SIST-TP CWA 17354:2019
(Main)Industrial Symbiosis: Core Elements and Implementation Approaches
Industrial Symbiosis: Core Elements and Implementation Approaches
Industrial symbiosis is the use by one company or sector of underutilised resources broadly defined (including waste, by-products, residues, energy, water, logistics, capacity, expertise, equipment and materials) from another, with the result of keeping resources in productive use for longer. It presents a systems approach to a more sustainable and integrated industrial economy that identifies business opportunities to improve resource utilisation and productivity. The objectives of this CEN Workshop Agreement (CWA) are to support the mainstream adoption of good practice approaches proven through implementation by advancing the mutual understanding of actors (public, private, third sector, and community) currently using the term industrial symbiosis in different ways. This CWA is intended to help the above actors consider and implement industrial symbiosis.
Industrijska simbioza: Osnovni elementi in izvedbeni pristopi
Industrijska simbioza je uporaba premalo izkoriščenih virov, ki so široko opredeljeni (vključno z odpadki, stranskimi proizvodi, ostanki, energijo, vodo, logistiko, zmogljivostjo, strokovnim znanjem, opremo in materiali), med posameznimi podjetji ali sektorji za namene ohranjanja dolgotrajne produktivnosti virov. Zajema sistematski pristop k bolj trajnostni in integrirani industrijski ekonomiji, ki prepoznava poslovne priložnosti za izboljšanje izkoriščenosti ter produktivnosti virov. Cilj tega dogovora v okviru delavnice CEN (CWA) je podpreti prevzemanje pristopov dobre prakse, potrjene na podlagi izvajanja, s spodbujanjem medsebojnega razumevanja izvajalcev (javnih, zasebnih, tretjesektorskih in skupnostnih), pri katerih se izraz industrijska simbioza trenutno uporablja na različne načine. Namen tega dogovora je zgoraj navedenim izvajalcev ponuditi pomoč pri obravnavi in izvajanju industrijske simbioze.
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST CWA 17354:2019
01-januar-2019
Industrijska simbioza: Osnovni elementi in izvedbeni pristopi
Industrial Symbiosis: Core Elements and Implementation Approaches
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CWA 17354:2018
ICS:
13.020.20 Okoljska ekonomija. Environmental economics.
Trajnostnost Sustainability
SIST CWA 17354:2019 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST CWA 17354:2019
CEN
CWA 17354
WORKSHOP
December 2018
AGREEMENT
ICS 13.020.20
English version
Industrial Symbiosis: Core Elements and Implementation
Approaches
This CEN Workshop Agreement has been drafted and approved by a Workshop of representatives of interested parties, the
constitution of which is indicated in the foreword of this Workshop Agreement.
The formal process followed by the Workshop in the development of this Workshop Agreement has been endorsed by the
National Members of CEN but neither the National Members of CEN nor the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre can be held
accountable for the technical content of this CEN Workshop Agreement or possible conflicts with standards or legislation.
This CEN Workshop Agreement can in no way be held as being an official standard developed by CEN and its Members.
This CEN Workshop Agreement is publicly available as a reference document from the CEN Members National Standard Bodies.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2018 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members.
Ref. No.:CWA 17354:2018 E
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Contents Page
European foreword . 3
Overview . 5
1 Scope . 7
2 Normative references . 7
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviation . 9
3.1 Terms and definitions . 9
3.2 Abbreviations . 12
4 Core Elements of Industrial Symbiosis . 13
5 Drivers for Industrial Symbiosis . 13
6 Approaches to Industrial Symbiosis NOTE . 15
7 Industrial Symbiosis Implementation: Good Practice . 18
7.1 Factors Enabling Good Practice . 18
7.2 Actions Representing Good Practice . 19
Bibliography . 20
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European foreword
This Workshop has been proposed by 4 European projects working to advance the uptake of industrial
symbiosis across Europe and globally. Contribution to standardization activities has been specified as
one of the means for dissemination for the projects SHAREBOX (Secure Platform for the Flexible
Management of Shared Process Resources) and EPOS (Enhanced energy and resource efficiency and
Performance in process industry Operations via onsite and cross-sectorial Symbiosis) of the European
Commission’s Horizon 2020 programme, SPIRE Sustainable Process Industries PPP. Advancing policy to
stimulate industrial symbiosis is an objective of Interreg Europe projects TRIS (Transition Regions
towards Industrial Symbiosis) and SYMBI (Industrial Symbiosis for a Resource Efficient Economy).
CWA Industrial Symbiosis was developed in accordance with CEN-CENELEC Guide 29 “CEN/CENELEC
Workshop Agreements – The way to rapid agreement” and with the relevant provisions of CEN/CENELEC
Internal Regulations – Part 2. It was agreed on 2018-10-22 in a Workshop by representatives of interested
parties, approved and supported by CEN following a public call for participation made on 2018-01-24. It
does not necessarily reflect the views of all stakeholders that might have an interest in its subject matter.
The final text of CWA Industrial Symbiosis was submitted to CEN for publication on 2018-11-12. It was
developed and approved by:
International Synergies Limited
INEOS Group AG
University of Ghent
CEPI - Confederation of European Paper Industries
CEMBUREAU - the European Cement association
Motiva
University of Sussex
EIT RawMaterials
University of Cantabria
Ministry of Development, Turkey
Industrial Symbiosis Limited
ENEA - Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic
Development
Gorenje Surovina
BTC Company
Evonik Industries
DECHEMA - Expert network for chemical engineering and biotechnology
BSI Group
ACCIONA Construcción
UNE
AIDIMME - Technological Institute
Dr. Teresa Domenech, consultant
Giovanni Impoco, consultant
It is possible that some elements of the CWA Industrial Symbiosis may be subject to patent rights. The
CEN-CENELEC policy on patent rights is set out in CEN-CENELEC Guide 8 “Guidelines for Implementation
of the Common IPR Policy on Patents (and other statutory intellectual property rights based on
inventions)”. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
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The Workshop participants have made every effort to ensure the reliability and accuracy of the technical
and non-technical content of the CWA Industrial Symbiosis, but this does not guarantee, either explicitly
or implicitly, its correctness. Users of the CWA Industrial Symbiosis should be aware that neither the
Workshop participants, nor CEN can be held liable for damages or losses of any kind whatsoever which
may arise from its application. Users of CWA Industrial Symbiosis do so on their own responsibility and
at their own risk.
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Overview
The 2018 Amendment to the Waste Framework Directive (2008/98/EC) passed into law calls for member
states to promote sustainable use of resources and industrial symbiosis. As industrial symbiosis is further
integrated into the policies, reports and recommendations of the European Commission across multiple
DGs and various member states at the national, regional and local scale, the variety of terminologies used
in these documents can be confusing and sometimes misleading to those wishing to implement industrial
symbiosis. Such confusion dilutes the effectiveness of the approach to deliver resource efficiency,
greenhouse gas reduction and economic benefits.
Resource efficiency through industrial symbiosis offers economic opportunities for European industry.
This CEN Workshop Agreement (CWA) is intended to help organisations, governments and individuals
consider and implement industrial symbiosis. To support the effective adoption of industrial symbiosis
by the public and private sector and to advance toward mainstream adoption, this CWA provides a
consensus on the core elements of industrial symbiosis to enable its identification and on good practice
approaches to industrial symbiosis implementation across Europe and beyond. These common elements
and approaches can form the basis for policy, recommendations and widespread implementation.
Specifically, this CWA sets out the following:
1. Core elements of industrial symbiosis;
2. Drivers for industrial symbiosis;
3. Approaches to industrial symbiosis;
4. Industrial symbiosis implementation: good practice.
Industrial symbiosis is the use by one company or sector of underutilised resources broadly defined
(including waste, by-products, residues, energy, water, logistics, capacity, expertise, equipment and
materials) from another, with the result of keeping resources in productive use for longer. Core elements
of industrial symbiosis are the aspects that enable its identification. Elements considered core to
industrial symbiosis are:
• Returning underutilised resources (often called waste) to productive use;
• Information about opportunities (e.g., data on other organisations’ resources, or new technologies) is
required to be able to advance a synergy;
• Business conditions incentivising industrial symbiosis, which may be through market conditions or
through policies and regulations; and
Four common approaches to industrial symbiosis (that are not mutually exclusive) vary depending on
where the onus for identifying and advancing opportunities lies:
1. Self-organised: a bottom-up approach resulting from direct interaction among industrial actors,
without external coordination. Expertise resides within the organisations with resources and
opportunities; organisations identify, assess and advance opportunities themselves.
2. Facilitated: wherein a third-party intermediary coordinates the activity, working with organisations
to identify opportunities and help bring them to fruition. Facilitators (sometimes referred to as
practitioners) work with the companies to identify, assess and advance opportunities; often the onus
is on the facilitators to progress opportunities. Facilitator business models vary from commercial
brokers to public investment networks and any combination thereof.
3. ICT-supported: industrial symbiosis activity is supported by an ICT system to capture and manage
data on resource availability and potential synergies. The onus lies with the software users, be they
companies, other organisations or facilitators.
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4. Strategic or planned: a top-down approach where networks are formed following a central plan or
vision that includes attracting new businesses to regeneration sites or purpose-built developments.
The onus lies with the central body (often public sector) implementing the plan or vision.
Good practice implementation in any approach requires the following steps:
1. Fully characterising the resources available: thinking broadly about resources (including waste, by-
products, residues, energy, water, logistics, capacity, expertise, equipment and materials); and
reassessing waste for value as a resource.
2. Identifying and assessing opportunities to return underutilised resources to productive use:
statistically, most (not all) reuse opportunities are outside one’s own sector, so cross-sector
knowledge may be required.
Matching the available resource with the appropriate opportunity, addressing technical, economic, and
legal requirements. Intermediate transformation steps may also be required.
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1 Scope
Industrial symbiosis is the use by one company or sector of underutilised resources broadly defined
(including waste, by-products, residues, energy, water, logistics, capacity, expertise, equipment and
materials) from another, with the result of keeping resources in productive use for longer. It presents a
systems approach to a more sustainable and integrated industrial economy that identifies business
opportunities to improve resource utilisation and productivity. The objectives of this CEN Workshop
Agreement (CWA) are to support the mainstream adoption of good practice approaches proven through
implementation by advancing the mutual understanding of actors (public, private, third sector, and
community) currently using the term industrial symbiosis in different ways. This CWA is intended to help
the above actors consider and implement industrial symbiosis.
2 Normative references
The following standards-related references are central to this document:
• BS 8001: 2017 “Guidelines to a Circular Economy” and references therein
https://www.bsigroup.com/en-GB/standards/benefits-of-using-standards/becoming-more-
sustainable-with-standards/BS8001-Circular-Economy/
• IWA 27: 2017 “Guiding principle and framework for the sharing economy”
https://www.iso.org/standard/72643.html
The following related references (reports, policies) are central to this document:
There are multiple directives that mention industrial symbiosis and its relationship to resource efficiency
within the European Union, although few are specific to industrial symbiosis as a focus; rather, industrial
symbiosis is included as support to their primary aims. Some of the most relevant documents are listed
below:
th
• Official Journal of the European Union, Legislation L150, Volume 61, 14 June 2018 amendments to:
Directive 1999/31/EC Landfill of Waste; Directive 2008/98/EC on Waste; and Directive 94/62/EC
Packaging and Packaging of Waste.
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=OJ%3AL%3A2018%3A150%3ATOC
• DG GROW, Cooperation fostering industrial symbiosis: market potential, good practice and policy
actions (2018)
http://publications.europa.eu/publication/manifestation_identifier/PUB_ET0517150ENN
• European Environment Agency: Circular Economy in Europe (2016)
https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/circular-economy-in-europe
• European Resource Efficiency Platform: Short-term recommendations (2014)
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/resource_efficiency/documents/erep_manifesto_and_policy_reco
mmendations_31-03-2014.pdf
• European Commission Communication: GREEN ACTION PLAN FOR SMEs, Enabling SMEs to turn
environmental challenges into business opportunities (2014)
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52014DC0440&from=EN
• European Commission Communication: A Stronger European Industry for Growth and Economic
Recovery, Industrial Policy Communication Update (2012) recommendation
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52012DC0582&from=EN
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• DG Regions: Connecting Smart and Sustainable Growth through Smart Specialisation (2012)
http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/information/publications/guides/2012/connecting-smart-
and-sustainable-growth-through-smart-specialisation-a-practical-guide-for-erdf-managing-
authorities
• European Commission: Roadmap to a Resource Efficient Europe (2011)
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52011DC0571&from=EN
• DG Enterprise: Sustainable Industry: Going for Growth & Resource Efficiency (2011)
https://ec.europa.eu/docsroom/documents/5188/attachments/1/translations/en/renditions/pdf
th
• ETAP 10 Eco-Innovation Forum (2011)
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/archives/ecoinnovation2011/1st_forum/
• European Waste Framework Directive ‘Being Wise with Waste’ – Best Practice (2009)
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/pdf/WASTE%20BROCHURE.pdf
A review of how the term ‘industrial symbiosis’ is used in the European institutions’ documentation
(legislative and beyond) has produced the following examples:
─ Council of the European Union: Since 2013, there have been many references but only 2 occasions
whereby there is an attempt to describe the term: one as a ‘new business model’, and one as a ‘user-
driven innovation business model’.
─ European Parliament: There have been many references to industrial symbiosis since 2013. It is
referred to as ‘turning one industry’s by-product into another industry’s raw material.’ From the
European Parliamentary Research Service, ‘Industrial symbiosis engages different organisations in a
network to foster eco-innovation and long-term culture change. It provides mutually profitable
transactions for novel sourcing of required inputs, value-added destinations for non-product outputs,
1
and improved business and technical processes’ citing Lombardi and Laybourn (2012a).
─ European Commission – Findings are divided into the various Directorate-Generals:
o DG Environment: There are several mentions of the term industrial symbiosis. Referring to
NISP®, a facilitated industrial symbiosis activity: “It is a business opportunity programme that
develops mutually profitable links between traditionally separate companies from all industrial
sectors and of all sizes so that previously unused or discarded resources such as energy, water
and/or materials from one company can be recovered, reprocessed and re-used by other
companies in the industrial member network.” Further links to global agendas are made here:
“ …with respect to industrial symbiosis, knowledge transfer and the shift towards a circular and
green economy, particular attention should be given to resource efficient, environmentally-
sound performance of businesses, including the value chains, and on the harmonisation of the
methodology for measuring their ecological footprint.”
2 3
o DG Grow: also cites Lombardi and Laybourn (2012a) in its 2018 report to encourage
broader uptake of industrial symbiosis for economic benefit.
1
Lombardi DR and P Laybourn (2012a) Redefining Industrial Symbiosis: Crossing Academic-practitioner Boundaries.
Journal of Industrial Ecology 12(1): 28-37
2
Ibid
3
Domenech et al. (2018). Cooperation fostering Industrial Symbiosis, Report prepared for DG Grow. Available at:
https://publications.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/174996c9-3947-11e8-b5fe-
01aa75ed71a1/language-en
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o DG Regio: There is an indirect definition in one of its publications, ‘The Industrial Symbiosis
Network helps to identify opportunities to recover and reprocess waste products from one
industry that can then be re-used by other businesses. This, in turn, reduces the amount of waste
going to land fill, cuts carbon emissions and creates greener jobs. In essence, it is a brokerage
initiative to increase business opportunities and contribute to the sustainable growth of the
region.’
o DG Research describes industrial symbiosis in the text of the H2020 2014 call on waste:
‘Industrial symbiosis, whereby different actors derive mutual benefit from sharing utilities and
waste materials, requires large-scale systemic innovation with the aim of turning waste from
one industry into useful feedstock for another one.’
o DG Secretary General was responsible for coordinating the policy work that went into the
circular economy package. Industrial symbiosis is communicated as: ‘turning one industry’s
by-product into another industry’s raw material’. On a separate occasion industrial symbiosis
is referred to as ‘an innovative industrial process’.
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviation
3.1 Terms and definitions
3.1.1
alternative fuel
any fuel with a potential for long-term non-renewable fuel substitution
REFERENCE: Adapted from Communication from the Commission of 24 January 2013 entitled ‘Clean
Power for Transport: A European alternative fuels strategy’, available at https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-
content/EN/ALL/?uri=celex%3A52013PC0017.
3.1.2
by-product
substance or object, resulting from a production process, the primary aim of which is not the production
of that item fulfilling the following points:
(a) further use of the substance or object is certain;
(b) the substance or object can be used directly without any further processing other than normal
industrial practice;
(c) the substance or object is produced as an integral part of a production process;
(d) further use is lawful, i.e. the substance or object fulfils all relevant product, environmental and health
protection requirements for the specific use and will not lead to overall adverse environmental or
human health impacts.
REFERENCE: Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008
on waste and repealing certain Directives
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32008L0098
3.1.3
cascading use
in general, means a sequence of use phases with declining product value. Cascading allows the use of
resources (materials and water) to be extended. For instance, using biomass as a production material
first, then recycling it (several times) before finally recovering the energy content from the resulting
waste at the end of its lifecycle. Such cascading systems may provide general advantages for climate
change mitigation and ease land use pressure
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3.1.4
circular economy
where the value of products, materials and resources is maintained in the economy for as long as possible,
and the generation of waste minimised, making an essential contribution to the EU's efforts to develop a
sustainable, low carbon, resource efficient and competitive economy
REFERENCE: Closing the loop - An EU action plan for the Circular Economy. COM/2015/0614 final.
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52015DC0614
3.1.5
eco-innovation
refers to innovation that results in reduced environmental impact, no matter whether or not that effect
is intended. Eco-innovation is not limited to innovation in products, processes, marketing methods and
organisational methods, but also includes innovation in social and institutional structures. Eco-
innovation is seen as key to achieving the transition to a sustainable economy
REFERENCE: OECD, 2009. Eco-innovation in Industry: Enabling Green Growth. Available at:
https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/eco-innovation-in-industry_9789264077225-en
3.1.6
emission
the direct or indirect release of substances, vibrations, heat or noise from individual or diffuse sources
from an installation into the air, water or land
REFERENCE: The Environmental Permitting (England and Wales) Regulations 2010
https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukdsi/2010/9780111491423/body?view=plain
3.1.7
energy efficiency
refers to the ratio of output of performance, service, goods or energy, to input of energy
REFERENCE: Directive 2012/27/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012
on energy efficiency, amending Directives 2009/125/EC and 2010/30/EU and repealing Directives
2004/8/EC and 2006/32/EC Text with EEA relevance. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-
content/EN/TXT/?qid=1539262877283&uri=CELEX:32012L0027
3.1.8
industrial ecology
the study of the means by which humanity can deliberately and rationally approach and maintain a
desirable carrying capacity, given continued economic, cultural, and technological evolution. The concept
requires that an industrial system be viewed not in isolation from its surrounding systems, but in concert
with them. It is a systems view in which one seeks to optimize the total materials cycle from virgin
material, to finished material, to component, to product, to obsolete product, and to ultimate disposal.
REFERENCE: Graedel T.E. and B.R. Allenby (1995) Industrial Ecology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
412 pp.
3.1.9
matchmaking
the process of identifying organisations with the potential to establish a synergy
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3.1.10
material stream
refers to the aspects of a stream as a substance mainly in terms of mass or volumetric flows
3.1.11
production residue
refers to a material that is not deliberately produced in a production process but may or may not be a
waste
REFERENCE: Guidance on the interpretation of key provisions of Directive 2008/98/EC on waste.
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/framework/pdf/guidance_doc.pdf)
3.1.12
raw material
the basic input material to make a product in an industrial facility
3.1.13
recycling
any recovery operation by which waste materials are reprocessed into products, materials or substances
whether for the original or other purposes. It includes the reprocessing of organic material but does not
include energy recovery and the reprocessing into materials that are to be used as fuels or for backfilling
operations
REFERENCE: Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008
on waste and repealing certain Directives
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32008L0098
3.1.14
resources
defined by UNEP and OECD as the naturally occurring assets that provide use benefits through the
provision of raw materials and energy used in economic activity (or that may provide such benefits one
day) and that are subject primarily to quantitative depletion through human use. They are subdivided
into four categories: mineral and energy resources, soil resources, water resources and biological
resources. Resources for a business are more inclusive than just materials and equipment, including also
(for example) human resources. This CWA uses ‘resources’ to have this breadth of interpretation
3.1.15
resource efficiency
about ensuring that natural resources are produced, processed and consumed in a more sustainable way,
reducing the environmental impact from the consumption and production of products over their full life
cycles. By producing more wellbeing with less material consumption, resource efficiency enhances the
means to meet human needs while respecting the ecological carrying capacity of the earth
REFERENCE: UNEP, ABC of SCP. http://www.uneptie.org/scp/marrakech/pdf/ABC%20of%20SCP%20-
%20Clarifying%20Concepts%20on%20SCP.pdf
3.1.16
SPIRE
refers to the Public-Private Partnership in the European process industries sectors of ceramics, cement,
non-ferrous metals, chemicals, minerals, steel, water and engineering
REFERENCE: https://www.spire2030.eu/
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3.1.17
synergy
the creation of an integrated whole that has a greater value than the addition of its parts. Industrial
symbiosis ‘synergies’ are transactions where one organisation acquires underutilised resources (by-
products, waste, materials, energy, water, equipment or other resources that are not the primary output
of the production process) from the organisation generating them, and integrates them as inputs into
their own production process. Synergies are predominantly bilateral (organisation to organisation) or
multi-lateral (between many organisations) but can also be within a single organisation
3.1.18
waste
any substance or object which the holder discards or intends or is required to discard
REFERENCE: Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008
on waste and repealing certain Directives
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32008L0098
3.1.19
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
otherwise known as the Global Goals, are a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet and
ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity. These 17 Goals build on the successes of
the Millennium Development Goals, while including new areas such as climate change, economic
inequality, innovation, sustainable consumption, peace and justice, among other priorities. The goals are
interconnected – often the key to success on one will involve tackling issues more commonly associated
with another
REFERENCE: UNDP, http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-
goals.html
3.2 Abbreviations
CSR Corporate Social Responsibility
CWA CEN Workshop Agreement
OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
SCP Sustainable Consumption and Production
SDG Sustainable Development Goals
UNEP United Nations Environment Programme
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4 Core Elements of Industrial Symbiosis
Industrial symbiosis presents a systems approach to a more sustainable and integrated industrial
economy which identifie
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST-TP CWA 17354:2019
01-januar-2019
Industrijska simbioza: Osnovni elementi in izvedbeni pristopi
Industrial Symbiosis: Core Elements and Implementation Approaches
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CWA 17354:2018
ICS:
13.020.20 Okoljska ekonomija. Environmental economics.
Trajnostnost Sustainability
SIST-TP CWA 17354:2019 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST-TP CWA 17354:2019
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SIST-TP CWA 17354:2019
CEN
CWA 17354
WORKSHOP
December 2018
AGREEMENT
ICS 13.020.20
English version
Industrial Symbiosis: Core Elements and Implementation
Approaches
This CEN Workshop Agreement has been drafted and approved by a Workshop of representatives of interested parties, the
constitution of which is indicated in the foreword of this Workshop Agreement.
The formal process followed by the Workshop in the development of this Workshop Agreement has been endorsed by the
National Members of CEN but neither the National Members of CEN nor the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre can be held
accountable for the technical content of this CEN Workshop Agreement or possible conflicts with standards or legislation.
This CEN Workshop Agreement can in no way be held as being an official standard developed by CEN and its Members.
This CEN Workshop Agreement is publicly available as a reference document from the CEN Members National Standard Bodies.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
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© 2018 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members.
Ref. No.:CWA 17354:2018 E
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Contents Page
European foreword . 3
Overview . 5
1 Scope . 7
2 Normative references . 7
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviation . 9
3.1 Terms and definitions . 9
3.2 Abbreviations . 12
4 Core Elements of Industrial Symbiosis . 13
5 Drivers for Industrial Symbiosis . 13
6 Approaches to Industrial Symbiosis NOTE . 15
7 Industrial Symbiosis Implementation: Good Practice . 18
7.1 Factors Enabling Good Practice . 18
7.2 Actions Representing Good Practice . 19
Bibliography . 20
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European foreword
This Workshop has been proposed by 4 European projects working to advance the uptake of industrial
symbiosis across Europe and globally. Contribution to standardization activities has been specified as
one of the means for dissemination for the projects SHAREBOX (Secure Platform for the Flexible
Management of Shared Process Resources) and EPOS (Enhanced energy and resource efficiency and
Performance in process industry Operations via onsite and cross-sectorial Symbiosis) of the European
Commission’s Horizon 2020 programme, SPIRE Sustainable Process Industries PPP. Advancing policy to
stimulate industrial symbiosis is an objective of Interreg Europe projects TRIS (Transition Regions
towards Industrial Symbiosis) and SYMBI (Industrial Symbiosis for a Resource Efficient Economy).
CWA Industrial Symbiosis was developed in accordance with CEN-CENELEC Guide 29 “CEN/CENELEC
Workshop Agreements – The way to rapid agreement” and with the relevant provisions of CEN/CENELEC
Internal Regulations – Part 2. It was agreed on 2018-10-22 in a Workshop by representatives of interested
parties, approved and supported by CEN following a public call for participation made on 2018-01-24. It
does not necessarily reflect the views of all stakeholders that might have an interest in its subject matter.
The final text of CWA Industrial Symbiosis was submitted to CEN for publication on 2018-11-12. It was
developed and approved by:
International Synergies Limited
INEOS Group AG
University of Ghent
CEPI - Confederation of European Paper Industries
CEMBUREAU - the European Cement association
Motiva
University of Sussex
EIT RawMaterials
University of Cantabria
Ministry of Development, Turkey
Industrial Symbiosis Limited
ENEA - Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic
Development
Gorenje Surovina
BTC Company
Evonik Industries
DECHEMA - Expert network for chemical engineering and biotechnology
BSI Group
ACCIONA Construcción
UNE
AIDIMME - Technological Institute
Dr. Teresa Domenech, consultant
Giovanni Impoco, consultant
It is possible that some elements of the CWA Industrial Symbiosis may be subject to patent rights. The
CEN-CENELEC policy on patent rights is set out in CEN-CENELEC Guide 8 “Guidelines for Implementation
of the Common IPR Policy on Patents (and other statutory intellectual property rights based on
inventions)”. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
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The Workshop participants have made every effort to ensure the reliability and accuracy of the technical
and non-technical content of the CWA Industrial Symbiosis, but this does not guarantee, either explicitly
or implicitly, its correctness. Users of the CWA Industrial Symbiosis should be aware that neither the
Workshop participants, nor CEN can be held liable for damages or losses of any kind whatsoever which
may arise from its application. Users of CWA Industrial Symbiosis do so on their own responsibility and
at their own risk.
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Overview
The 2018 Amendment to the Waste Framework Directive (2008/98/EC) passed into law calls for member
states to promote sustainable use of resources and industrial symbiosis. As industrial symbiosis is further
integrated into the policies, reports and recommendations of the European Commission across multiple
DGs and various member states at the national, regional and local scale, the variety of terminologies used
in these documents can be confusing and sometimes misleading to those wishing to implement industrial
symbiosis. Such confusion dilutes the effectiveness of the approach to deliver resource efficiency,
greenhouse gas reduction and economic benefits.
Resource efficiency through industrial symbiosis offers economic opportunities for European industry.
This CEN Workshop Agreement (CWA) is intended to help organisations, governments and individuals
consider and implement industrial symbiosis. To support the effective adoption of industrial symbiosis
by the public and private sector and to advance toward mainstream adoption, this CWA provides a
consensus on the core elements of industrial symbiosis to enable its identification and on good practice
approaches to industrial symbiosis implementation across Europe and beyond. These common elements
and approaches can form the basis for policy, recommendations and widespread implementation.
Specifically, this CWA sets out the following:
1. Core elements of industrial symbiosis;
2. Drivers for industrial symbiosis;
3. Approaches to industrial symbiosis;
4. Industrial symbiosis implementation: good practice.
Industrial symbiosis is the use by one company or sector of underutilised resources broadly defined
(including waste, by-products, residues, energy, water, logistics, capacity, expertise, equipment and
materials) from another, with the result of keeping resources in productive use for longer. Core elements
of industrial symbiosis are the aspects that enable its identification. Elements considered core to
industrial symbiosis are:
• Returning underutilised resources (often called waste) to productive use;
• Information about opportunities (e.g., data on other organisations’ resources, or new technologies) is
required to be able to advance a synergy;
• Business conditions incentivising industrial symbiosis, which may be through market conditions or
through policies and regulations; and
Four common approaches to industrial symbiosis (that are not mutually exclusive) vary depending on
where the onus for identifying and advancing opportunities lies:
1. Self-organised: a bottom-up approach resulting from direct interaction among industrial actors,
without external coordination. Expertise resides within the organisations with resources and
opportunities; organisations identify, assess and advance opportunities themselves.
2. Facilitated: wherein a third-party intermediary coordinates the activity, working with organisations
to identify opportunities and help bring them to fruition. Facilitators (sometimes referred to as
practitioners) work with the companies to identify, assess and advance opportunities; often the onus
is on the facilitators to progress opportunities. Facilitator business models vary from commercial
brokers to public investment networks and any combination thereof.
3. ICT-supported: industrial symbiosis activity is supported by an ICT system to capture and manage
data on resource availability and potential synergies. The onus lies with the software users, be they
companies, other organisations or facilitators.
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4. Strategic or planned: a top-down approach where networks are formed following a central plan or
vision that includes attracting new businesses to regeneration sites or purpose-built developments.
The onus lies with the central body (often public sector) implementing the plan or vision.
Good practice implementation in any approach requires the following steps:
1. Fully characterising the resources available: thinking broadly about resources (including waste, by-
products, residues, energy, water, logistics, capacity, expertise, equipment and materials); and
reassessing waste for value as a resource.
2. Identifying and assessing opportunities to return underutilised resources to productive use:
statistically, most (not all) reuse opportunities are outside one’s own sector, so cross-sector
knowledge may be required.
Matching the available resource with the appropriate opportunity, addressing technical, economic, and
legal requirements. Intermediate transformation steps may also be required.
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1 Scope
Industrial symbiosis is the use by one company or sector of underutilised resources broadly defined
(including waste, by-products, residues, energy, water, logistics, capacity, expertise, equipment and
materials) from another, with the result of keeping resources in productive use for longer. It presents a
systems approach to a more sustainable and integrated industrial economy that identifies business
opportunities to improve resource utilisation and productivity. The objectives of this CEN Workshop
Agreement (CWA) are to support the mainstream adoption of good practice approaches proven through
implementation by advancing the mutual understanding of actors (public, private, third sector, and
community) currently using the term industrial symbiosis in different ways. This CWA is intended to help
the above actors consider and implement industrial symbiosis.
2 Normative references
The following standards-related references are central to this document:
• BS 8001: 2017 “Guidelines to a Circular Economy” and references therein
https://www.bsigroup.com/en-GB/standards/benefits-of-using-standards/becoming-more-
sustainable-with-standards/BS8001-Circular-Economy/
• IWA 27: 2017 “Guiding principle and framework for the sharing economy”
https://www.iso.org/standard/72643.html
The following related references (reports, policies) are central to this document:
There are multiple directives that mention industrial symbiosis and its relationship to resource efficiency
within the European Union, although few are specific to industrial symbiosis as a focus; rather, industrial
symbiosis is included as support to their primary aims. Some of the most relevant documents are listed
below:
th
• Official Journal of the European Union, Legislation L150, Volume 61, 14 June 2018 amendments to:
Directive 1999/31/EC Landfill of Waste; Directive 2008/98/EC on Waste; and Directive 94/62/EC
Packaging and Packaging of Waste.
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=OJ%3AL%3A2018%3A150%3ATOC
• DG GROW, Cooperation fostering industrial symbiosis: market potential, good practice and policy
actions (2018)
http://publications.europa.eu/publication/manifestation_identifier/PUB_ET0517150ENN
• European Environment Agency: Circular Economy in Europe (2016)
https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/circular-economy-in-europe
• European Resource Efficiency Platform: Short-term recommendations (2014)
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/resource_efficiency/documents/erep_manifesto_and_policy_reco
mmendations_31-03-2014.pdf
• European Commission Communication: GREEN ACTION PLAN FOR SMEs, Enabling SMEs to turn
environmental challenges into business opportunities (2014)
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52014DC0440&from=EN
• European Commission Communication: A Stronger European Industry for Growth and Economic
Recovery, Industrial Policy Communication Update (2012) recommendation
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52012DC0582&from=EN
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• DG Regions: Connecting Smart and Sustainable Growth through Smart Specialisation (2012)
http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/information/publications/guides/2012/connecting-smart-
and-sustainable-growth-through-smart-specialisation-a-practical-guide-for-erdf-managing-
authorities
• European Commission: Roadmap to a Resource Efficient Europe (2011)
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52011DC0571&from=EN
• DG Enterprise: Sustainable Industry: Going for Growth & Resource Efficiency (2011)
https://ec.europa.eu/docsroom/documents/5188/attachments/1/translations/en/renditions/pdf
th
• ETAP 10 Eco-Innovation Forum (2011)
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/archives/ecoinnovation2011/1st_forum/
• European Waste Framework Directive ‘Being Wise with Waste’ – Best Practice (2009)
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/pdf/WASTE%20BROCHURE.pdf
A review of how the term ‘industrial symbiosis’ is used in the European institutions’ documentation
(legislative and beyond) has produced the following examples:
─ Council of the European Union: Since 2013, there have been many references but only 2 occasions
whereby there is an attempt to describe the term: one as a ‘new business model’, and one as a ‘user-
driven innovation business model’.
─ European Parliament: There have been many references to industrial symbiosis since 2013. It is
referred to as ‘turning one industry’s by-product into another industry’s raw material.’ From the
European Parliamentary Research Service, ‘Industrial symbiosis engages different organisations in a
network to foster eco-innovation and long-term culture change. It provides mutually profitable
transactions for novel sourcing of required inputs, value-added destinations for non-product outputs,
1
and improved business and technical processes’ citing Lombardi and Laybourn (2012a).
─ European Commission – Findings are divided into the various Directorate-Generals:
o DG Environment: There are several mentions of the term industrial symbiosis. Referring to
NISP®, a facilitated industrial symbiosis activity: “It is a business opportunity programme that
develops mutually profitable links between traditionally separate companies from all industrial
sectors and of all sizes so that previously unused or discarded resources such as energy, water
and/or materials from one company can be recovered, reprocessed and re-used by other
companies in the industrial member network.” Further links to global agendas are made here:
“ …with respect to industrial symbiosis, knowledge transfer and the shift towards a circular and
green economy, particular attention should be given to resource efficient, environmentally-
sound performance of businesses, including the value chains, and on the harmonisation of the
methodology for measuring their ecological footprint.”
2 3
o DG Grow: also cites Lombardi and Laybourn (2012a) in its 2018 report to encourage
broader uptake of industrial symbiosis for economic benefit.
1
Lombardi DR and P Laybourn (2012a) Redefining Industrial Symbiosis: Crossing Academic-practitioner Boundaries.
Journal of Industrial Ecology 12(1): 28-37
2
Ibid
3
Domenech et al. (2018). Cooperation fostering Industrial Symbiosis, Report prepared for DG Grow. Available at:
https://publications.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/174996c9-3947-11e8-b5fe-
01aa75ed71a1/language-en
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o DG Regio: There is an indirect definition in one of its publications, ‘The Industrial Symbiosis
Network helps to identify opportunities to recover and reprocess waste products from one
industry that can then be re-used by other businesses. This, in turn, reduces the amount of waste
going to land fill, cuts carbon emissions and creates greener jobs. In essence, it is a brokerage
initiative to increase business opportunities and contribute to the sustainable growth of the
region.’
o DG Research describes industrial symbiosis in the text of the H2020 2014 call on waste:
‘Industrial symbiosis, whereby different actors derive mutual benefit from sharing utilities and
waste materials, requires large-scale systemic innovation with the aim of turning waste from
one industry into useful feedstock for another one.’
o DG Secretary General was responsible for coordinating the policy work that went into the
circular economy package. Industrial symbiosis is communicated as: ‘turning one industry’s
by-product into another industry’s raw material’. On a separate occasion industrial symbiosis
is referred to as ‘an innovative industrial process’.
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviation
3.1 Terms and definitions
3.1.1
alternative fuel
any fuel with a potential for long-term non-renewable fuel substitution
REFERENCE: Adapted from Communication from the Commission of 24 January 2013 entitled ‘Clean
Power for Transport: A European alternative fuels strategy’, available at https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-
content/EN/ALL/?uri=celex%3A52013PC0017.
3.1.2
by-product
substance or object, resulting from a production process, the primary aim of which is not the production
of that item fulfilling the following points:
(a) further use of the substance or object is certain;
(b) the substance or object can be used directly without any further processing other than normal
industrial practice;
(c) the substance or object is produced as an integral part of a production process;
(d) further use is lawful, i.e. the substance or object fulfils all relevant product, environmental and health
protection requirements for the specific use and will not lead to overall adverse environmental or
human health impacts.
REFERENCE: Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008
on waste and repealing certain Directives
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32008L0098
3.1.3
cascading use
in general, means a sequence of use phases with declining product value. Cascading allows the use of
resources (materials and water) to be extended. For instance, using biomass as a production material
first, then recycling it (several times) before finally recovering the energy content from the resulting
waste at the end of its lifecycle. Such cascading systems may provide general advantages for climate
change mitigation and ease land use pressure
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3.1.4
circular economy
where the value of products, materials and resources is maintained in the economy for as long as possible,
and the generation of waste minimised, making an essential contribution to the EU's efforts to develop a
sustainable, low carbon, resource efficient and competitive economy
REFERENCE: Closing the loop - An EU action plan for the Circular Economy. COM/2015/0614 final.
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52015DC0614
3.1.5
eco-innovation
refers to innovation that results in reduced environmental impact, no matter whether or not that effect
is intended. Eco-innovation is not limited to innovation in products, processes, marketing methods and
organisational methods, but also includes innovation in social and institutional structures. Eco-
innovation is seen as key to achieving the transition to a sustainable economy
REFERENCE: OECD, 2009. Eco-innovation in Industry: Enabling Green Growth. Available at:
https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/eco-innovation-in-industry_9789264077225-en
3.1.6
emission
the direct or indirect release of substances, vibrations, heat or noise from individual or diffuse sources
from an installation into the air, water or land
REFERENCE: The Environmental Permitting (England and Wales) Regulations 2010
https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukdsi/2010/9780111491423/body?view=plain
3.1.7
energy efficiency
refers to the ratio of output of performance, service, goods or energy, to input of energy
REFERENCE: Directive 2012/27/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012
on energy efficiency, amending Directives 2009/125/EC and 2010/30/EU and repealing Directives
2004/8/EC and 2006/32/EC Text with EEA relevance. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-
content/EN/TXT/?qid=1539262877283&uri=CELEX:32012L0027
3.1.8
industrial ecology
the study of the means by which humanity can deliberately and rationally approach and maintain a
desirable carrying capacity, given continued economic, cultural, and technological evolution. The concept
requires that an industrial system be viewed not in isolation from its surrounding systems, but in concert
with them. It is a systems view in which one seeks to optimize the total materials cycle from virgin
material, to finished material, to component, to product, to obsolete product, and to ultimate disposal.
REFERENCE: Graedel T.E. and B.R. Allenby (1995) Industrial Ecology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
412 pp.
3.1.9
matchmaking
the process of identifying organisations with the potential to establish a synergy
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3.1.10
material stream
refers to the aspects of a stream as a substance mainly in terms of mass or volumetric flows
3.1.11
production residue
refers to a material that is not deliberately produced in a production process but may or may not be a
waste
REFERENCE: Guidance on the interpretation of key provisions of Directive 2008/98/EC on waste.
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/framework/pdf/guidance_doc.pdf)
3.1.12
raw material
the basic input material to make a product in an industrial facility
3.1.13
recycling
any recovery operation by which waste materials are reprocessed into products, materials or substances
whether for the original or other purposes. It includes the reprocessing of organic material but does not
include energy recovery and the reprocessing into materials that are to be used as fuels or for backfilling
operations
REFERENCE: Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008
on waste and repealing certain Directives
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32008L0098
3.1.14
resources
defined by UNEP and OECD as the naturally occurring assets that provide use benefits through the
provision of raw materials and energy used in economic activity (or that may provide such benefits one
day) and that are subject primarily to quantitative depletion through human use. They are subdivided
into four categories: mineral and energy resources, soil resources, water resources and biological
resources. Resources for a business are more inclusive than just materials and equipment, including also
(for example) human resources. This CWA uses ‘resources’ to have this breadth of interpretation
3.1.15
resource efficiency
about ensuring that natural resources are produced, processed and consumed in a more sustainable way,
reducing the environmental impact from the consumption and production of products over their full life
cycles. By producing more wellbeing with less material consumption, resource efficiency enhances the
means to meet human needs while respecting the ecological carrying capacity of the earth
REFERENCE: UNEP, ABC of SCP. http://www.uneptie.org/scp/marrakech/pdf/ABC%20of%20SCP%20-
%20Clarifying%20Concepts%20on%20SCP.pdf
3.1.16
SPIRE
refers to the Public-Private Partnership in the European process industries sectors of ceramics, cement,
non-ferrous metals, chemicals, minerals, steel, water and engineering
REFERENCE: https://www.spire2030.eu/
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3.1.17
synergy
the creation of an integrated whole that has a greater value than the addition of its parts. Industrial
symbiosis ‘synergies’ are transactions where one organisation acquires underutilised resources (by-
products, waste, materials, energy, water, equipment or other resources that are not the primary output
of the production process) from the organisation generating them, and integrates them as inputs into
their own production process. Synergies are predominantly bilateral (organisation to organisation) or
multi-lateral (between many organisations) but can also be within a single organisation
3.1.18
waste
any substance or object which the holder discards or intends or is required to discard
REFERENCE: Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008
on waste and repealing certain Directives
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32008L0098
3.1.19
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
otherwise known as the Global Goals, are a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet and
ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity. These 17 Goals build on the successes of
the Millennium Development Goals, while including new areas such as climate change, economic
inequality, innovation, sustainable consumption, peace and justice, among other priorities. The goals are
interconnected – often the key to success on one will involve tackling issues more commonly associated
with another
REFERENCE: UNDP, http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-
goals.html
3.2 Abbreviations
CSR Corporate Social Responsibility
CWA CEN Workshop Agreement
OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
SCP Sustainable Consumption and Production
SDG Sustainable Development Goals
UNEP United Nations Environment Programme
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4 Core Elements of Industrial Symbiosis
Industrial symbiosis presents a systems approach to a more sustainable and integrated industrial
ec
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