SIST EN 13565-1:2004+A1:2007
(Main)Fixed firefighting systems - Foam systems - Part 1: Requirements and test methods for components
Fixed firefighting systems - Foam systems - Part 1: Requirements and test methods for components
This European Standard specifies requirements for materials, construction, and performance of components intended for use in fixed foam fire fighting systems, and using foam concentrates conforming to EN 1568-1 to EN 1568-4. The components covered are: proportioners, sprayers, semi-subsurface hose units, branchpipes, low/medium expansion foam generators, high expansion foam generators, foam chambers, tanks and pressure vessels. Methods of test are given in annexes A to K.
Requirements are also given for the provision of the characteristic data needed for correct application of components.
NOTE 1 Unless otherwise stated pressures are gauge pressures expressed in bar.
The requirements of this specification do not cover, except where stated, the use of combinations of components to form part, or the whole, of a fire fighting system.
NOTE 2 It should not be assumed that components conforming to this specification are necessarily compatible one with another.
Requirements for pumps, motors and the functioning of mechanical components (i.e. remote control turrets) are outside the scope of this standard.
Ortsfeste Brandbekämpfungsanlagen - Schaumlöschanlagen - Teil 1: Anforderungen und Prüfverfahren für Bauteile
Diese Europäische Norm legt Anforderungen für die Werkstoffe, die Konstruktion und die Leistungsmerkmale von Bauteilen fest, die in ortsfesten Schaumlöschanlagen bei Verwendung von Schaummitteln nach EN 1568 1 bis EN 1568-4 eingesetzt werden. Die behandelten Bauteile sind: Zumischeinrichtungen, Schaumdüsen, Semi-Subsurface-Schlaucheinheiten, Schaumrohre, Schwer- und Mittelschaumerzeuger, Leichtschaumerzeuger, Schaumtöpfe, Behälter und Druckbehälter. Die Prüfverfahren sind in den Anhängen A bis K aufgeführt.
Es werden auch Anforderungen für die Bestimmung der charakteristischen Angaben beschrieben, die für die korrekte Anwendung der Bauteile erforderlich sind.
ANMERKUNG 1 Wenn nicht anders angegeben, sind die Drücke Überdrücke in bar.
Die Anforderungen dieser Norm behandeln nicht die Verwendung kombinierter Bauteile, die zur Bildung von Teilen einer Löschanlage oder einer gesamten Löschanlage benötigt werden, es sei denn, es ist ausdrücklich angegeben.
ANMERKUNG 2 Es sollte nicht angenommen werden, dass Bauteile, die diesen Festlegungen entsprechen, zwangsläufig miteinander kompatibel sind.
Die Anforderungen an Pumpen, Motoren und die Funktion der mechanischen Bauteile (d. h. ferngesteuerte Drehgestelle) sind nicht in dieser Norm festgelegt.
Installations fixes de lutte contre l'incendie - Systemes a émulseurs - Partie 1: Exigences et méthodes d'essais des élements constitutifs
La présente Norme européenne spécifie les exigences relatives aux matériaux, à la fabrication et aux performances des composants destinés à être utilisés dans les installations fixes à mousse de lutte contre l’incendie et employant des émulseurs conformes aux EN 1568-1 à 1568-4. Les composants concernés sont les suivants : proportionneurs, pulvérisateurs, tuyaux semi-immergés, lances à mousse, générateurs de mousse bas et moyen foisonnement, générateurs de mousse haut foisonnement, chambres à mousse, réservoirs et récipients sous pression. Les méthodes d’essai sont décrites dans les Annexes A à K.
Elle prescrit également des exigences relatives à l’indication des caractéristiques nécessaires pour une utilisation correcte des composants.
NOTE 1 Sauf indications contraires, les pressions sont des pressions relatives, exprimées en bars.
Les exigences de la présente spécification ne concernent pas, sauf si cela est précisé, l’utilisation de combinaisons de composants pour constituer tout ou partie d’une installation de lutte contre l’incendie.
NOTE 2 Il convient de ne pas considérer que les composants conformes à la présente spécification sont nécessairement compatibles entre eux.
Les exigences relatives aux pompes, moteurs et au fonctionnement des composants mécaniques (par exemple, les tourelles télécommandées) n'entrent pas dans le domaine d'application de cette norme.
Vgrajene naprave za gašenje - Gašenje s peno - 1. del: Zahteve in preskusne metode za sestavne dele
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Vgrajene naprave za gašenje -
Gašenje s peno - 1. del: Zahteve in preskusne metode za sestavne deleOrtsfeste Brandbekämpfungsanlagen - Schaumlöschanlagen - Teil 1: Anforderungen und Prüfverfahren für BauteileInstallations fixes de lutte contre l'incendie - Systemes a émulseurs - Partie 1: Exigences et méthodes d'essais des élements constitutifsFixed firefighting systems - Foam systems - Part 1: Requirements and test methods for components13.220.10Gašenje požaraFire-fightingICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 13565-1:2003+A1:2007SIST EN 13565-1:2004+A1:2007en,de01-december-2007SIST EN 13565-1:2004+A1:2007SLOVENSKI
STANDARD
SIST EN 13565-1:2004+A1:2007
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 13565-1:2003+A1
October 2007 ICS 13.220.20 Supersedes EN 13565-1:2003 English Version
Fixed firefighting systems - Foam systems - Part 1: Requirements and test methods for components
Installations fixes de lutte contre l'incendie - Systèmes à émulseurs - Partie 1: Exigences et méthodes d'essais des élements constitutifs
Ortsfeste Brandbekämpfungsanlagen - Schaumlöschanlagen - Teil 1: Anforderungen und Prüfverfahren für Bauteile This European Standard was approved by CEN on 21 November 2003 and includes Amendment 1 approved by CEN on 13 September 2007.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36
B-1050 Brussels © 2007 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 13565-1:2003+A1:2007: ESIST EN 13565-1:2004+A1:2007
EN 13565-1:2003+A1:2007 (E) 2 Contents page Foreword.4 Introduction.5 1 Scope.6 2 Normative references.6 3 Terms and definitions.7 4 General construction requirements.9 4.1 Connections.9 4.2 Parts intended for removal during routine field maintenance.10 4.3 Hydrostatic strength.10 4.4 Castings.10 4.5 Corrosion resistance of metal parts.10 4.6 Elastomeric joint rings.11 4.7 Plastics and reinforced resin materials.11 4.8 Heat and fire resistance.12 5 Discharge coefficients and characteristics of branchpipes, sprayers and low and high back-pressure foam generators.12 5.1 Single orifice components.12 5.2 Multiple orifice components.12 6 Quality of foam from aspirating components.12 6.1 Low and medium expansion components.12 6.2 High expansion components.13 7 Accuracy of proportioning components.13 8 Components for low expansion foam systems.13 8.1 Foam branchpipes (hand and monitor).13 8.2 Foam sprayers.13 8.3 Foam pourers and foam chambers.13 8.4 Vapour seals.13 8.5 Low back-pressure and high back-pressure foam generators.14 8.6 Semi-subsurface hose units.14 9 Components for medium and high expansion foam systems.14 9.1 Nozzles and sprayers.14 9.2 High expansion foam generators.14 10 Tanks and pressure vessels for foam concentrates or solutions.14 10.1 General.14 10.2 Tanks at atmospheric pressure.15 10.3 Pressure vessels.15 11 Marking.15 12 Evaluation of conformity.15 12.1 General.15 12.2 Initial type testing.16 12.3 Factory production control (FPC).17 Annex A (normative)
Hydrostatic test.19 Annex B (normative)
Ageing test for plastics and reinforced resin materials.20 B.1 General.20 B.2 Tensile strength and elongation test.20 B.3 Impact test.20 SIST EN 13565-1:2004+A1:2007
EN 13565-1:2003+A1:2007 (E) 3 Annex C (normative)
Liquid exposure test.21 Annex D (normative)
Heat and fire resistance test for foam generators.22 Annex E (normative)
Flow tests.23 E.1 General.23 E.2 Discharge coefficient.23 E.3 Discharge characteristic.23 Annex F (normative)
Quality of foam from aspirating components.24 F.1 General.24 F.2 Low expansion foams.24 F.3 Medium expansion foams.24 F.4 High expansion foams.24 Annex G (normative)
High expansion foam generator test.25 Annex H (normative)
Range tests for branchpipes (hand and monitor).26 Annex I (normative)
Area coverage test for foam sprayers and nozzles.27 Annex J (normative)
Maximum flow and back pressure.28 J.1 General.28 J.2 Maximum flow.28 J.3 Back pressure.28 Annex K (normative)
Insertion and deployment of semi-subsurface hose.29
SIST EN 13565-1:2004+A1:2007
EN 13565-1:2003+A1:2007 (E) 4 Foreword This document (EN 13565-1:2003+A1:2007) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN /TC 191, "Fixed firefighting systems" the secretariat of which is held by BSI. This document shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by April 2007 and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by April 2007. This document includes Amendment 1, approved by CEN on 2007-09-13. This document supersedes EN 13565-1:2003. The start and finish of text introduced or altered by amendment is indicated in the text by tags ! ". !deleted text" According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
SIST EN 13565-1:2004+A1:2007
EN 13565-1:2003+A1:2007 (E) 5 Introduction This European Standard covers components intended for use in fixed fire fighting foam systems.
SIST EN 13565-1:2004+A1:2007
EN 13565-1:2003+A1:2007 (E) 6 1 Scope This European Standard specifies requirements for materials, construction, and performance of components intended for use in fixed foam fire fighting systems, and using foam concentrates conforming to EN 1568-1 to
EN 1568-4. The components covered are: proportioners, sprayers, semi-subsurface hose units, branchpipes, low/medium expansion foam generators, high expansion foam generators, foam chambers, tanks and pressure vessels. Methods of test are given in annexes A to K.
Requirements are also given for the provision of the characteristic data needed for correct application of components.
NOTE 1 Unless otherwise stated pressures are gauge pressures expressed in bar. The requirements of this specification do not cover, except where stated, the use of combinations of components to form part, or the whole, of a fire fighting system. NOTE 2 It should not be assumed that components conforming to this specification are necessarily compatible one with another. Requirements for pumps, motors and the functioning of mechanical components (i.e. remote control turrets) are outside the scope of this standard. 2 Normative references This European Standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to this European Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latest edition of the publication referred to applies (including amendments). EN 671-1:2001, Fixed firefighting systems - Hose systems - Part 1: Hose reels with semi-rigid hose EN 1568-1: 2000, Fire extinguishing media - Foam concentrates - Part 1: Specification for medium expansion foam concentrates for surface application to water-immiscible liquids EN 1568-2:2000, Fire extinguishing media - Foam concentrates - Part 2: Specification for high expansion foam concentrates for surface application to water-immiscible liquids EN 1568-3:2000, Fire extinguishing media - Foam concentrates - Part 3 Specification for low expansion foam concentrates for surface application to water-immiscible liquids EN 1568-4, Fire extinguishing media - Foam concentrates - Part 4: Specification for low expansion foam concentrates for surface application to water-miscible liquids !EN 12259-1:1999+A1:2001", Fixed fire fighting systems – Components for sprinkler and water spray systems - Part 1: Sprinklers EN 12416-1:2001, Fixed firefighting systems - Powder systems - Part 1: Requirements and test methods for components EN 12542, Static welded steel cylindrical tanks, serially produced for the storage of Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) having a volume not greater than 13 m3 and for installation above ground - Design and manufacture EN 20225, Fasteners - Bolts, screws, studs and nuts – Symbols, designations and dimensions (ISO 225:1983) EN ISO 175, Plastics - Methods of test for the determination of the effects of immersion in liquid chemicals (ISO 175:1999) SIST EN 13565-1:2004+A1:2007
EN 13565-1:2003+A1:2007 (E) 7 EN ISO 179-1, Plastics - Determination of Charpy impact properties - Part 1: Non-instrumented impact test
(ISO 179-1:2000) EN ISO 180, Plastics - Determination of Izod impact strength (ISO 180:2000) EN ISO 228-1, Pipe threads where pressure-tight joints are not made on the threads - Part 1: Dimensions, tolerances and designation (ISO 228-1:2000) EN ISO 527-1, Plastics - Determination of tensile properties - Part 1: General principles (ISO 527-1:1993 including Corr 1:1994) EN ISO 898-1, Mechanical properties of fasteners made of carbon steel and alloy steel - Part 1: Bolts, screws and studs (ISO 898-1:1999) EN ISO 4759-1, Tolerances for fasteners - Part 1: Bolts, screws, studs and nuts - Product grades A, B and C (ISO 4759-1:2000) EN ISO 9001:2000 Quality management systems – Requirements (ISO 9001:2000) ISO 7-1, Pipe threads where pressure-tight joints are made on the threads - Part 1: Dimensions, tolerances and designation ISO 272, Fasteners - Hexagon products - Widths across flats ISO 885, General purpose bolts and screws - Metric series - Radii under the head ISO 888, Bolts screws and studs - Nominal lengths and thread length for general purpose bolts ISO 1179-1, Connections for general use and fluid power - Ports and stud ends with EN ISO 228-1 threads with elastomeric or metal-to-metal sealing - Part 1: Threaded ports (Revision of ISO 1179:1981) ISO 4633, Rubber seals - Joint rings for water supply, drainage and sewerage pipelines - Specification for material ISO 6447, Rubber seals - Joint rings used for gas supply pipes and fittings - Specification for material ISO 6448, Rubber seals - Joint rings used for petroleum product supply pipes and fittings - Specification for material ISO 7005-1, Metallic flanges; Part 1: Steel flanges ISO 7005-2, Metallic flanges; Part 2: Cast iron flanges ISO 9227, Corrosion tests in artificial atmospheres; salt spray tests Nordtest method NT Fire 042 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this European Standard, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 aspirating component component within which air and foam solution are mixed to make foam 3.2 branchpipe component which projects foam in the form of a jet or spray SIST EN 13565-1:2004+A1:2007
EN 13565-1:2003+A1:2007 (E) 8 3.3 component item or piece of equipment intended for use in a fixed foam fire extinguishing system 3.4 discharge coefficient (K factor) ‘K’ factor for the equation Q = K√dP where Q is the flow rate through the component in l/min and dp is the inlet pressure in bar 3.5 high back pressure foam generator component which introduces air into the foam solution stream for delivery against a high back pressure, for example, as is found in tank sub-surface injection 3.6 high expansion foam foam which has an expansion ratio greater than 200 3.7 foam generator component which introduces air into the foam solution stream for delivery against a low back pressure, i.e. discharging against atmospheric pressure 3.8 low expansion foam foam which has an expansion ratio not greater than 20 3.9 foam chamber component that incorporates a vapour seal, a foam expansion chamber, and which delivers foam into a flammable or combustible liquid storage tank. A foam generator may be connected to the foam chamber inlet 3.10 medium expansion foam foam which has an expansion ratio greater than 20 but not greater than 200 3.11 monitor component consisting of a branchpipe and turret 3.12 non-aspirating components components which discharge a spray of foam solution so that mixing with air and formation of foam takes place outside the component 3.13 fixed foam pourer (foam discharge outlet) component which discharges foam onto the internal wall of a tank NOTE Some pourers are designed to discharge the foam tangentially in order to create a circular motion, and thus promote foam distribution. 3.14 proportioning component component which controls the mixing of foam concentrate into a water flow, at a predetermined ratio, to produce a foam solution NOTE Proportioning components are variously described as inline, bypass and round the pump inductors, injectors, eductors, proportioners, venturis, constant and variable flow valves, orifice plates, water powered foam pumps and displacement proportioners. SIST EN 13565-1:2004+A1:2007
EN 13565-1:2003+A1:2007 (E) 9 3.15 semi-subsurface hose unit component which delivers foam below the surface of a flammable liquid so that it rises to the liquid surface within a flexible hose and spreads over the liquid surface 3.16 sprayer open nozzle which discharges a spray of foam or foam solution NOTE The terms sprayer and nozzle are regarded as interchangeable. 3.17 supplier company with or without production facilities for components but responsible for the quality control, conformity and supply of the components 3.18 turret device on which a foam branchpipe is mounted to allow rotation and elevation NOTE The requirements for the testing of turrets are outside the scope of this standard. 3.19 vapour seal frangible component designed to prevent tank contents vapours entering the foam pipework system while allowing foam to flow into the tank during system operation 3.20 working pressure pressure at which the component is used in the system 3.21 single orifice component component in which liquid flows through a single flow controlling orifice 3.22 multiple orifice component component in which liquid flows simultaneously through more than one flow controlling orifice 3.23 discharge characteristic pressure vs. flow relationship for components that incorporate pressure regulators and/or by-pass arrangements 4 General construction requirements 4.1
Connections 4.1.1
Permanent connections and joints Permanent joints on components for connection to pipework or other components shall conform to ISO 7-1,
EN ISO 228-1, ISO 1179-1, ISO 7005-1 or ISO 7005-2. Other technical specifications valid in the place of use of the component may be acceptable. 4.1.2
Hose couplings Hose couplings shall conform to the requirements for delivery hose couplings and connectors as specified by the purchaser. SIST EN 13565-1:2004+A1:2007
EN 13565-1:2003+A1:2007 (E) 10 4.1.3
Bolting of pressure retaining parts Bolts, nuts and/or studs used to fasten pressure retaining parts shall conform to ISO 272, ISO 885, EN ISO 898-1 or EN ISO 4759-1. The calculated load on any bolt or stud excluding the force required to compress the gasket shall not exceed the minimum tensile strength specified in EN 20225, ISO 888 or EN ISO 898-1 when the component is pressurised to four times the rated working pressure. The area of the application of pressure shall be calculated using the following assumptions: a) If a full-face gasket is used, the assumed area of pressure application extends out to the centre line of the bolts. b) If an 'O' ring seal or ring gasket is used, the assumed area of pressure application extends out to the centre of the 'O' ring or gasket. 4.2
Parts intended for removal during routine field maintenance 4.2.1
Removal Parts intended for removal during routine field maintenance shall be accessible, removable, and replaceable without damage using appropriate tools normally used by the trade, or special tools recommended by the component supplier. 4.2.2
Re-assembly The design and construction of any part intended for removal during routine field maintenance shall be such that it cannot be re-assembled so as to cause malfunction of the component, without an external visible indication. 4.3
Hydrostatic strength 4.3.1
Leak test The pressure retaining parts of components (including the connection joints), except atmospheric storage tanks and pressure vessels, shall withstand for 10 min without leakage an internal hydrostatic pressure of 1,5 times the working pressure specified by the supplier 01+ bar, when tested in accordance with annex A. 4.3.2
Mechanical strength The component housing shall withstand a pressure of three times the design working pressure 01+ bar without rupture when tested in accordance with annex A. 4.4
Castings Castings shall not be plugged or filled. NOTE Castings should be free from adhering sand and scale. Castings should be impregnated only if agreed between the casting manufacturer and purchaser. 4.5
Corrosion resistance of metal parts 4.5.1 General corrosion resistance of metal parts All mechanical components shall function satisfactorily (see Table 1) after being tested in accordance with
ISO 9227 and EN 12416-1:2001 annex I. SIST EN 13565-1:2004+A1:2007
EN 13565-1:2003+A1:2007 (E) 11 For large components the test may be carried out using representative material samples. 4.5.2 Copper alloy components If copper alloy components are used the components shall function satisfactorily after being tested in accordance with EN 12416-1:2001 annex K. For large components the test may be carried out using representative material samples e.g. where the large component comprises a cast and machined component the test piece shall be similarly cast and machined. 4.5.3 Internal corrosion Other than the exception below, those parts of components which are exposed to foam concentrate, foam solution, other specific liquids, or to unusual atmospheric conditions shall be resistant to that exposure when tested in accordance with EN 671-1:2001 annex D. NOTE The foam concentrate supplier should always be consulted on the suitability of containers and their linings and external paint finish, valves, fittings and pipework, for long-term storage of concentrate or solution. This requirement does not apply to components that are exposed to the corrosive media (i.e. foam concentrate or foam solution) during the limited period of foam discharge. 4.6 Elastomeric joint rings Elastomeric joint rings shall conform to the requirements of Type #W of ISO 4633, ISO 6447, or ISO 6448. 4.7 Plastics and reinforced resin materials 4.7.1 General Plastic or reinforced resin components, which are essential to the operation or safety of the product, shall meet the relevant requirements of 4.7.2 and 4.7.3. 4.7.2
Resistance to ageing After ageing in accordance with annex B, specimens of plastics and reinforced resin materials (other than elastomeric joint rings covered in 4.6) used for components shall: a) have a tensile strength changed by no more than 50 % of the value before exposure, b) have an elongation at break of not less than 50 % of the value before exposure, or c) have an impact strength not less than 50 % of the value before exposure (this method is relevant to stiff plastics i.e. flexible plastics shall be evaluated using the tensile test), d) show no signs of cracking. 4.7.3
Resistance to exposure to liquids Plastics and reinforced resin materials which come into contact with foam concentrate, foam solution or water after exposure to the particular liquid in accordance with annex C shall have: a) a tensile strength not changed by more than 50 % of the value before exposure, b) an elongation at break of not less than 50 % of the value before exposure, or c) an impact strength not changed by more than 50 % of the value before exposure (this method is relevant to stiff plastics i.e. flexible plastics shall be evaluated using the tensile test), d) no signs of cracking. SIST EN 13565-1:2004+A1:2007
EN 13565-1:2003+A1:2007 (E) 12 4.8
Heat and fire resistance 4.8.1
Sprayers and nozzles Sprayers and nozzles shall not show significant deformation or breakage when tested in accordance with the heat resistance test in annex O of !EN 12259-1:1999+A1:2001". 4.8.2
Foam generators Foam generators intended to be located entirely within the protected (fire) area (i.e. generators that draw air/smoke from the protected area) shall meet the requirements of clauses 5 and 6 after testing in accordance with annex D. 5
Discharge coefficients and characteristics of branchpipes, sprayers and low and high back-pressure foam generators 5.1
Single orifice components The discharge coefficient or pressure/flow characteristic shall be within ± 5 % of the value stated by the supplier when measured in accordance with annex E. NOTE This effectively requires the flow rate to be within ± 5% of that claimed by the supplier. 5.2
Multiple orifice components The discharge coefficient or pressure/flow characteristic shall be within ± 10 % of the value stated by the supplier when measured in accordance with annex E. NOTE This effectively requires the flow rate to be within ± 10 % of that claimed by the supplier. Where such components may be used in combination with venturi type proportioning components (i.e. injectors, eductors and inductors) the discharge coefficient or characteristic tolerance shall be compatible with that of the proportioning component. 6
Quality of foam from aspirating components 6.1 Low and medium expansion co
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