SIST EN ISO 9921:2004
(Main)Ergonomics - Assessment of speech communication (ISO 9921:2003)
Ergonomics - Assessment of speech communication (ISO 9921:2003)
The standard specifies the requirements for the performance of speech communications in case of verbal alert and danger signals, information messages, and speech communications in general. Methods to predict and to assess the performance in practical applications are described and examples are given. The purpose of standardization of the ergonomic assessment of speech communication is to give a certain level of speech communication quality for different applications.
Ergonomie - Beurteilung der Sprachkommunikation (ISO 9921:2003)
Diese Internationale Norm legt die Anforderungen an die Leistungsfähigkeit der Sprachkommunikation für sprachliche Warnungen und Gefahrensignale, Mitteilungen und an die allgemeine Sprachkommunikation fest. Es werden Verfahren für die Vorhersage und Beurteilung der subjektiven und der objektiven Leistungs-fähigkeit unter praktischen Anwendungsbedingungen beschrieben und Beispiele dafür angegeben.
Für das Erreichen einer optimalen Leistung in besonderen Anwendungsbereichen können drei Stufen in Betracht kommen:
a) Festlegung des Anwendungsbereichs und Definition der entsprechenden Leistungskriterien;
b) Gestaltung eines Kommunikationssystems und Vorhersage der Leistungsfähigkeit;
c) Beurteilung der Leistungsfähigkeit für Einsatzbedingungen.
Die Verwendung von akustischen Warnsignalen an Stelle von Sprache ist nicht Inhalt dieser Internationalen Norm, sondern wird in ISO 7731 behandelt.
Ergonomie - Evaluation de la communication parlée (ISO 9921:2003)
L'ISO 9921:2003 spécifie les exigences de performance en communication parlée relatives aux signaux oraux d'alerte et de danger, aux messages d'information et à la communication parlée en général. Des méthodes de prédiction et d'évaluation de la performance, subjectives et objectives, sont décrites dans des applications pratiques avec des exemples à l'appui.
Ergonomija – Ocena govorne komunikacije (ISO 9921:2003)
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 9921:2004
01-junij-2004
Ergonomija – Ocena govorne komunikacije (ISO 9921:2003)
Ergonomics - Assessment of speech communication (ISO 9921:2003)
Ergonomie - Beurteilung der Sprachkommunikation (ISO 9921:2003)
Ergonomie - Evaluation de la communication parlée (ISO 9921:2003)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 9921:2003
ICS:
13.180 Ergonomija Ergonomics
SIST EN ISO 9921:2004 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN ISO 9921:2004
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SIST EN ISO 9921:2004
EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN ISO 9921
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
October 2003
ICS 13.180
English version
Ergonomics - Assessment of speech communication (ISO
9921:2003)
Ergonomie - Evaluation de la communication parlée (ISO Ergonomie - Beurteilung der Sprachkommunikation (ISO
9921:2003) 9921:2003)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 1 October 2003.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Management Centre has the same status as the official
versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United
Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels
© 2003 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 9921:2003 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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SIST EN ISO 9921:2004
EN ISO 9921:2003 (E)
CORRECTED 2003-12-03
Foreword
This document (EN ISO 9921:2003) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 159
"Ergonomics" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 122 "Ergonomics", the
secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of
an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by April 2004, and conflicting national
standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by April 2004.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of
the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and
the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 9921:2003 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 9921:2003 without any
modifications.
2
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SIST EN ISO 9921:2004
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 9921
First edition
2003-10-15
Ergonomics — Assessment of speech
communication
Ergonomie — Évaluation de la communication parlée
Reference number
ISO 9921:2003(E)
©
ISO 2003
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SIST EN ISO 9921:2004
ISO 9921:2003(E)
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SIST EN ISO 9921:2004
ISO 9921:2003(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope. 1
2 Normative references. 1
3 Terms and definitions. 1
4 Descriptions of speech communications. 3
4.1 General. 3
4.2 Speaker. 3
4.3 Transmission channel. 3
4.4 Listener. 3
5 Performance of speech communications. 3
5.1 General. 3
5.2 Alert and warning situations. 4
5.3 Person-to-person communications. 4
5.4 Public address in public areas . 4
5.5 Personal communication systems. 5
5.6 Summary of recommended minimum performance. 5
6 Assessment and prediction. 5
6.1 General. 5
6.2 Subjective assessment methods . 5
6.3 Objective assessment and prediction methods . 6
Annex A (normative) Speaker and listener characteristics . 7
Annex B (informative) Subjective speech-intelligibility tests . 9
Annex C (informative) Speech transmission index, STI . 12
Annex D (informative) Overview of the means of communication and related parameters . 14
Annex E (normative) Speech interference level, SIL . 18
Annex F (informative) Intelligibility ratings for speech communications. 19
Annex G (normative) Definition of symbols . 22
Annex H (informative) Examples of applications of predictive intelligibility methods . 23
Bibliography . 28
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SIST EN ISO 9921:2004
ISO 9921:2003(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 9921 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 159, Ergonomics, Subcommittee SC 5, Ergonomics
of the physical environment.
This first edition of ISO 9921 cancels and replaces ISO 9921-1:1996.
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SIST EN ISO 9921:2004
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Introduction
The aim of standardization in the field of the ergonomic assessment of speech-communication is to
recommend the levels of speech-communication quality required for conveying comprehensive messages in
different applications. The quality of speech communication is assessed for the following cases:
warning of hazard;
warning of danger;
information messages for work places, public areas, meeting rooms, and auditoria.
For some applications, direct communication between humans is considered while, in others, the use of
electro-acoustic systems (e.g. PA systems) or personal communication equipment (e.g. telephone, intercom)
will be the most convenient means of informing and instructing or exchanging information.
The use of auditory warning symbols other than speech is not included in this International Standard but is
covered by ISO 7731.
Acoustical danger and warning signals are in general omni-directional and therefore may be universal in many
situations. Auditory warnings are of great benefit in situations where smoke, darkness or other obstructions
interfere with visual warnings.
It is essential that, in the case of verbal messages, a sufficient level of intelligibility is achieved, in the
coverage area. If this cannot be achieved, non-voice warning signals (see ISO 7731, IEC 60849 and [4] in the
Bibliography) or visual warning signals (see ISO 11429) may be preferable.
If acoustical signals are too loud, hearing damage or environmental problems may occur (e.g. noise nuisance
to dwellings near railway platforms, road traffic, airports, etc.). Good design can minimize these negative
aspects. In addition, prediction methods with sufficient accuracy are useful for consultants, suppliers and end-
users and may thus reduce costs of necessary adjustments after installation of a system.
The communications might be directly between humans, through public address or intercom systems or by
pre-recorded messages. In general, text-to-speech systems are not recommended because of the low
intelligibility of these systems.
It is recognized that, in a general-purpose document, simple to apply and easily available tools for prediction
and assessment should be described, as well as more sophisticated advanced technological methodologies.
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SIST EN ISO 9921:2004
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 9921:2003(E)
Ergonomics — Assessment of speech communication
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies the requirements for the performance of speech communication for
verbal alert and danger signals, information messages, and speech communication in general. Methods to
predict and to assess the subjective and objective performance in practical applications are described and
examples are given.
In order to obtain optimal performance in a specific application, three stages can be considered:
a) specification of the application and definition of the corresponding performance criteria;
b) design of a communication system and prediction of the performance;
c) assessment of the performance for in situ conditions.
The use of auditory warning signals other than speech is not included in this International Standard but is
covered by ISO 7731.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/TR 4870:1991, Acoustics — The construction and calibration of speech intelligibility tests
IEC 60268-16:1998, Sound system equipment — Part 16: Objective rating of speech intelligibility by speech
transmission index
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
alarm
warning of existing or approaching danger
3.2
danger
risk of harm or damage
3.3
effective signal-to-noise ratio
measure to express the (combined) effect of various types of distortions on the intelligibility of a speech signal
in terms of the effect of a masking noise resulting in a speech signal having the same intelligibility
3.4
emergency
imminent risk or serious threat to persons or property
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3.5
Lombard effect
spontaneous increase of the vocal effort induced by the increase of the ambient noise level at the speaker’s
ear
3.6
non-native speaker
person speaking a language which is different from the language that was learned as the primary language
during the childhood of the speaker
3.7
speech communication
conveying or exchanging information using speech, speaking, hearing modalities, and understanding
NOTE Speech communication may involve brief texts, sentences, groups of words and/or isolated words.
3.8
speech communicability
rating of the ease with which speech communication is performed
NOTE Speech communicability includes speech intelligibility, speech quality, vocal effort, and delays.
3.9
speech intelligibility
rating of the proportion of speech that is understood
NOTE Speech intelligibility is usually quantified as the percentage of a message understood correctly.
3.10
speech intelligibility index
SII
objective method for prediction of intelligibility based on the Articulation Index
NOTE See [1] in the Bibliography.
3.11
speech interference level
SIL
difference between A-weighted speech level and the arithmetic average of sound-pressure levels of ambient
noise in four octave bands with central frequencies of 500 Hz, 1 000 Hz, 2 000 Hz and 4 000 Hz
3.12
speech quality
rating of sound quality of a speech signal
NOTE Speech quality characterizes the amount of audible distortion of a speech signal and is usually rated by a
description.
3.13
speech transmission index
STI
objective method for prediction and measurement of speech intelligibility
3.14
vocal effort
exertion of the speaker, quantified objectively by the A-weighted speech level at 1 m distance in front of the
mouth and qualified subjectively by a description
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3.15
warning
important notice concerning any change of status that demands attention or activity
4 Descriptions of speech communications
4.1 General
Speech communication requires three sequential components: speaker, transmission channel and listener(s).
Based on this concept, three means of communication are identified.
a) Direct communication. This is typical for person-to-person communications, where both persons are in
the same environment without making use of electro-acoustic means.
b) Public address. In general, an electro-acoustic system that is used to address a group of people in one
or more environments.
c) Personal communication systems. These include the use of mobile telephones and handheld
transceivers and the use of normal telephones, intercoms and hands-free telephones.
4.2 Speaker
Several speaker-related parameters define the contribution of the speaker to the performance of a
communication. These parameters include vocal effort, speaking quality, gender, accents, non-native speech,
speaking disorders, and distance from the listener or microphone.
Vocal effort is expressed by the equivalent A-weighted sound-pressure level at a distance of 1 m in front of the
mouth. The ambient noise level at the speaker's position (causing the Lombard effect) and the wearing of a
hearing protector influence the vocal effort. The relation between these parameters and the effect on the
speech quality is described in Annex A.
The frequency spectrum of the speech is related to the gender of the speaker and the vocal effort. This may
result, in combination with a specific type of noise, in a gender-related performance [see Annex B (B.3) and
Annex C].
The effects of strong accents and non-native speakers and listeners reduce the performance of a
communication; quantitative data are given in A.6.
4.3 Transmission channel
The transmission path between the speaker’s mouth and the listener’s ear is described by the distribution of
the speech signal in a room or by an electro-acoustic system. It affects the deterioration of the speech signal.
Important influences are ambient noise, reverberation, echoes, sound radiation, limitation in the frequency
response, and non-linearities. In Annex D, an overview is given of the means of communication and related
parameters.
4.4 Listener
For the listener, hearing aspects (directional hearing, masking, hearing disorders, reception threshold) and the
use of hearing protection define the deterioration. In Annexes A, C, D and E, these listener-related parameters
are considered, except for that of directional hearing, which is not considered in this International Standard.
5 Performance of speech communications
5.1 General
A correct recognition of each utterance is required for the understanding of spoken messages. In technical
terms, this means that an intelligibility score of 100 % is required for sentences. A sentence intelligibility score
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of 100% does not imply that each individual word is clearly understood and that the listening situation is
comfortable and relaxed and there are many situations in which a better performance is required. In alert
situations under adverse conditions, it is sufficient to fully understand a short message, even if correct
understanding requires some effort from the listener. In a meeting room, an auditorium, or at work places
where speech communication is a part of the task and where people are normally present for a longer period
of time, a more relaxed speaking condition and a good listening condition are required. For the speaker, this is
reflected by the low vocal effort required to be understood (see Table A.1). For the listener, the listening effort
may be primarily related to the speech intelligibility and speech quality at the listening position (see Table F.1).
The range of the classification scales and the number of the intervals is large enough to discriminate between
conditions required for different applications (see Table F.1 and Figure F.1).
The quality of speech communication is expressed in terms of intelligibility and vocal effort. In this
International Standard, various application and environmental conditions are identified. For each of them,
minimal performance criteria are recommended, covering the range from short alert and warning messages
under adverse conditions to relaxed communications in a meeting room or auditorium. People with a slight
hearing disorder (in general the elderly) or non-native listeners require a higher signal-to-noise ratio
(approximately 3 dB).
The different fields of application are described in 5.2 to 5.5 and summarized in 5.6.
5.2 Alert and warning situations
In general, clearly pronounced short messages are required for alert and warning situations, in order to
provide guidance for safe evacuation or clearance with minimal risk of panic. Hence, simple sentences should
be understood correctly even under adverse conditions, high environmental-noise levels, the speaker shouting,
etc.
As seen in Annex F (Figure F.1), the qualification “poor” is just adequate for alert and warning situations. This
criterion represents a mean value for listeners with a normal hearing (50 % coverage). For 96 % coverage of
the population, an improvement is required that can be expressed by an increase of the signal-to-noise ratio
by 3 dB. Therefore, the recommended criterion should be at least “poor”.
With the use of a public-address system, poor-to-fair intelligibility may be recommended in adverse conditions.
However, distortions introduced by the electro-acoustic systems and/or the environment (band-pass limiting,
non-linear distortion, noise, reverberation and echoes) may also affect the speech intelligibility. This generally
results in the need for a better signal-to-noise ratio.
In order to include effects of all the distortions and environmental conditions on the overall intelligibility rating,
it is necessary to assess the system performance under representative (in situ) conditions.
5.3 Person-to-person communications
For communication in work situations, offices, meeting rooms, auditoria, and in critical situations (ambulance
personnel, firemen, etc), a different level of intelligibility is required depending on the purpose of the
communication. In critical situations, generally short messages are exchanged which also include a certain
number of known critical words. For such communication conditions, at least a “fair” intelligibility is
recommended at an increased vocal effort (loud).
In situations of a relaxed type of communication, for example, occurring in offices, during meetings, lectures
and performances, which take place over a longer period of time, a good level of intelligibility is recommended
allowing for a normal vocal effort.
5.4 Public address in public areas
In public areas, general announcements are made with a short to medium duration at a normal vocal effort.
The content of the announcements may consist of numbers, names of destinations, names of persons, etc.
For these purposes, a fair-to-good intelligibility is recommended. Typical areas are shopping centres, railway
stations, within transportation means, and stadiums.
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5.5 Personal communication systems
Communication systems are generally limited in bandwidth and may be used in noisy environments.
Examples are the outdoor use of mobile telephones and handheld transceivers, and the indoor use of normal
telephones and hands-free telephones. Depending on the type of the communication (complexity of the
messages) and intensity of the use, a fair-to-good intelligibility is recommended at a normal vocal effort.
5.6 Summary of recommended minimum performance
The recommended minimal performance rating is summarized in Table 1. However, in certain circumstances,
it is advisable to have a higher rating.
Table 1 — Recommended minimal performance ratings for intelligibility and vocal effort in four
applications (for examples of rating see Table A.1)
Minimum intelligibility
Application Maximum vocal effort Description
rating
Alert and warning situations
(correct understanding of simple Poor Loud 5.2
sentences)
Alert and warning situations
(correct understanding of critical Fair Loud 5.2
words)
Person-to-person
Fair Loud 5.3
communications (critical)
Person-to-person
communications (prolonged Good Normal 5.3
normal communication)
Public address in public areas Fair Normal 5.4
Personal communication
Fair Normal 5.5
systems
6 Assessment and prediction
6.1 General
Assessment of speech communication includes speech quality, speech intelligibility, speech communicability
and vocal effort. For the purpose of this International Standard, only speech intelligibility and vocal effort are
considered. The intelligibility can be determined by subjective methods (making use of speakers and listeners)
and by objective methods (making use of physical properties and the physical description of the speaking and
listening process).
6.2 Subjective assessment methods
Subjective intelligibility tests require trained speakers to read lists of test words and listeners who write down
what they thought they heard. Normally lists are 50 words long and the result is scored out of 100. Test words
should be embedded in a carrier phrase in order
a) to let the speaker control his vocal effort,
b) to account for temporal distortion during pronunciation of the test word, and
c) to get the attention of the listener at each utterance.
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Test words may be meaningful words or nonsensical words, and phonetically balanced (phoneme distribution
representative for the language) or equally balanced (phoneme distribution equal for all phonemes). The type
of words used in the test defines the relation with other types of tests such as STI (Speech Transmission
Index) or SIL (Speech Interference Level). An informative description of subjective intelligibility tests is given in
Annex B and ISO/TR 4870.
6.3 Objective assessment and prediction methods
There are several objective methods to predict speech intelligibility. Depending on the method, either results
of objective measurements or specifications of a system and space are used to calculate an index to predict
intelligibility. These may include
spectrum of the speech signal,
spectrum of environmental noise,
spatial distribution of these sound fields,
reverberation,
associated selection of listener positions, and
evaluation of the resulting intelligibility score.
Commonly used methods are the Speech Interference Level (SIL), the Speech Transmission Index (STI), and
the Speech Intelligibility Index (SII). A normative description of the SIL is given in Annex E, a normative
description of STI is given in IEC 60268-16 and an informative description in Annex C. The SII is described in
[1]
ANSI S3.5 .
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ISO 9921:2003(E)
Annex A
(normative)
Speaker and listener characteristics
A.1 Vocal effort
The level of the speech signal depends on the vocal effort of the speaker. The vocal effort is expressed by the
equivalent continuous A-weighted sound-pressure level of speech measured at a distance of 1 m in front of
the mouth. The relation between vocal effort and the corresponding level is given in Table A.1 for a typical
male speaker.
Table A.1 — Vocal effort of a male speaker and related A-weighted
speech level (dB re 20 µPa) at 1 m in front of the mouth
L
S, A, 1 m
Vocal effort
dB
Very loud 7
...
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