compliance with other air pollution regulations (Article 10).
Verification: Competent authorities must verify compliance with the directive’s conditions and revise permits as appropriate (Article 11).
Affected products and actors
Municipal waste-incineration plants: Any technical equipment for incinerating domestic refuse, commercial and trade waste, or similar waste types. Plants specifically designed for sewage sludge, chemical, toxic, medical, or other special wastes are excluded (Article 1).
Operators and authorities:
- Operators of new municipal waste incineration plants must ensure compliance with all emission limits and operating conditions.
- Competent national authorities are responsible for authorization, monitoring, enforcement, and ensuring public access to relevant information.
Implementation timeline
Member States were required to adopt and enforce the necessary laws, regulations, and administrative measures to comply with the Directive by 1 December 1990 (Article 12).
Following implementation, Member States must communicate their national provisions to the European Commission and update the Commission on any additional measures taken.
This directive set a framework for air pollution control from new municipal waste incineration plants, promoting technological improvements and harmonizing emission standards across the European Community.
This directive applies to new municipal waste incineration plants, which are installations used for treating municipal waste by incineration, with or without recovery of combustion heat. It expressly excludes plants dedicated to incinerating sewage sludge, chemical, toxic, dangerous waste, medical waste from hospitals, or other special waste types, even if these plants also burn municipal waste. The scope covers the entire installation including the incinerator, waste, fuel and air supply systems, and monitoring and control devices. The directive concerns incineration plants designed to handle domestic refuse, commercial or trade refuse, and other waste similar in nature or composition to domestic refuse. It applies to new plants seeking authorization to operate after the directive's implementation date, focusing on preventing air pollution by setting emission limit values and operational conditions to protect human health and the environment.
Die Richtlinie 89/369/EWG dient dem Schutz der Umwelt und der öffentlichen Gesundheit durch die Verhütung der Luftverunreinigung bei neuen Verbrennungsanlagen für Siedlungsmüll. Sie legt verbindliche Emissionsgrenzwerte für Schadstoffe wie Schwermetalle, Staub, Schwefeldioxid, Salzsäure und Kohlenmonoxid fest, die je nach Kapazität der Anlage variieren. Die Richtlinie fordert strenge technische Anforderungen, darunter eine Mindestverbrennungstemperatur von 850 °C für mindestens zwei Sekunden und eine kontinuierliche Überwachung wesentlicher Emissionsparameter. Zusatzbrenner sind zu installieren, um bei Temperaturrückgang die notwendige Verbrennungstemperatur sicherzustellen. Die Mitgliedstaaten sind verpflichtet, Genehmigungsverfahren zu implementieren, die diese Anforderungen sicherstellen, und die Öffentlichkeit über Auflagen und Emissionsergebnisse zu informieren. Abweichungen sind nur unter bestimmten technischen und wirtschaftlichen Bedingungen zulässig. Die Richtlinie zielt darauf ab, grenzüberschreitende Luftverunreinigungen zu vermeiden und die Anwendung der besten verfügbaren Technik zur Emissionsminderung zu fördern, ohne unverhältnismäßige Kosten zu verursachen. Die Mitgliedstaaten mussten die Richtlinie bis zum 1. Dezember 1990 umsetzen.
Zweck
Die Richtlinie 89/369/EWG des Rates vom 8. Juni 1989 zielt darauf ab, die Luftverunreinigung durch neue Verbrennungsanlagen für Siedlungsmüll zu verhindern und zu verringern. Dabei geht es insbesondere um den Schutz der menschlichen Gesundheit und der Umwelt vor schädlichen Emissionen, die bei der Müllverbrennung entstehen können. Die Richtlinie soll sicherstellen, dass neue Anlagen erst nach vorheriger Genehmigung betrieben werden dürfen, die an strenge Umweltauflagen gebunden ist. Zudem sollen gemeinschaftliche Emissionsgrenzwerte für Schadstoffe, darunter Dioxine und Furane, eingeführt werden, um eine effiziente und einheitliche Regelung in allen Mitgliedstaaten zu gewährleisten.
Wichtige Verpflichtungen
Genehmigungspflicht
Der Betrieb neuer Verbrennungsanlagen für Siedlungsmüll ist genehmigungspflichtig und unterliegt strengen Umweltauflagen gemäß den Artikeln 3 bis 10 der Richtlinie sowie der Richtlinie 84/360/EWG.Emissionsgrenzwerte
Für bestimmte Schadstoffe wie Staub, Schwermetalle (Pb, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, As, Cd, Hg), Salzsäure (HCl), Fluorwasserstoffsäure (HF) und Schwefeldioxid (SO2) werden differenzierte Emissionsgrenzwerte je nach Nennkapazität der Anlagen definiert (z.B. strengere Grenzwerte für größere Anlagen). Auch für CO und organische Verbindungen gibt es Anforderungen an die Emissionswerte.Betriebsbedingungen
Die Anlagen müssen so betrieben werden, dass die Verbrennungsgase mindestens zwei Sekunden lang bei einer Temperatur von mindestens 850 °C und einem Mindest-Sauerstoffgehalt von 6 % verbrannt werden. Zusätzlich sind begrenzte Kohlenmonoxidwerte einzuhalten sowie andere Vorgaben zur Verbrennungsqualität.Mess- und Kontrollpflichten
Die Emissionen sind kontinuierlich oder periodisch zu messen und aufzuzeichnen. Die Messsysteme müssen von den Behörden genehmigt und deren Ergebnisse öffentlich zugänglich gemacht werden, soweit keine Betriebsgeheimnisse verletzt werden.Technische Anforderungen
Neu errichtete Anlagen müssen mit Zusatzbrennern ausgestattet sein, die automatisch starten, wenn die Verbrennungstemperatur unter 850 °C fällt, um die Einhaltung der Temperaturgrenze zu sichern.Ausnahmeregelungen
Für Anlagen mit geringer Kapazität oder speziellen Brennstoffen aus Müll können Abweichungen von den Grenzwerten zugelassen werden, sofern die Richtlinie 84/360/EWG eingehalten wird und keine höheren Umweltbelastungen entstehen.
Betroffene Produkte und Akteure
Verbrennungsanlagen für Siedlungsmüll
Technische Anlagen, die Siedlungsabfälle (Hausmüll, Büro- und Gewerbemüll, der haushaltsähnlich ist) durch Verbrennung behandeln. Die Richtlinie gilt für neue Anlagen, deren Betrieb nach Inkrafttreten genehmigt wird.Betreiber der Verbrennungsanlagen
Verantwortlich für die Einhaltung der Emissionsgrenzwerte, Messpflichten sowie die rechtzeitige Information der Behörden bei Grenzwertüberschreitungen.Zuständige Behörden
Genehmigen die Anlagen, überwachen die Einhaltung der Richtlinie, genehmigen Messmethoden und stellen die Einhaltung der Emissionsgrenzwerte sicher.Öffentlichkeit
Wird über die in Kraft tretenden Vorschriften und die Messergebnisse der Anlagen informiert, soweit keine Geschäftsgeheimnisse betroffen sind.
Umsetzungszeitplan
Die Mitgliedstaaten sind verpflichtet, die erforderlichen Rechts- und Verwaltungsvorschriften zur Einhaltung der Richtlinie bis zum 1. Dezember 1990 zu erlassen und der Kommission deren Wortlaut mitzuteilen.
Die Richtlinie gilt für alle neuen Verbrennungsanlagen für Siedlungsmüll, deren Betrieb nach dem Inkrafttreten genehmigt wird.
Die Kommission wird auf Grundlage der besten verfügbaren Technologien Emissionsgrenzwerte für bestimmte Schadstoffe weiterentwickeln und harmonisieren, darunter insbesondere Dioxine und Furane.
Diese Richtlinie schafft den rechtlichen Rahmen für eine umweltverträgliche Entsorgung von Siedlungsabfällen durch Verbrennung unter Vermeidung oder Verringerung schädlicher Luftemissionen in der Europäischen Gemeinschaft.
Die Richtlinie 89/369/EWG gilt für neue Verbrennungsanlagen zur Behandlung von Siedlungsmüll in den Mitgliedstaaten der Europäischen Gemeinschaft. Siedlungsmüll umfasst Hausmüll sowie Büro-, Gewerbe- und sonstigen Müll, der in seiner Beschaffenheit oder Zusammensetzung mit Hausmüll vergleichbar ist. Ausgenommen sind Anlagen, in denen kommunaler Klärschlamm, chemische, giftige und gefährliche Abfälle, medizinische Abfälle oder andere Sonderabfälle verbrannt werden, auch wenn dort Siedlungsmüll beigemischt wird. Ziel ist es, die Verunreinigung der Luft durch Emissionen aus diesen Anlagen zu verhindern oder zu begrenzen. Die Richtlinie legt Anforderungen an die Genehmigung, Emissionsgrenzwerte, Betriebsbedingungen, Überwachung und Kontrolle neuer Müllverbrennungsanlagen fest, um die menschliche Gesundheit und die Umwelt vor schädlichen Auswirkungen durch Luftverunreinigungen zu schützen.
La directive 89/369/CEE vise à prévenir la pollution atmosphérique causée par les installations nouvelles d’incinération des déchets municipaux. Elle impose aux États membres d’exiger une autorisation préalable pour toute nouvelle installation, conditionnée au respect de valeurs limites d’émission précises pour plusieurs polluants tels que les poussières, métaux lourds, acides chlorhydrique et fluorhydrique, ainsi que l'anhydride sulfureux. La directive établit des normes techniques strictes, notamment une température minimale de combustion de 850°C pendant au moins deux secondes en présence d’au moins 6 % d’oxygène pour garantir une combustion efficace et limiter les émissions toxiques. Elle prévoit également des exigences en matière de surveillance continue des émissions, la mise en place de brûleurs d’appoint et des mesures correctives en cas de dépassement des normes. L’objectif principal est de protéger la santé humaine et l’environnement contre les effets nocifs liés aux émissions atmosphériques des installations d’incinération, en assurant l’harmonisation des mesures au niveau communautaire tout en autorisant des règles plus strictes au niveau national.
Objet
La directive 89/369/CEE vise à prévenir la pollution atmosphérique provenant des nouvelles installations d'incinération des déchets municipaux au sein de l'Union européenne. Elle établit des normes harmonisées pour limiter les émissions polluantes issues de ces installations, afin de protéger la santé humaine et l'environnement, conformément aux objectifs des programmes d'action communautaires sur l'environnement. L’accent est mis sur la meilleure technologie disponible sans coûts excessifs et la nécessité d’obtenir une autorisation préalable d’exploitation respectant des conditions strictes.
Obligations principales
Autorisation préalable : Toute nouvelle installation d'incinération des déchets municipaux doit obtenir une autorisation d’exploitation soumise aux exigences de la présente directive, en complément des directives 75/442/CEE (gestion des déchets) et 84/360/CEE (lutte contre la pollution industrielle).
Valeurs limites d’émission : Des seuils précis sont fixés pour diverses substances polluantes (en mg/Nm³), adaptés à la capacité nominale d’incinération :
- Poussières totales : 30 à 200 mg/Nm³ selon capacité.
- Métaux lourds (Pb, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, As, Cd, Hg) avec des limites strictes.
- Acide chlorhydrique (HCl), acide fluorhydrique (HF) et anhydride sulfureux (SO₂).
Des valeurs spécifiques peuvent être fixées pour d’autres polluants, notamment les dioxines et furannes, en attendant une directive dédiée.
Conditions de combustion :
- Température minimale de 850°C dans la zone de post-combustion pendant au moins 2 secondes, avec un taux d’oxygène d’au moins 6 %.
- Contrôle du monoxyde de carbone (CO) ≤ 100 mg/Nm³ et des composés organiques totaux ≤ 20 mg/Nm³.
- Le fonctionnement doit garantir une combustion complète et contrôlée pour minimiser les émissions.
Surveillance et contrôle :
- Mesures en continu pour les poussières totales, CO, oxygène, HCl pour les capacités ≥ 1 t/h.
- Mesures périodiques pour métaux lourds, HF, SO₂, et composés organiques.
- Enregistrement des données et transmission aux autorités compétentes.
Équipements obligatoires :
- Brûleurs d’appoint pour maintenir la température minimale en permanence, notamment durant les phases de démarrage et extinction.
Gestion des dépassements :
- Notification immédiate à l’autorité compétente en cas de dépassement des valeurs limites.
- Suspension du fonctionnement tant que la conformité n’est pas rétablie.
- Limitation stricte de la durée des arrêts d’équipements de traitement sans filtration efficace.
Rejet et dispersion :
- Rejet des gaz par cheminée adaptée dont la hauteur doit être calculée pour protéger la santé et l’environnement.
- Émission contrôlée et évitement d'une pollution atmosphérique significative au sol.
Produits et acteurs concernés
- Installations nouvelles d’incinération des déchets municipaux : tout équipement destiné à incinérer des déchets provenant des ménages, commerces et autres sources similaires.
- Ne concerne pas les incinérateurs de déchets spéciaux (boues d’épuration, déchets chimiques, médicaux, toxiques).
- Acteurs impliqués :
- Exploitants des installations d'incinération.
- Autorités compétentes nationales chargées de délivrer les autorisations et contrôler les installations.
- Commission européenne, informée des dérogations et engageant des consultations entre États membres.
Calendrier de mise en œuvre
- La directive s’applique aux installations nouvelles dont l’autorisation d’exploitation est délivrée à partir de la date fixée à l’article 12, paragraphe 1 (la date précise est à vérifier dans le texte intégral ou les actes d’application).
- Les États membres doivent veiller à intégrer ces exigences dans leurs réglementations nationales et garantir leur application effective.
- Une période de transition a pu être prévue localement pour l’adaptation technique des installations.
La directive 89/369/CEE établit ainsi un cadre obligatoire pour limiter la pollution atmosphérique liée à l’incinération des déchets municipaux dans les nouvelles installations, combinant conditions techniques strictes, surveillance continue et responsabilités partagées entre exploitants et autorités publiques.
La directive 89/369/CEE s'applique aux nouvelles installations d'incinération des déchets municipaux, c'est-à-dire les équipements techniques destinés au traitement par incinération des déchets ménagers ainsi que des déchets commerciaux ou d'entreprises similaires aux déchets ménagers. Elle exclut les installations spécialisées pour l'incinération des boues d'épuration, des déchets chimiques, toxiques, dangereux ou médicaux. La directive concerne la conception, l'équipement, l'exploitation et l'autorisation préalable de ces installations, dans le but de prévenir la pollution atmosphérique. Elle fixe des exigences relatives aux émissions de polluants atmosphériques, à la combustion, ainsi qu'au contrôle et suivi des émissions. La directive vise à protéger la santé humaine et l'environnement en harmonisant les normes d'émission pour ces équipements dans tous les États membres de l'Union européenne.
Direktiva 89/369/EGS določa zahteve za preprečevanje onesnaževanja zraka iz novih sežigalnic komunalnih odpadkov v državah članicah EU. Namenjena je varstvu zdravja ljudi in okolja z uvedbo mejnih vrednosti emisij za snovi, kot so prah, težke kovine, klorovodikova kislina, fluorovodikova kislina in žveplov dioksid. Novi objekti morajo biti načrtovani, opremljeni in obratovani tako, da se zagotovi zgorevanje odpadkov pri najmanj 850 °C z ustrezno koncentracijo kisika in nadzorom izpustov. Direktiva ureja tudi merilne postopke, obvezno stalno spremljanje nekaterih emisij in obveznost takojšnjega ukrepanja, če so mejne vrednosti presežene. Poudarja pomen uporabe najboljše razpoložljive tehnologije brez čezmernih stroškov ter zagotavljanje transparentnosti z obveščanjem javnosti o pogojih in rezultatih obratovanja. Države članice so dolžne predhodno dovoliti obratovanje sežigalnic ter sprejeti potrebne zakonodajne ukrepe do 1. decembra 1990. Posebni pogoji so določeni za sežigalnice goriv, pridobljenih iz odpadkov, če izpolnjujejo določene kriterije.
Namen
Direktiva 89/369/EGS uvaja ukrepe za preprečevanje in zmanjševanje onesnaževanja zraka, ki izhaja iz novih sežigalnic komunalnih odpadkov. Uveljavlja se kot del širšega okvira varstva okolja v Evropski skupnosti, pri čemer sta ključnega pomena javno zdravje in varstvo okolja. Direktiva določa mejne vrednosti emisij ter tehnološke in obratovalne zahteve za nove sežigalnice, s ciljem izboljšati kakovost zraka in preprečiti škodljive vplive tako na lokalni kot na čezmejni ravni.
Ključne obveznosti
- Vsaka nova sežigalnica komunalnih odpadkov mora pridobiti predhodno dovoljenje za obratovanje, pri čemer je treba priložiti pogoje, ki vključujejo obvezno upoštevanje mejnih vrednosti emisij.
- Mejne vrednosti emisij so določene glede na zmogljivost sežigalnice in vključujejo omejitve za celotni prah, težke kovine, klorovodikovo in fluorovodikovo kislino, žveplov dioksid, ogljikov monoksid ter organske spojine.
- Sežigalnice morajo omogočati zadostno segrevanje zgorevalnih plinov na najmanj 850 °C vsaj dve sekundi pri določenem deležu kisika, pri čemer se obratovalni parametri (CO, organske spojine, prah, HCl, težke kovine ipd.) spremljajo s stalnim in rednim merjenjem.
- V primeru preseganja mejnih vrednosti morajo pristojni organi ukrepati z ukinitvijo obratovanja ali uvedbo korektivnih ukrepov.
- Sežigalnice morajo imeti pomožne gorilnike za vzdrževanje potrebne temperature, še posebej pri zagonu, ustavitvi in morebitnem padcu temperature zgorevalnih plinov.
- Zagotavljanje javne dostopnosti do podatkov o emisijah ob upoštevanju poslovne tajnosti.
- Države članice lahko v določenih primerih dovolijo odstopanja za sežigalnice za sežig goriv, pridobljenih iz komunalnih odpadkov, če so izpolnjeni posebni pogoji in ni preseganja dovoljenih emisij.
Vplivani proizvodi in subjekti
- Nova sežigalnica komunalnih odpadkov, ki vključuje sežigalne peči in pripadajoče naprave za oskrbo z odpadki, zraka ter nadzor in merjenje emisij.
- Upravljavci sežigalnic, ki morajo zagotoviti ustrezno obratovanje, meritve, spremljanje in dosledno izpolnjevanje zakonodajnih zahtev.
- Pristojni organi držav članic, odgovorni za izdajo dovoljenj, nadzor izvajanja direktive, preverjanje obratovanja sežigalnic in ukrepanje ob neskladjih.
- Javnost, ki mora biti obveščena o pogojih obratovanja in doseženih rezultatih glede emisij.
Rok za izvedbo
- Države članice so se zavezale, da bodo svojo nacionalno zakonodajo uskladile s to direktivo najkasneje do 1. decembra 1990.
- Po uskladitvi so pristojni organi dolžni izvajati preverjanja in nadzor izpolnjevanja direktivnih zahtev oziroma dopolnjevati dovoljenja pri obstoječih sežigalnicah.
- Direktiva se nanaša na nove sežigalnice, za katere je dovoljenje izdano od 1. 12. 1990 naprej, zato se obstoječe sežigalnice urejajo v skladu z drugimi predpisi, kot je Direktiva 84/360/EGS.
Ta direktiva je ključni dokument za regulacijo sežiga komunalnih odpadkov v Evropski skupnosti, ki zagotavlja enovite okoljske standarde in spodbuja uporabo najboljših razpoložljivih tehnologij brez dodatnih čezmernih stroškov.
Direktiva 89/369/EGS se nanaša na nove sežigalnice komunalnih odpadkov, ki obdelujejo gospodinjske odpadke ter odpadke iz obrti, trgovine in druge odpadke, ki so zaradi svojih lastnosti ali sestave podobni gospodinjskim odpadkom. Direktivne določbe veljajo za tehnično opremo, ki se uporablja za sežig teh odpadkov, vključno z zemljiščem in celotnim obratom, kot so sežigalna naprava, sistemi za oskrbo z odpadki, gorivom, zrakom ter naprave za preverjanje postopkov in spremljanje pogojev sežiga. Izključene so naprave za sežig blata iz čistilnih naprav, kemičnih ter nevarnih odpadkov, medicinskih odpadkov in drugih posebnih vrst odpadkov. Cilj direktive je preprečevati onesnaževanje zraka in zagotoviti varstvo javnega zdravja in okolja ob obratovanju novih sežigalnic komunalnih odpadkov.
General Information
This document specifies a manual reference method for the determination of the mass concentration of specific elements in stationary source emissions. The method is applicable to each of the specific elements in the concentration range of 0,005 mg/m3 to 5 mg/m3.
This document has been validated for the determination of the mass concentration of metals in incineration exhaust gases - applying the performance criteria stated in Clause 9 - for the following elements:
- arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), antimony (Sb), thallium (Tl), and vanadium (V) and their compounds.
The document can be used to determine metals other than those listed above (for example, selenium (Se) (ISO 17211), tellurium (Te), beryllium (Be), tin (Sn) and zinc (Zn)).
NOTE 1 These other metals mentioned above are commonly required by National Regulations, but this document currently has not yet been validated for these metals.
The document was validated for waste incinerators, but it is also applicable to other industrial processes, the practical experience shows that it can be applied over wide concentration ranges and various emission sources.
If mercury is intended to be determined as well, this can be sampled in a side stream arrangement of the sampling train (EN 13211) [5].
NOTE 2 This document has been validated with the described materials, equipment, sampling, and digestion performances etc., followed by analyses with atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES,) or inductively coupled mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). This does not exclude the use of other types of equipment or analyses that meet the requirements and have been proven to be equivalent to the described European Standard.
- Standard74 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a manual reference method for the determination of the mass concentration of specific elements in stationary source emissions. The method is applicable to each of the specific elements in the concentration range of 0,005 mg/m3 to 5 mg/m3.
This document has been validated for the determination of the mass concentration of metals in incineration exhaust gases - applying the performance criteria stated in Clause 9 - for the following elements:
- arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), antimony (Sb), thallium (Tl), and vanadium (V) and their compounds.
The document can be used to determine metals other than those listed above (for example, selenium (Se) (ISO 17211), tellurium (Te), beryllium (Be), tin (Sn) and zinc (Zn)).
NOTE 1 These other metals mentioned above are commonly required by National Regulations, but this document currently has not yet been validated for these metals.
The document was validated for waste incinerators, but it is also applicable to other industrial processes, the practical experience shows that it can be applied over wide concentration ranges and various emission sources.
If mercury is intended to be determined as well, this can be sampled in a side stream arrangement of the sampling train (EN 13211) [5].
NOTE 2 This document has been validated with the described materials, equipment, sampling, and digestion performances etc., followed by analyses with atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES,) or inductively coupled mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). This does not exclude the use of other types of equipment or analyses that meet the requirements and have been proven to be equivalent to the described European Standard.
- Standard74 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies a method for the determination of the gross calorific value of sludge at constant volume and at the reference temperature 25 °C in a bomb calorimeter calibrated by combustion of certified benzoic acid.
The result obtained is the gross calorific value of the sample at constant volume with both the water of the combustion products and the moisture of the sludge as liquid water. In practice, sludges are burned at constant (atmospheric) pressure and the water is not condensed but is removed as vapour with the flue gases. Under these conditions, the operative heat of combustion to be used is the net calorific value of the fuel at constant pressure. In this European Standard the net calorific value at constant volume is described as it requires less additional determinations.
This method is applicable to all kinds of sludges.
- Standard21 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies a method for the determination of the gross calorific value of sludge at constant volume and at the reference temperature 25 °C in a bomb calorimeter calibrated by combustion of certified benzoic acid.
The result obtained is the gross calorific value of the sample at constant volume with both the water of the combustion products and the moisture of the sludge as liquid water. In practice, sludges are burned at constant (atmospheric) pressure and the water is not condensed but is removed as vapour with the flue gases. Under these conditions, the operative heat of combustion to be used is the net calorific value of the fuel at constant pressure. In this European Standard the net calorific value at constant volume is described as it requires less additional determinations.
This method is applicable to all kinds of sludges.
- Standard21 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies the sampling of PCDDs/PCDFs. It is an integral part of the complete measurement procedure. The use of the other two parts prEN 1948-2:2005 and
prEN 1948-3:2005 describing extraction and clean-up and identification and quantification, respectively, is necessary for the determination of the PCDDs/PCDFs.
This European Standard has been developed to measure PCDD/PCDF concentrations at about 0,1 ng I TEQ/m3 in stationary source emissions.
This European Standard specifies both method validation and a framework of quality control requirements which shall be fulfilled by any PCDD/PCDF sampling.
The user has the possibility to choose between three different methods:
- "filter/condenser method"
- "dilution method"
- "cooled probe method"
Each sampling method is illustrated by some sampling systems described in detail in Annex B as examples of proven procedures.
During comparison measurements of the three sampling methods on municipal waste incinerators at the level of about 0,1 ng I-TEQ/m3 these methods have been deemed comparable within the expected range of uncertainty. Validation trials were performed on the flue gas of municipal waste incinerators at the level of about 0,1 ng I-TEQ/m3 and a dust loading of from 1 mg/m3 to 15 mg/m3. Although this European Standard is primarily developed and validated for gaseous streams emitted by waste incinerators, the practical experience shows that it can be applied for wide concentration ranges and various emission sources.
The procedure described in the three parts of prEN 1948:2005 specifies requirements which shall be met in order to measure the 17 congeners necessary to calculate the total I-TEQ (see Table A.1).
Besides the determination of PCDDs/PCDFs the described measurement methods are suitable for determination of other low-volatile substances, e.g. of dioxin-like PCBs (details for sampling and analyses see CEN/TS 1948-4), although no validated performance characteristics are avail
- Standard64 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies the extraction and clean-up procedures of the sampled PCDDs/PCDFs. It is integral part of the complete measurement procedure. The use of the other two parts prEN 1948-1:2005 and prEN 1948-3:2005 describing sampling or identification and quantification, respectively, is necessary for the determination of the PCDDs/PCDFs.
This European Standard has been designed to measure PCDD/PCDF concentrations at about
0,1 ng I-TEQ/m3 in stationary source emissions.
This European Standard specifies both method validation and a framework of quality control requirements which shall be fulfilled by any PCDD/PCDF extraction and clean-up methods to be applied. Some methods are described in detail in Annex A as examples of proven procedures.
Each of the three sampling methods (Part 1) can be combined with the extraction and clean-up (Part 2) and the identification and quantification (Part 3) to complete the measurement procedure.
During comparison measurements of the three sampling methods on municipal waste incinerators at the level of about 0,1 ng I-TEQ/m3 these methods have been deemed comparable within the expected range of uncertainty. Validation trials were performed on the flue gas of municipal waste incinerators at the level of about 0,1 ng I-TEQ/m3 and a dust loading of from 1 mg/m3 to 15 mg/m3. Although this European Standard is primarily developed and validated for gaseous streams emitted by waste incinerators, the practical experience shows that it can be applied for wide concentration ranges and various emission sources.
The procedure described in the three parts of prEN 1948:2005 specifies requirements which shall be met in order to measure the 17 congeners necessary to calculate the total I-TEQ (see Table A.1 of
prEN 1948-1:2005).
Besides the determination of PCDDs/PCDFs the described measurement methods are suitable for determination of other low-volatile substances, e.g. of dioxin-like PCBs (details for sampling and analyses se
- Standard36 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies the identification and quantification procedures of the sampled PCDDs/PCDFs. It is an integral part of the complete measurement procedure. The use of the other two parts of this standard, prEN 1948-1:2005 and prEN 1948-2:2005, describing sampling and extraction and clean-up, respectively, is necessary for the determination of the PCDDs/PCDFs.
This European Standard has been designed to measure PCDD/PCDF concentrations at about 0,1 ng I-TEQ/m3 in stationary source emissions.
This European Standard specifies both method validation and a framework of quality control requirements which shall be fulfilled by any PCDD/PCDF identification and quantification methods to be applied. Some methods are described in detail in Annex A as examples of proven procedures.
Each of the three sampling methods (Part 1) can be combined with the extraction and clean-up (Part 2) and the identification and quantification (Part 3) to complete the measurement procedure.
During comparison measurements of the three sampling methods on municipal waste incinerators at the level of about 0,1 ng I-TEQ/m3 these methods have been deemed comparable within the expected range of uncertainty. Validation trials were performed on the flue gas of municipal waste incinerators at the level of about 0,1 ng I-TEQ/m3 and a dust loading of from 1 mg/m3 to 15 mg/m3. Although this European Standard is primarily developed and validated for gaseous streams emitted by waste incinerators, the practical experience shows that it can be applied for wide concentration ranges and various emission sources.
The procedure described in the three parts of prEN 1948:2005 specifies requirements in order to measure every 2,3,7,8-chlorine substituted PCDD/PCDF congener required to calculate the total I-TEQ (see Table A.1 of prEN 1948-1:2005).
Besides the determination of PCDDs/PCDFs the described measurement methods are suitable for determination of other low-volatile substances, e.g. of dioxin-
- Standard48 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies the extraction and clean-up procedures of the sampled PCDDs/PCDFs. It is integral part of the complete measurement procedure. The use of the other two parts prEN 1948-1:2005 and prEN 1948-3:2005 describing sampling or identification and quantification, respectively, is necessary for the determination of the PCDDs/PCDFs.
This European Standard has been designed to measure PCDD/PCDF concentrations at about
0,1 ng I-TEQ/m3 in stationary source emissions.
This European Standard specifies both method validation and a framework of quality control requirements which shall be fulfilled by any PCDD/PCDF extraction and clean-up methods to be applied. Some methods are described in detail in Annex A as examples of proven procedures.
Each of the three sampling methods (Part 1) can be combined with the extraction and clean-up (Part 2) and the identification and quantification (Part 3) to complete the measurement procedure.
During comparison measurements of the three sampling methods on municipal waste incinerators at the level of about 0,1 ng I-TEQ/m3 these methods have been deemed comparable within the expected range of uncertainty. Validation trials were performed on the flue gas of municipal waste incinerators at the level of about 0,1 ng I-TEQ/m3 and a dust loading of from 1 mg/m3 to 15 mg/m3. Although this European Standard is primarily developed and validated for gaseous streams emitted by waste incinerators, the practical experience shows that it can be applied for wide concentration ranges and various emission sources.
The procedure described in the three parts of prEN 1948:2005 specifies requirements which shall be met in order to measure the 17 congeners necessary to calculate the total I-TEQ (see Table A.1 of
prEN 1948-1:2005).
Besides the determination of PCDDs/PCDFs the described measurement methods are suitable for determination of other low-volatile substances, e.g. of dioxin-like PCBs (details for sampling and analyses se
- Standard36 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies the identification and quantification procedures of the sampled PCDDs/PCDFs. It is an integral part of the complete measurement procedure. The use of the other two parts of this standard, prEN 1948-1:2005 and prEN 1948-2:2005, describing sampling and extraction and clean-up, respectively, is necessary for the determination of the PCDDs/PCDFs.
This European Standard has been designed to measure PCDD/PCDF concentrations at about 0,1 ng I-TEQ/m3 in stationary source emissions.
This European Standard specifies both method validation and a framework of quality control requirements which shall be fulfilled by any PCDD/PCDF identification and quantification methods to be applied. Some methods are described in detail in Annex A as examples of proven procedures.
Each of the three sampling methods (Part 1) can be combined with the extraction and clean-up (Part 2) and the identification and quantification (Part 3) to complete the measurement procedure.
During comparison measurements of the three sampling methods on municipal waste incinerators at the level of about 0,1 ng I-TEQ/m3 these methods have been deemed comparable within the expected range of uncertainty. Validation trials were performed on the flue gas of municipal waste incinerators at the level of about 0,1 ng I-TEQ/m3 and a dust loading of from 1 mg/m3 to 15 mg/m3. Although this European Standard is primarily developed and validated for gaseous streams emitted by waste incinerators, the practical experience shows that it can be applied for wide concentration ranges and various emission sources.
The procedure described in the three parts of prEN 1948:2005 specifies requirements in order to measure every 2,3,7,8-chlorine substituted PCDD/PCDF congener required to calculate the total I-TEQ (see Table A.1 of prEN 1948-1:2005).
Besides the determination of PCDDs/PCDFs the described measurement methods are suitable for determination of other low-volatile substances, e.g. of dioxin-
- Standard48 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies the sampling of PCDDs/PCDFs. It is an integral part of the complete measurement procedure. The use of the other two parts prEN 1948-2:2005 and
prEN 1948-3:2005 describing extraction and clean-up and identification and quantification, respectively, is necessary for the determination of the PCDDs/PCDFs.
This European Standard has been developed to measure PCDD/PCDF concentrations at about 0,1 ng I TEQ/m3 in stationary source emissions.
This European Standard specifies both method validation and a framework of quality control requirements which shall be fulfilled by any PCDD/PCDF sampling.
The user has the possibility to choose between three different methods:
- "filter/condenser method"
- "dilution method"
- "cooled probe method"
Each sampling method is illustrated by some sampling systems described in detail in Annex B as examples of proven procedures.
During comparison measurements of the three sampling methods on municipal waste incinerators at the level of about 0,1 ng I-TEQ/m3 these methods have been deemed comparable within the expected range of uncertainty. Validation trials were performed on the flue gas of municipal waste incinerators at the level of about 0,1 ng I-TEQ/m3 and a dust loading of from 1 mg/m3 to 15 mg/m3. Although this European Standard is primarily developed and validated for gaseous streams emitted by waste incinerators, the practical experience shows that it can be applied for wide concentration ranges and various emission sources.
The procedure described in the three parts of prEN 1948:2005 specifies requirements which shall be met in order to measure the 17 congeners necessary to calculate the total I-TEQ (see Table A.1).
Besides the determination of PCDDs/PCDFs the described measurement methods are suitable for determination of other low-volatile substances, e.g. of dioxin-like PCBs (details for sampling and analyses see CEN/TS 1948-4), although no validated performance characteristics are avail
- Standard64 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies the Standard Reference Method (SRM) for sampling, and determining car-bon monoxide content in ducts and stacks emitting to atmosphere. It describes the Non Dispersive Infra-Red (NDIR) analytical technique, including the sampling system and sample gas conditioning system, to determine CO in flue gases. This European Standard is the reference method for periodic monitoring and for calibration or control of Automatic Measuring Systems (AMS) permanently installed on a stack, for regulatory purposes or other purposes. To be used as the SRM, it is necessary to demonstrate that the performance characteristics of the method are lower than the performance criteria defined in this European standard and that the overall uncertainty of the method is less than ± 6 % relative at the daily Emission Limit Value (ELV).
NOTE When the NDIR method is used as an AMS, refer to EN 14181 and other relevant standards provided by CEN TC 264.
It is necessary for anybody who would like to use an Alternative Method instead of this Standard Reference Method to work out the demonstration of the equivalence according to the Technical Specification TS 14793, providing that his capability to carry out this demonstration is officially recognised by his national accreditation body or law.
This Standard Reference Method has been evaluated during field tests on waste incineration, co-incineration installations and large combustion plants. It has been validated for CO concentrations with sampling periods of 30 min in the range of 0 mg/m3 to 400 mg/m3 for large combustion plants and 0 mg/m3 – 740 mg/m3 for waste and co-incineration. For waste incineration plants, Council Directive 2000/76/EC lays down emission values which are expressed in mg/m3, on dry basis at a specified value of O2 and at reference conditions of 273 K and 101,3 kPa.
- Standard41 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard describes the chemiluminescence method, including the sampling and the gas conditioning system, to determine the NO/NO2/NOX concentrations in flue gases emitted from ducts and stacks to atmosphere. This European Standard is the Standard Reference Method (SRM) for periodic monitoring and for calibration or control of Automatic Measuring Systems (AMS) permanently installed on a stack, for regulatory or other purposes such as calibration. To be used as the SRM, the user shall demonstrate that the performance characteristics of the method are better than the performance criteria defined in this European Standard and that the overall uncertainty of the method is less than ± 10 percent relative at the daily Emission Limit Value (ELV).
NOTE When the chemiluminescence method is the measurement principle used for AMS, reference should be made to EN 14181 and other relevant standards provided by CEN TC 264.
An Alternative Method to this SRM may be used provided that the user can demonstrate equivalence according to the Technical Specification CEN TS 14793, to the satisfaction of his national accreditation body or law.
This SRM has been evaluated during field tests on waste incineration, co-incineration and large combustion installations. It has been validated for sampling periods of 30 min in the range of 0 mgNO2/m3 to 1 300 mgNO2/m3 for large combustion plants and 0 mgNO2/m3 to 400 mgNO2/m3 for waste incineration, according to emission limit values (ELVs) laid down in the following Council Directives:
Council Directive 2001/80/EC on the limitation of emissions of certain pollutants into the air from large combustion plants;
Council Directive 2000/76/EC on waste incineration plants.
The ELVs for NOx (NO + NO2) in EU directives are expressed in mgNO2/m3, on dry basis, at a reference value for O2 and at the reference conditions (273 K and 101,3 kPa).
- Standard51 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard describes the paramagnetic method, including the sampling and the gas conditioning system, to determine the oxygen concentrations in flue gases emitted to the atmosphere from ducts and stacks.
This European Standard is the Standard Reference Method (SRM) for periodic monitoring and for the calibration or control of Automatic Measuring Systems (AMS) permanently installed on a stack, for regulatory purposes or other purposes. To be used as the SRM, the user shall demonstrate that the performance characteristics of the method are better than the performance criteria defined in this European Standard and that the overall uncertainty of the method is less than ± 6,0 percent of the measured concentration.
NOTE When paramagnetism is the measurement principle used for AMS, reference should be made to EN 14181 and other relevant standards provided by CEN/TC 264.
An alternative method to this SRM may be used provided that the user can demonstrate equivalence according to the Technical Specification CEN/TS 14793, to the satisfaction of his national accreditation body or law.
This Standard Reference Method has been evaluated during field tests on waste incineration, co-incineration and large combustion installations. It has been validated for sampling periods of 30 min in the range: 5 percent to 26 percent. Oxygen concentration values, expressed in percent volume, are used in order to allow emission measurements of pollutants to be standardised to the reference O2 concentration and dry gas conditions required by the following Council Directives:
Council Directive 2001/80/EC on the limitation of emissions of certain pollutants into the air from large combustion plants;
Council Directive 2000/76/EC on waste incineration plants.
- Standard39 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard describes a manual method for sampling and determining SO2 content in ducts and stacks emitting to the atmosphere by two analytical methods: Ion chromatography and Thorin method.
This European Standard is the Standard Reference Method (SRM) for periodic monitoring and for calibration or control of Automatic Measuring Systems (AMS) permanently installed on a stack, for regulatory purposes or other purposes. To be used as the SRM, the user shall demonstrate that the performance characteristics of the method are better than the performance criteria defined in this European Standard and that the overall uncertainty of the method is less than ± 20,0 % relative at the daily Emission Limit Value (ELV).
An Alternative Method to this SRM may be used provided that the user can demonstrate equivalence according to the Technical Specification CEN TS 14793, to the satisfaction of his national accreditation body or law.
This Standard Reference Method has been evaluated during field tests on waste incineration, co-incineration and large combustion installations. It has been validated for sampling periods of 30 min in the range of (0,5 2 000) mg/m3 SO2 for Ion Chromatography variant and 5 mg/m3 - 2 000 mg/m3 SO2 for Thorin method according to emission limit values laid down in the following Council Directives:
¾ Council Directive 2001/80/EC on the limitation of emissions of certain pollutants into the air from large combustion plants;
¾ Council Directive 2000/76/EC on waste incineration plants.
The limit values of EU Directives are expressed in mg SO2/m3, on dry basis and at the reference conditions of 273 K and 101,3 kPa.
- Standard61 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard describes the condensation/adsorption technique, including the sampling system, to determine the water vapour concentration in the flue gases emitting to atmosphere from ducts and stacks.
This technique is usually used all over Europe for water vapour monitoring. However to be implemented as the Standard Reference Method (SRM), the user has to demonstrate that the performance characteristics of the method are better than the performance criteria defined in this European Standard and that the overall uncertainty of the method is less than ± 20 percent of the measured value. This European Standard as the Standard Reference Method (SRM) is used for periodic monitoring and for calibration or control of Automatic Measuring Systems (AMS) permanently installed on a stack, for regulatory purposes or other purposes.
An Alternative Method to this SRM may be used provided that the user can demonstrate equivalence according to the Technical Specification CEN/TS 14793, to the satisfaction of his national accreditation body or law.
The determination of water vapour is mainly necessary for:
regulatory purposes, to express the concentration at standard conditions (on dry gas);
adjust the flow rate for isokinetic sampling, when a dry gas flow rate metering device is used.
For both applications, the quantity to be measured is the amount of water present in the gas phase (vapour), which does not include water droplets.
This European Standard is applicable in the range from 4 percent to 40 percent relative humidity and for water vapour concentration from 29 g/m3 to 250 g/m3 as a wet gas, although for a given temperature the upper limit of the method is related to the maximum pressure of water in air or in the gas.
(continued)
- Standard42 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies procedures for establishing quality assurance levels (QALs) for automated measuring systems (AMS) installed on industrial plants for the determination of the flue gas components and other flue gas parameters.
This European Standard specifies procedures for establishing quality assurance levels (QALs) for automated measuring systems (AMS) installed on industrial plants for the determination of the flue gas components and other flue gas parameters.
This standard specifies:
- a procedure (QAL 2) to calibrate the AMS and determine the variability of the measured values obtained by an automated measurement system which is suitable for the validation of an AMS following its installation;
- a procedure (QAL 3) to maintain and demonstrate the required quality of the measurement results during the normal operation of an AMS, by checking that the zero and span characteristics are consistent with those determined during QAL 1;
- a procedure for the annual surveillance tests (AST) of the AMS in order to evaluate (i) that it functions correctly and its performance remains valid and (ii) that its calibration function and variability remain as previously determined.
This standard is designed to be used after the AMS has been accepted according to the procedures specified in EN ISO 14956 (QAL 1).
This standard is restricted to quality assurance (QA) of the AMS, and does not include QA of the data collection and recording system of the plant.
- Standard59 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies a manual reference method for the determination of the mass concentration of specific elements in exhaust gases from hazardous waste incinerators. The method is applicable to each of the specific elements in the concentration range of 0,005 mg/m3 to 0,5 mg/m3. Unless otherwise stated, gas volumes are expressed at dry conditions, normalised to 273 K and oxygen content 101,3 kPa, and normalized to a dry oxygen content of 11 % on the volume/volume basis.
Specific elements according to this European standard are antimony (Sb), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), thallium (Tl), and vanadium (V).
This European standard is validated for the determination of the mass concentration of specific ele-ments in incineration exhaust gases with the composition given in Table 1.
This European standard is also applicable for exhaust gases from other sources with a similar flue gas composition.
- Standard40 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies a manual reference method for the determination of the mass concentration of specific elements in exhaust gases from hazardous waste incinerators. The method is applicable to each of the specific elements in the concentration range of 0,005 mg/m3 to 0,5 mg/m3. Unless otherwise stated, gas volumes are expressed at dry conditions, normalised to 273 K and oxygen content 101,3 kPa, and normalized to a dry oxygen content of 11 % on the volume/volume basis.
Specific elements according to this European standard are antimony (Sb), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), thallium (Tl), and vanadium (V).
This European standard is validated for the determination of the mass concentration of specific ele-ments in incineration exhaust gases with the composition given in Table 1.
This European standard is also applicable for exhaust gases from other sources with a similar flue gas composition.
- Standard40 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard describes the condensation/adsorption technique, including the sampling system, to determine the water vapour concentration in the flue gases emitting to atmosphere from ducts and stacks.
This technique is usually used all over Europe for water vapour monitoring. However to be implemented as the Standard Reference Method (SRM), the user has to demonstrate that the performance characteristics of the method are better than the performance criteria defined in this European Standard and that the overall uncertainty of the method is less than ± 20 percent of the measured value. This European Standard as the Standard Reference Method (SRM) is used for periodic monitoring and for calibration or control of Automatic Measuring Systems (AMS) permanently installed on a stack, for regulatory purposes or other purposes.
An Alternative Method to this SRM may be used provided that the user can demonstrate equivalence according to the Technical Specification CEN/TS 14793, to the satisfaction of his national accreditation body or law.
The determination of water vapour is mainly necessary for:
regulatory purposes, to express the concentration at standard conditions (on dry gas);
adjust the flow rate for isokinetic sampling, when a dry gas flow rate metering device is used.
For both applications, the quantity to be measured is the amount of water present in the gas phase (vapour), which does not include water droplets.
This European Standard is applicable in the range from 4 percent to 40 percent relative humidity and for water vapour concentration from 29 g/m3 to 250 g/m3 as a wet gas, although for a given temperature the upper limit of the method is related to the maximum pressure of water in air or in the gas.
(continued)
- Standard42 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard describes a manual method for sampling and determining SO2 content in ducts and stacks emitting to the atmosphere by two analytical methods: Ion chromatography and Thorin method.
This European Standard is the Standard Reference Method (SRM) for periodic monitoring and for calibration or control of Automatic Measuring Systems (AMS) permanently installed on a stack, for regulatory purposes or other purposes. To be used as the SRM, the user shall demonstrate that the performance characteristics of the method are better than the performance criteria defined in this European Standard and that the overall uncertainty of the method is less than ± 20,0 % relative at the daily Emission Limit Value (ELV).
An Alternative Method to this SRM may be used provided that the user can demonstrate equivalence according to the Technical Specification CEN TS 14793, to the satisfaction of his national accreditation body or law.
This Standard Reference Method has been evaluated during field tests on waste incineration, co-incineration and large combustion installations. It has been validated for sampling periods of 30 min in the range of (0,5 2 000) mg/m3 SO2 for Ion Chromatography variant and 5 mg/m3 - 2 000 mg/m3 SO2 for Thorin method according to emission limit values laid down in the following Council Directives:
¾ Council Directive 2001/80/EC on the limitation of emissions of certain pollutants into the air from large combustion plants;
¾ Council Directive 2000/76/EC on waste incineration plants.
The limit values of EU Directives are expressed in mg SO2/m3, on dry basis and at the reference conditions of 273 K and 101,3 kPa.
- Standard61 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies the Standard Reference Method (SRM) for sampling, and determining car-bon monoxide content in ducts and stacks emitting to atmosphere. It describes the Non Dispersive Infra-Red (NDIR) analytical technique, including the sampling system and sample gas conditioning system, to determine CO in flue gases. This European Standard is the reference method for periodic monitoring and for calibration or control of Automatic Measuring Systems (AMS) permanently installed on a stack, for regulatory purposes or other purposes. To be used as the SRM, it is necessary to demonstrate that the performance characteristics of the method are lower than the performance criteria defined in this European standard and that the overall uncertainty of the method is less than ± 6 % relative at the daily Emission Limit Value (ELV).
NOTE When the NDIR method is used as an AMS, refer to EN 14181 and other relevant standards provided by CEN TC 264.
It is necessary for anybody who would like to use an Alternative Method instead of this Standard Reference Method to work out the demonstration of the equivalence according to the Technical Specification TS 14793, providing that his capability to carry out this demonstration is officially recognised by his national accreditation body or law.
This Standard Reference Method has been evaluated during field tests on waste incineration, co-incineration installations and large combustion plants. It has been validated for CO concentrations with sampling periods of 30 min in the range of 0 mg/m3 to 400 mg/m3 for large combustion plants and 0 mg/m3 – 740 mg/m3 for waste and co-incineration. For waste incineration plants, Council Directive 2000/76/EC lays down emission values which are expressed in mg/m3, on dry basis at a specified value of O2 and at reference conditions of 273 K and 101,3 kPa.
- Standard41 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard describes the chemiluminescence method, including the sampling and the gas conditioning system, to determine the NO/NO2/NOX concentrations in flue gases emitted from ducts and stacks to atmosphere. This European Standard is the Standard Reference Method (SRM) for periodic monitoring and for calibration or control of Automatic Measuring Systems (AMS) permanently installed on a stack, for regulatory or other purposes such as calibration. To be used as the SRM, the user shall demonstrate that the performance characteristics of the method are better than the performance criteria defined in this European Standard and that the overall uncertainty of the method is less than ± 10 percent relative at the daily Emission Limit Value (ELV).
NOTE When the chemiluminescence method is the measurement principle used for AMS, reference should be made to EN 14181 and other relevant standards provided by CEN TC 264.
An Alternative Method to this SRM may be used provided that the user can demonstrate equivalence according to the Technical Specification CEN TS 14793, to the satisfaction of his national accreditation body or law.
This SRM has been evaluated during field tests on waste incineration, co-incineration and large combustion installations. It has been validated for sampling periods of 30 min in the range of 0 mgNO2/m3 to 1 300 mgNO2/m3 for large combustion plants and 0 mgNO2/m3 to 400 mgNO2/m3 for waste incineration, according to emission limit values (ELVs) laid down in the following Council Directives:
Council Directive 2001/80/EC on the limitation of emissions of certain pollutants into the air from large combustion plants;
Council Directive 2000/76/EC on waste incineration plants.
The ELVs for NOx (NO + NO2) in EU directives are expressed in mgNO2/m3, on dry basis, at a reference value for O2 and at the reference conditions (273 K and 101,3 kPa).
- Standard51 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard describes the paramagnetic method, including the sampling and the gas conditioning system, to determine the oxygen concentrations in flue gases emitted to the atmosphere from ducts and stacks.
This European Standard is the Standard Reference Method (SRM) for periodic monitoring and for the calibration or control of Automatic Measuring Systems (AMS) permanently installed on a stack, for regulatory purposes or other purposes. To be used as the SRM, the user shall demonstrate that the performance characteristics of the method are better than the performance criteria defined in this European Standard and that the overall uncertainty of the method is less than ± 6,0 percent of the measured concentration.
NOTE When paramagnetism is the measurement principle used for AMS, reference should be made to EN 14181 and other relevant standards provided by CEN/TC 264.
An alternative method to this SRM may be used provided that the user can demonstrate equivalence according to the Technical Specification CEN/TS 14793, to the satisfaction of his national accreditation body or law.
This Standard Reference Method has been evaluated during field tests on waste incineration, co-incineration and large combustion installations. It has been validated for sampling periods of 30 min in the range: 5 percent to 26 percent. Oxygen concentration values, expressed in percent volume, are used in order to allow emission measurements of pollutants to be standardised to the reference O2 concentration and dry gas conditions required by the following Council Directives:
Council Directive 2001/80/EC on the limitation of emissions of certain pollutants into the air from large combustion plants;
Council Directive 2000/76/EC on waste incineration plants.
- Standard39 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies procedures for establishing quality assurance levels (QALs) for automated measuring systems (AMS) installed on industrial plants for the determination of the flue gas components and other flue gas parameters.
This European Standard specifies procedures for establishing quality assurance levels (QALs) for automated measuring systems (AMS) installed on industrial plants for the determination of the flue gas components and other flue gas parameters.
This standard specifies:
- a procedure (QAL 2) to calibrate the AMS and determine the variability of the measured values obtained by an automated measurement system which is suitable for the validation of an AMS following its installation;
- a procedure (QAL 3) to maintain and demonstrate the required quality of the measurement results during the normal operation of an AMS, by checking that the zero and span characteristics are consistent with those determined during QAL 1;
- a procedure for the annual surveillance tests (AST) of the AMS in order to evaluate (i) that it functions correctly and its performance remains valid and (ii) that its calibration function and variability remain as previously determined.
This standard is designed to be used after the AMS has been accepted according to the procedures specified in EN ISO 14956 (QAL 1).
This standard is restricted to quality assurance (QA) of the AMS, and does not include QA of the data collection and recording system of the plant.
- Standard59 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European standard specifies methods for analysis of chlorides resulting from hydrogen chloride absorption, according to prEN 1911-2, in waste gases having been sampled and filtered according to prEN 1911-1. All compounds which are volatile at the filtration temperature and produce chloride ions upon dissolution during sampling are measured by this method, which gives therefore the volatile inorganic chlorides content of gases expressed as HCl.
- Standard16 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This standard specifies a method for sampling and filtration of gases, in view of their HCl concentration determination. Subsequent HCl absorption and analysis are described in prEN 1911-2 and prEN 1911-3 respectively. The method applies to ducted gaseous streams emitted by waste incinerators, and more generally to waste gases in which HCl concentration may vary between 1 mg. m-3 and 5000 mg.m-3 under normal pressure and temperature conditions. The method is validated for gaseous streams of dust concentration below 100 mg.m-3, and is not suitable for measurement of molecular chlorine Cl2 content.
- Standard16 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European standard specifies a method for the absorption of hydrogen chloride, in waste gases having been sampled and filtered according to prEN 1911-1. The resulting absorption solutions is subsequently analyzed according to prEN 1991-3. The method described applies to ducted gaseous streams emitted by waste incinerators and more generally to waste gases in which HCl concentration may vary between 1 mg.m-3 and 5000 mg.m-3 under normal pressure and temperature conditions. Note: For the purposes of this standard, normal pressure and temperature conditions are 101,325 kPa and O°C (273,15 K).
- Standard13 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This standard specifies a method for sampling and filtration of gases, in view of their HCl concentration determination. Subsequent HCl absorption and analysis are described in prEN 1911-2 and prEN 1911-3 respectively. The method applies to ducted gaseous streams emitted by waste incinerators, and more generally to waste gases in which HCl concentration may vary between 1 mg. m-3 and 5000 mg.m-3 under normal pressure and temperature conditions. The method is validated for gaseous streams of dust concentration below 100 mg.m-3, and is not suitable for measurement of molecular chlorine Cl2 content.
- Standard16 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European standard specifies methods for analysis of chlorides resulting from hydrogen chloride absorption, according to prEN 1911-2, in waste gases having been sampled and filtered according to prEN 1911-1. All compounds which are volatile at the filtration temperature and produce chloride ions upon dissolution during sampling are measured by this method, which gives therefore the volatile inorganic chlorides content of gases expressed as HCl.
- Standard16 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European standard specifies a method for the absorption of hydrogen chloride, in waste gases having been sampled and filtered according to prEN 1911-1. The resulting absorption solutions is subsequently analyzed according to prEN 1991-3. The method described applies to ducted gaseous streams emitted by waste incinerators and more generally to waste gases in which HCl concentration may vary between 1 mg.m-3 and 5000 mg.m-3 under normal pressure and temperature conditions. Note: For the purposes of this standard, normal pressure and temperature conditions are 101,325 kPa and O°C (273,15 K).
- Standard13 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This part of the Standard specifies the sampling of PCDDs/PCDFs. It is an integral part of the complete measurement procedure. The use of the other two parts EN 1948-2:1996 and EN 1948-3:1996 describing extraction and clean-up and identification and quantification, respectively, is necessary for the determination of the PCDDs and PCDFs.
- Standard44 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
The present Part of the Standard specifies the identification and quantificationprocedures of the sampled PCDDs/PCDFs. It is an integral part of the complete measurement procedure. The use of the other two parts of this Standard, EN 1948-1:1996 and EN 1948-2:1996, describing sampling and extraction and clean-up, respectively, is necessary for the determination of the PCDDs/PCDFs. This Stan- dard has been designed to measure PCDD/PCDF concentrations at about 0,1 ng I-TEQ/m cube in stationary source emissions.
- Standard28 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
Thie present part of this Standard specifies the extraction and clean-up proce- dures of the sampled PCDDs/PCDFs. It is integral part of the complet measurementprocedure. The use of the other two parts EN 1948-1:1996 and EN 1948-3:1996 describing sampling or identification and quantification, respectively, is necessary for the determination of the PCDDs/PCDFs. This standard has been designed to measure PCDD/PCDF concentrations at about 0,1 ng I-TEQ/m cube in stationary source emissions.
- Standard24 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
The present Part of the Standard specifies the identification and quantificationprocedures of the sampled PCDDs/PCDFs. It is an integral part of the complete measurement procedure. The use of the other two parts of this Standard, EN 1948-1:1996 and EN 1948-2:1996, describing sampling and extraction and clean-up, respectively, is necessary for the determination of the PCDDs/PCDFs. This Stan- dard has been designed to measure PCDD/PCDF concentrations at about 0,1 ng I-TEQ/m cube in stationary source emissions.
- Standard28 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This part of the Standard specifies the sampling of PCDDs/PCDFs. It is an integral part of the complete measurement procedure. The use of the other two parts EN 1948-2:1996 and EN 1948-3:1996 describing extraction and clean-up and identification and quantification, respectively, is necessary for the determination of the PCDDs and PCDFs.
- Standard44 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
Thie present part of this Standard specifies the extraction and clean-up proce- dures of the sampled PCDDs/PCDFs. It is integral part of the complet measurementprocedure. The use of the other two parts EN 1948-1:1996 and EN 1948-3:1996 describing sampling or identification and quantification, respectively, is necessary for the determination of the PCDDs/PCDFs. This standard has been designed to measure PCDD/PCDF concentrations at about 0,1 ng I-TEQ/m cube in stationary source emissions.
- Standard24 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
Frequently Asked Questions
An EU Directive is a legislative act of the European Union that sets out goals that all EU member states must achieve. However, it is up to each member state to devise their own laws on how to reach these goals through national transposition. Directives are used to harmonize laws across the EU, particularly for the functioning of the single market.
Directive 89/369/EEC covers "Prevention of air pollution from new municipal waste incineration plants". There are 36 standards associated with this directive.
Harmonized standards under 89/369/EEC are European standards (ENs) developed by CEN, CENELEC, or ETSI in response to a mandate from the European Commission. When these standards are cited in the Official Journal of the European Union, products manufactured in conformity with them benefit from a presumption of conformity with the essential requirements of 89/369/EEC, facilitating CE marking and free movement within the European Economic Area.