SIST-TS CEN/TS 16165:2014
(Main)Determination of slip resistance of pedestrian surfaces - Methods of evaluation
Determination of slip resistance of pedestrian surfaces - Methods of evaluation
This Technical Specification specifies test methods for the determination of the slip resistance of surfaces in the most commonly encountered situations in which pedestrians walk. This Technical Specification does not cover sports surfaces and road surfaces for vehicles (skid resistance).
Bestimmung der Rutschhemmung von Fußböden - Ermittlungsverfahren
Diese Technische Spezifikation legt Prüfverfahren zur Bestimmung des Gleitwiderstands von Oberflächen für die am häufigsten auftretenden Situationen, in denen Fußgänger gehen fest. In dieser Technischen Spezifikation werden keine Sportflächen und Straßenoberflächen für Fahrzeuge behandelt (Rutschwiderstand).
Détermination de la résistance à la glissance des surfaces piétonnières - Méthodes d'évaluation
La présente Spécification technique spécifie les méthodes d'essai pour la détermination de la résistance à la glissance des surfaces sur lesquelles des piétons marchent dans les situations les plus courantes.
La présente Spécification technique ne couvre pas les surfaces destinées à un usage sportif ni les revêtements de route pour véhicules (résistance au dérapage).
Ugotavljanje odpornosti talnih površin proti zdrsu - Metoda ocenjevanja
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST-TS CEN/TS 16165:2014
01-marec-2014
Ugotavljanje odpornosti talnih površin proti zdrsu - Metoda ocenjevanja
Determination of slip resistance of pedestrian surfaces - Methods of evaluation
Bestimmung der Rutschhemmung von Fußböden - Ermittlungsverfahren
Détermination de la résistance à la glissance des surfaces piétonnières - Méthodes
d'évaluation
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TS 16165:2012
ICS:
17.040.20 Lastnosti površin Properties of surfaces
93.080.10 Gradnja cest Road construction
SIST-TS CEN/TS 16165:2014 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
SIST-TS CEN/TS 16165:2014
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
SIST-TS CEN/TS 16165:2014
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
CEN/TS 16165
SPÉCIFICATION TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION
April 2012
ICS 17.040.20; 93.080.10
English Version
Determination of slip resistance of pedestrian surfaces -
Methods of evaluation
Détermination de la résistance à la glissance des surfaces Bestimmung der Rutschhemmumg von Fußböden -
piétonnières - Méthodes d'évaluation Ermittlungsverfahren
This Technical Specification (CEN/TS) was approved by CEN on 4 March 2012 for provisional application.
The period of validity of this CEN/TS is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN will be requested to submit their
comments, particularly on the question whether the CEN/TS can be converted into a European Standard.
CEN members are required to announce the existence of this CEN/TS in the same way as for an EN and to make the CEN/TS available
promptly at national level in an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in force (in parallel to the CEN/TS)
until the final decision about the possible conversion of the CEN/TS into an EN is reached.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2012 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TS 16165:2012: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
SIST-TS CEN/TS 16165:2014
CEN/TS 16165:2012 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword .3
Introduction .4
1 Scope .5
2 Normative references .5
3 Terms and definitions .5
4 Test methods .7
Annex A (normative) Barefoot Ramp Test .8
A.1 Principle .8
A.2 Test equipment .8
A.3 Verification . 10
A.4 Test procedure . 10
A.5 Evaluation . 11
A.6 Precision . 11
A.7 Test report . 11
Annex B (normative) Shod Ramp Test . 13
B.1 Principle . 13
B.2 Test equipment . 13
B.3 Calibration . 15
B.4 Test procedure . 16
B.5 Evaluation . 17
B.6 Precision . 18
B.7 Test report . 18
Annex C (normative) Pendulum friction test . 20
C.1 Principle . 20
C.2 Apparatus . 20
C.3 Preparation . 26
C.4 Verification/validation . 29
C.5 Conducting the test . 30
C.6 Pendulum measurements on site, additional information . 32
C.7 Precision . 33
C.8 Test report . 33
C.9 Pendulum scale dimensions . 34
C.10 Calibration procedure for the pendulum friction tester . 36
Annex D (normative) Tribometer test . 45
D.1 Principle . 45
D.2 Apparatus and test equipment . 45
D.3 Test equipment . 46
D.4 Verification and checking . 47
D.5 Sampling and preparation of the test sample for laboratory tests . 48
D.6 Preparation of the test surface for on-site tests . 48
D.7 Preparation of the sliders . 48
D.8 Procedure . 49
D.9 Calculation and expression of results . 49
D.10 Precision . 49
D.11 Test report . 50
Bibliography . 51
2
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
SIST-TS CEN/TS 16165:2014
CEN/TS 16165:2012 (E)
Foreword
This document (CEN/TS 16165:2012) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 339 “Slip
resistance of pedestrian surfaces - Methods of evaluation”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to announce this Technical Specification: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus,
Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia,
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
3
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
SIST-TS CEN/TS 16165:2014
CEN/TS 16165:2012 (E)
Introduction
This document describes the most commonly used test methods in Europe for the determination of the slip
resistance of floorings in the most commonly encountered situations in which pedestrians walk.
The method in Annex A describes the test method based on the ramp with contaminant water and operator
barefoot.
The method in Annex B describes the test method based on the ramp with contaminant oil and operator
wearing specified shoes.
NOTE The contaminant oil is used only to make the test more sensitive.
The method in Annex C describes the test method based on the pendulum in dry and wet conditions using
specified rubber sliders. This method can be used in situ.
The method in Annex D describes the test method based on the tribometer in dry and wet conditions using
specified rubber sliders. This method can be used in situ.
The tests described in Annexes A and B are laboratory tests. The tests described in Annexes C and D are
laboratory and in situ tests. It is recommended to use Annexes A to D in the situations described as follows:
The method in Annex A: Floorings in wet conditions where the pedestrian is barefoot.
The method in Annex B, C and D: Floorings in private and/or public and/or work areas in wet and/or dry
conditions where the pedestrian is wearing shoes.
4
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
SIST-TS CEN/TS 16165:2014
CEN/TS 16165:2012 (E)
1 Scope
This Technical Specification specifies test methods for the determination of the slip resistance of surfaces in
the most commonly encountered situations in which pedestrians walk.
This Technical Specification does not cover sports surfaces and road surfaces for vehicles (skid resistance).
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 438-4, High-pressure decorative laminates (HPL) — Sheets based on thermosetting resins (Usually called
Laminates) — Part 4: Classification and specifications for Compact laminates of thickness 2 mm and greater
EN ISO 868, Plastics and ebonite — Determination of indentation hardness by means of a durometer (Shore
hardness) (ISO 868)
EN ISO 4287, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Surface texture: Profile method — Terms,
definitions and surface texture parameters (ISO 4287)
EN ISO 20345, Personal protective equipment — Safety footwear (ISO 20345)
ISO 5725-2, Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results — Part 2: Basic method
for the determination of repeatability and reproducibility of a standard measurement method
ISO 5725-5, Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results — Part 5: Alternative
methods for the determination of the precision of a standard measurement method
ISO 7619-1, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Determination of indentation hardness — Part 1:
Durometer method (Shore hardness)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
pedestrian surface
surface which is designed for people to walk upon
3.2
acceptance angle
lowest angle of the inclined ramp at which the test person reaches the limit of safe walking when slipping
occurs
3.3
contaminant
material on the surface of the surface which is not an inherent part of the surface and which can affect the
frictional properties of that surface
3.4
surface
pedestrian surface excluding road surfaces and sports surfaces
5
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
SIST-TS CEN/TS 16165:2014
CEN/TS 16165:2012 (E)
3.5
friction
resistance to relative motion between two bodies in contact, e.g. the test slider or the footwear sole and the
pedestrian surface
Note 1 to entry: The frictional force is the force acting tangentially in the contact area.
3.6
slip
loss of traction which can cause the test persons to lose their footing
3.7
slip resistance
measure of dynamic friction between two surfaces in contact and which may or may not be in the presence of
a specified contaminant
Note 1 to entry: The frictional force opposing movement of an object across a surface, usually with reference to the sole
(including the heel) of a shoe or to the barefoot contact area on a floor. Slip resistance of a pedestrian surface is the
property of the surface which limits the relative sliding movement.
3.8
test person
person who walks on the test surface or calibration surface
3.9
test walk
walking period to determine a single acceptance angle
3.10
pendulum test value
PTV
standardised value of the slip resistance as measure of the friction between the slider and the test surface
obtained with the pendulum friction tester which incorporates a slider manufactured of rubber
3.11
dynamic coefficient of friction
coefficient of friction where movement of a body across a surface is maintained at constant speed
3.12
sliding friction coefficient for surfaces
µ
quotient of the horizontal frictional force and the vertically acting force between the slider and the horizontal
surface during movement at a constant speed
3.13
sliding distance
distance over which the body is pulled during a single measurement
3.14
measuring distance
distance over which the sliding friction coefficient is determined
3.15
measurement series
series consisting of five single measurements on one measuring distance
3.16
test cycle
cycle consisting of three measurement series
6
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
SIST-TS CEN/TS 16165:2014
CEN/TS 16165:2012 (E)
4 Test methods
Carry out a test according to Annex A to Annex D. If tests are performed in the laboratory the room
temperature should be (20 ± 5)°C unless otherwise stated.
7
---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
SIST-TS CEN/TS 16165:2014
CEN/TS 16165:2012 (E)
Annex A
(normative)
Barefoot Ramp Test
A.1 Principle
Two bare-foot test persons are used to determine the acceptance angle, after the pedestrian surface material
being tested has been continuously coated with water containing a wetting agent. The test persons, each in
turn, facing downhill and with an upright posture, move forwards and backwards over the test surface, as they
increase their angle of inclination, until the safe limit of walking is reached and a slip occurs. The mean
acceptance angle obtained is used to express the degree of slip resistance. Subjective influences on the
acceptance angle are limited by means of a calibration procedure.
A.2 Test equipment
A.2.1 Test apparatus
The test device (Figure A.1) is a level and torsion-free platform of approximately 600 mm width and 2 000 mm
length which can be adjusted longitudinally as a continuous movement to gradients from 0° to approximately
45°. The lifting stroke is controlled by the test person. An angle indicator on the test device shall show the
platform tilt away from the horizontal plane at an accuracy of ± 0,2°. The test apparatus shall be rigid such that
the angle does not vary by more than ± 1° during the walking. The display of the angle measurement system
shall be fixed in such a way that the test person cannot read it during the test. The test person is safeguarded
by railings along the sides and protected from falling by a safety harness which shall not cause a hindrance to
the test person when walking on the test floor.
8
---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
SIST-TS CEN/TS 16165:2014
CEN/TS 16165:2012 (E)
Dimensions in millimetres
Key
1 Safety harness and fall arrest system
2 Drive unit
3 Inclinable walkway area on which the test surface or verification/calibration surface is fixed
4 Angle indicator
Figure A.1 — Example of a typical test apparatus
A.2.2 Test surface
The test surface area shall be approximately 100 cm × 50 cm. The test surface shall be clean. The test
surface shall be either self-supporting, or securely mounted on a suitable flat surface.
If the slip resistance differs depending on the direction of walking, then it will be necessary to determine the
direction of lowest slip resistance.
A.2.3 Contaminant
Aqueous solution of a natriumdodecylsulfatein (NaLS) in a concentration of 1 g/l (aqueous solution: 0,1 %
NaLS in water) shall be used as the contaminant. Prior to and during testing the aqueous solution shall be
applied at (6,0 ± 1,0) l/min using appropriate jets so as to form a largely uniform spray of contaminant across
the test specimen. The temperature range of the solution shall be in between 15 °C and 30 °C.
9
---------------------- Page: 11 ----------------------
SIST-TS CEN/TS 16165:2014
CEN/TS 16165:2012 (E)
A.3 Verification
A.3.1 General
The inclination of the inclinable walkway surface shall be calibrated annually and checked before each use
with a calibrated inclinometer. Verification of the data produced by test persons shall be undertaken daily prior
to testing. The latter shall be achieved by use of an appropriate set of standard surfaces as verification
surfaces. The verification processes as specified below should be used to select and familiarise the test
persons.
A.3.2 Procedure
Each test person shall record a set of five results from each of three verification surfaces. The arithmetic mean
of the five readings shall be calculated. This arithmetic mean shall be within 2° of the known value for the
verification surface in question. If the mean is more than 2° from the known value of the verification surface,
that test shall be repeated. A test person shall only be used in further tests on that day if his result from each
of the three verification surfaces is within the 2° acceptability range.
1)
Three verification surfaces shall be used, as described below:
a) WB-A, verification angle = 12°;
b) WB-B, verification angle = 18°;
c) WB-C, verification angle = 24°.
NOTE Information about the change of the wear during lifetime will be gathered in the near future and the results will
be included into a revised version of this Technical Specification.
A.4 Test procedure
NOTE 1 A video clip illustrating the test procedure can be downloaded from www.hse.gov.uk/slips/stvideo.htm.
Operators are encouraged to study the video before undertaking a test.
a) The test surface (see A.2.2) shall be clean.
b) The test person is bare-footed. His or her feet shall have been wetted for at least 10 min prior to the test in
the contaminant (A.2.3).
c) The test person shall put on the harness (see A.2.1). The test person shall then attach to the fall arrest
system (see A.2.1).
d) The test person shall mount the ramp (which shall be set to the horizontal position) so as to stand on the
test surface.
e) The contaminant (see A.2.3) shall be applied and run across the surface for at least 30 s before testing
begins.
f) Facing down the ramp and looking at their feet, the test person, using a half-step gait, shall take a
minimum of four steps down the test surface (walking forwards), and then take half-steps up the test
1) Verification surfaces can be obtained from Saurefliesner-Vereinigung e.V., Im Langen Felde 4, 30938 Burgwedel,
Germany, e-mail: info@saeurefliesner.de, fax: +49 5139998240. This information is given for the convenience of users of
this Technical Specification and does not constitute an endorsement by CEN of this product.
10
---------------------- Page: 12 ----------------------
SIST-TS CEN/TS 16165:2014
CEN/TS 16165:2012 (E)
surface (walking backwards) to return to their starting position. The test person shall walk up and down
the test surface twice before raising the ramp by a small amount. This continues until a slip occurs.
g) It is essential to maintain a rhythm of about 144 half steps per minute. A metronome or similar should be
used to keep pace.
NOTE 2 Above a ramp angle of 15°, the pace is less important.
h) Once a slip occurs the walk shall be repeated at the angle of slip and if a further slip occurs then this
angle is recorded.
i) If there is no second slip the test is continued, raising the angle by a small amount until two slips occur at
the same angle.
j) Record the angle.
k) Repeat the procedure from the horizontal four more times and record all five angles.
l) The test shall be repeated by a second test person.
m) It is important that around the point of slip the angle is not raised too much in one step. Incremental rises
must therefore be small at this point.
n) If it is suspected that the angle has been raised by too great an amount around the point of slip then the
angle shall be lowered to below the angle of slip and the run repeated using smaller increments.
For determining the slip resistance characteristics of surfaces with directional surface profiles or texture, see
A.2.2.
A.5 Evaluation
Arithmetic mean readings shall be determined from the two sets of five results.
a) Record the five results of test person 1 and take the average to the nearest 0,1°. This is the acceptance
angle of test person 1.
b) Record the five results of test person 2 and take the average to the nearest 0,1°. This is acceptance angle
of test person 2.
c) The critical angle α is the mean of the acceptance angles of test persons 1 and 2 rounded down to
barefoot
the nearest whole number.
NOTE A calibration procedure will be further developed during the period of this Technical Specification.
A.6 Precision
A round robin exercise will be carried out which will help the development of precision data. The precision
data will be given in the revised version of this Technical Specification.
A.7 Test report
At least the following information shall be given in the test report:
a) reference to this Technical Specification;
11
---------------------- Page: 13 ----------------------
SIST-TS CEN/TS 16165:2014
CEN/TS 16165:2012 (E)
b) test organisation and name of the person responsible for the test;
c) date of test;
d) identity of test surfaces or designation, manufacturer, product, where applicable, quality class, colour and
dimensions of products used for the surface (if this information is known);
e) surface structure (e.g. smooth, profiled, structured);
f) critical angle α .
barefoot
12
---------------------- Page: 14 ----------------------
SIST-TS CEN/TS 16165:2014
CEN/TS 16165:2012 (E)
Annex B
(normative)
Shod Ramp Test
B.1 Principle
Two test persons wearing shoes are used to determine the acceptance angle, after the pedestrian surface
material being tested has been evenly coated with oil. The test persons, each in turn, facing downhill and with
an upright posture, move forwards and backwards over the test surface, as they increase their angle of
inclination, until the safe limit of walking is reached and a slip occurs. The mean acceptance angle obtained is
used to express the degree of slip resistance. Subjective influences on the acceptance angle are limited by
means of a calibration procedure.
B.2 Test equipment
B.2.1 Test apparatus with safety devices
The test device (Figure B.1) is a level and torsion-free platform of approximately 600 mm width and 2 000 mm
length which can be adjusted longitudinally as a continuous movement to gradients from 0° to approximately
45°. The lifting stroke is controlled by the test person. An angle indicator on the test device shall show the
platform tilt away from the horizontal plane at an accuracy of ± 0,2°. The test apparatus shall be rigid such that
the angle does not vary by more than ± 1° during the walking. The display of the angle measurement system
shall be fixed in such a way that the test person cannot read it during the test.
The test person is safeguarded by railings along the sides and protected from falling by a safety harness
which shall not cause a hindrance to the test person when walking on the test floor.
13
---------------------- Page: 15 ----------------------
SIST-TS CEN/TS 16165:2014
CEN/TS 16165:2012 (E)
Dimensions in millimetres
Key
1 Safety harness and fall arrest system
2 Drive unit
3 Inclinable walkway area on which the test surface or verification/calibration surface is fixed
4 Angle indicator
Figure B.1 — Example of typical test apparatus
B.2.2 Test surface
The test surface area shall be approximately 100 cm × 50 cm. The test surface shall be clean. The test
surface shall be either self-supporting, or securely mounted on a suitable flat surface.
If the slip resistance differs depending on the direction of walking, then it will be necessary to determine the
direction of lowest slip resistance.
B.2.3 Contaminant
Engine oil of SAE viscosity grade 10 W 30 according to SAE J300:1999 shall be used as the contaminant.
200 ml/m² oil shall be evenly brushed onto the test surface prior to test walks of each test person.
NOTE The oil should be stored in a tightly sealed vessel in order to prevent changes to its viscosity.
14
---------------------- Page: 16 ----------------------
SIST-TS CEN/TS 16165:2014
CEN/TS 16165:2012 (E)
B.2.4 Test footwear
The test persons shall wear protective shoes of type B, shape S1 or S2 according to EN ISO 20345 with a
shoe sole made of rubber-polyurethane-base, Shore-A hardness 73 ± 5 determined according to EN ISO 868
with a profile according to Figure B.2.
Before first use, the surface of the test shoe soling shall be thoroughly abraded using an orbital sander fitted
with P400 grade silicon carbide abrasive paper in order to achieve a consistent, even, reproducible finish over
the entire surface. The abrasive paper shall be discarded when noticeable wear or tearing occurs. Freshly
abraded soling shall be dusted before testing using a clean, soft brush. The soles shall have been wetted with
the engine oil for at least 10 min prior to the test. After the test, the test shoes soling shall be stored clean from
oil and dry. No solvent or gas oil should be used while cleaning.
NOTE A profiled sole is needed to determine the physical-interlock-slip-resistance which is provided by the profile of
the test surface.
Figure B.2 — Profiled sole of test shoe (uvex Athletic 9452.9)
B.3 Calibration
B.3.1 General
The inclination of the inclinable walkway surface shall be calibrated annually and checked periodically.
Verification of the data produced by test persons shall be undertaken daily prior to testing. The latter shall be
achieved by use of standardized test footwear and an appropriate set of standardized surfaces. The
calibration processes
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.