oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52927:2022
(Main)Additive manufacturing - General principles - Main characteristics and corresponding test methods (ISO/ASTM DIS 52927:2022)
Additive manufacturing - General principles - Main characteristics and corresponding test methods (ISO/ASTM DIS 52927:2022)
Additive Fertigung - Grundlagen - Hauptmerkmale und entsprechende Prüfverfahren (ISO/ASTM DIS 52927:2022)
Fabrication additive - Principes généraux - Principales caractéristiques et méthodes d'essai correspondantes (ISO/ASTM DIS 52927:2022)
Aditivna proizvodnja - Splošna načela - Glavne karakteristike in ustrezne preskusne metode (ISO/ASTM DIS 52927:2022)
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52927:2022
01-april-2022
Aditivna proizvodnja - Osnovna načela - Glavne karakteristike in ustrezne
preskusne metode (ISO/ASTM DIS 52927:2022)
Additive manufacturing - General principles - Main characteristics and corresponding test
methods (ISO/ASTM DIS 52927:2022)
Additive Fertigung - Grundlagen - Hauptmerkmale und entsprechende Prüfverfahren
(ISO/ASTM DIS 52927:2022)
Fabrication additive - Principes généraux - Principales caractéristiques et méthodes
d'essai correspondantes (ISO/ASTM DIS 52927:2022)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN ISO/ASTM 52927
ICS:
25.030 3D-tiskanje Additive manufacturing
oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52927:2022 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52927:2022
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO/ASTM DIS 52927
ISO/TC 261 Secretariat: DIN
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2022-01-25 2022-04-19
Additive manufacturing — General principles — Main
characteristics and corresponding test methods
Fabrication additive — Principe généraux — Principales caractéristiques et méthodes d'essai
correspondantes
ICS: 25.030
This document is circulated as received from the committee secretariat.
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING
THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND MAY
NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL,
TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND
USER PURPOSES, DRAFT INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO
BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR
POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
Reference number
NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO/ASTM DIS 52927:2022(E)
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED
TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS,
NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT
RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE AND TO
PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION. © ISO/ASTM International 2022
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ISO/ASTM DIS 52927:2022(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO/ASTM International 2022
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
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Published in Switzerland
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ISO/ASTM DIS 52927:2022(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Main characteristics and corresponding test methods . 2
4.1 General . 2
4.2 Selection criteria . 2
5 Part and process testing — Specifications and quality criteria . 3
5.1 General . 3
5.2 Testing the feedstocks . 3
5.3 Monitoring the process . 3
5.4 Testing the part . 3
Annex A (normative) Test methods for metallic materials . 5
Annex B (normative) Test methods for polymer materials .11
Annex C (normative) Test methods for ceramic materials .15
Bibliography .19
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ISO/ASTM DIS 52927:2022(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 261, Additive manufacturing, in cooperation with
ASTM Committee F42, Additive Manufacturing Technologies, on the basis of a partnership agreement
between ISO and ASTM International with the aim to create a common set of ISO/ASTM standards on
Additive Manufacturing.
This document cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 17296-3:2014), which has been technically
revised and merged with document ASTM F3122-14 Standard Guide for Evaluating Mechanical
Properties of Metal Materials Made via Additive Manufacturing Processes and therefore re-designated
and renamed to ISO/ASTM 52927 Additive manufacturing — General principles — Main characteristics
and corresponding test methods
The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— The main types of materials (metallic, polymers and ceramics) are separated in specific Annexes
following the main part containing general requirements,
— This version includes the contents of ASTM F3122-14 Standard Guide for Evaluating Mechanical
Properties of Metal Materials Made via Additive Manufacturing Processes and merges them with
(formerly) ISO 17296-3.
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Introduction
Additive manufacturing is a process of joining materials to make parts from 3D model data, usually
layer upon layer, as opposed to subtractive manufacturing and formative methodologies. It is used to
manufacture prototypes and production parts.
This document aims to offer recommendations and advice to machine manufacturers, feedstock
suppliers, AM system users, part providers, and customers, to improve communication between these
stakeholders concerning test methods.
This document has been developed within a set of consistent documents from terminology to test
methods and data exchange.
Additive manufacturing processes require the selective application of thermo-physical and/or chemical
mechanisms to generate the part. Thus, it is possible to produce parts with different characteristics,
depending on the method and the process parameters used. However, complete testing of all
characteristics for every part is neither cost-effective nor technologically feasible. Therefore, when
formulating parts specifications, the nature and scope of testing is an important issue.
This document provides an overview of test methods for the characterization of the mechanical
properties of metals, ceramics and polymers. It lists all the applicable standards based on specimens
manufactured in a traditional process and gives the complement applicable when these specimens are
manufactured by additive manufacturing.
At the time of publication of this document, the state of the art does not allow to describe all these
specificities related to additive manufacturing. This document will therefore be regularly revised in
order to incorporate the knowledge acquired in the field of additive manufacturing.
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oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52927:2022
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/ASTM DIS 52927:2022(E)
Additive manufacturing — General principles — Main
characteristics and corresponding test methods
1 Scope
This document covers the principal requirements applied to testing of parts manufactured by additive
manufacturing processes.
This document:
— provides the list of quality characteristics of parts and the appropriate test procedures,
— provides the specific procedures to build samples using additive manufacturing process,
— recommends the scope and content of test and supply agreements.
This document is aimed at machine manufacturers, feedstock suppliers, AM system users, part
providers, and customers to facilitate the communication on main quality characteristics. It applies
wherever additive manufacturing processes are used.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/ASTM 52900, Additive manufacturing — General principles — Fundamentals and vocabulary
ISO/ASTM 52901, Additive manufacturing — General principles — Requirements for purchased AM parts
ISO/ASTM 52909, Additive manufacturing — Finished part properties — Orientation and location
dependence of mechanical properties for metal powder bed fusion
ISO/ASTM 52915, Specification for additive manufacturing file format (AMF) Version 1.2
ISO/ASTM 52921, Standard terminology for additive manufacturing — Coordinate systems and test
methodologies
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO/ASTM 52900 and
ISO/ASTM 52901 apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
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4 Main characteristics and corresponding test methods
4.1 General
This Clause contains the general requirements and recommendations for the relevant tests, regardless
of the material type.
For specific requirements and recommendations regarding tests and methods on samples made of
metallic materials, see Annex A.
For specific requirements and recommendations regarding tests and methods on samples made of
polymer materials, see Annex B.
For specific requirements and recommendations regarding tests and methods on samples made of
ceramic materials, see Annex C.
Each development and fabrication phase of a part has a specific purpose. The performance criteria
determine the type of part and the choice of additive manufacturing process. This document develops
the following main quality characteristics:
— feedstock:
— size and shape: powder particle size distribution, mean particle size, surface area, morphology,
filament diameter, ovality;
— packing and transport properties within the AM system: apparent and tap density, flowability,
pourability, filament cast and helix;
— chemistry: chemical composition, ash/carbon content.
— parts:
— surface requirements: appearance, surface texture, and colour;
— geometric requirements: size, length and angle dimensions, dimensional tolerances, and
geometrical tolerancing (deviations in shape and position);
— mechanical requirements: hardness, tensile strength, impact strength, compressive strength,
flexural strength, fatigue strength, creep, ageing, frictional coefficient, shear resistance, and
crack extension;
— physical and chemical properties: density, chemical composition, grain size, imperfections (e.g.
porosity, cracks).
NOTE The following other characteristics of parts have been identified but, due to the specificity of additive
manufacturing, will be provided in a future version of this document:
— formed material requirements(e.g. ductility);
— thermal properties (e.g. operating temperature range, dimensional stability in heat, softening temperatures,
melting point, specific heat, thermal conductivity, and coefficient of linear thermal expansion);
— electrical requirements (e.g. disruptive strength, dielectric properties, magnetic properties, and electrical
conductivity);
— physical and physico-chemical properties (e.g. internal defaults, flammability, toxicity, chemical composition,
chemical resistance, water absorption, crystalline structure, suitability for food, biocompatibility, sterility,
photostability, translucence, solidification point, glass transition, and corrosion).
4.2 Selection criteria
Testing categories given in Table A.1, Table B.1 and Table C.1 shall be applied to guide the relation
between customer and part provider, applicable for metallic parts, polymer parts, and ceramic parts.
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The choice of a testing category shall be subject to agreement between customer and part provider.
NOTE Test categories are defined according to the application and the type of material.
5 Part and process testing — Specifications and quality criteria
5.1 General
The quality of a part is determined by comparing its characteristics against an agreed set of
requirements. The requirements shall be precisely defined within the purchase specification and
include suitability for the intended application in conjunction with any specified geometric, material
or performance requirements. Inspection and testing of the part and associated test specimens are
performed to demonstrate compliance with the requirements.
NOTE 1 ISO/ASTM 52901 gives guidance for requirements about purchase specifications.
NOTE 2 A definition or discussion that lacks clarity can result in considerable additional costs and delays and/
or inferior quality.
The form of specifications depends on the application, the nature of the features being tested, and
the materials used. Specifications may also vary within one part (e.g. critical mass). Some intrinsic
properties depend on the choice of material and the technology used. Relevant test procedures shall be
stipulated and adhered to.
5.2 Testing the feedstocks
The condition of the feedstock can have a significant impact on the part properties. Significant
variations can arise due to storage and reutilization of the feedstock and variations between batches.
Essential data relating to the feedstock shall be provided by the feedstock supplier.
5.3 Monitoring the process
All additive manufacturing processes are computer-assisted. Therefore, it is possible to record and
statistically analyse important process-related data, such as process parameters and environmental
conditions, which can be recorded at specified time intervals. The need to monitor the process depends
on the required or anticipated reproducibility of the process and part quality for each application.
Process monitoring might also be required by customer.
Where the process stability is assessed, at different intervals, consideration shall be given to selecting
monitoring points where variables are consistent (e.g. constant geometry) such that any identified
variations are indicative of process instability (e.g. mechanical properties, geometric features, chemical
composition).
Test specimens for process monitoring should be as representative as possible compared to the
part. Complementary test specimens can be used to improve the testing of dimensional accuracy,
reproduction accuracy and process stability. The shape of test specimen and the nature and frequency
of testing shall be defined in agreement between the customer and part provider for each application in
accordance with applicable standards.
5.4 Testing the part
Relevant testing standards are given in Table A.5 for metallic parts, Table B.5 for polymer parts and
Table C.5 for ceramic parts.
Tests and their acceptance criteria shall be set out in the contract specification or agreement between
customer and part provider prior to manufacturing.
NOTE 1 ISO/ATSM 52909 gives information on the sizing of metallic specimens.
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NOTE 2 ASTM D 1708 gives information for specimens made of polymers.
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Annex A
(normative)
Test methods for metallic materials
A.1 General
Testing categories given in Table A.1 to Table A.4 shall be applied to guide the relation between customer
and part provider, applicable for metallic parts. These testing categories define the level of criticality of
the parts:
— H: tests for highly engineered or safety critical parts (e.g. safety valve);
— M: tests for functional parts that are not safety critical (e.g. flow conditioner to improve performance);
— L: tests for design or prototype parts.
For each testing category, the characteristics indicated (+) shall be considered, the characteristics
indicated (o) are recommended for consideration, and the characteristics indicated (-) are not applicable.
A.2 Surface requirements
Surface requirements for metallic parts are given in Table A.1.
Table A.1 — Surface requirements for metallic parts
Surface requirements
Appearance Surface texture Colour
H o + -
M o + -
L o o -
A.3 Geometric requirements
Geometric requirements for metallic parts are given in Table A.2. Whilst geometric dimensioning
and tolerance (GD&T) requirements shall be met for all categories, tighter requirements are typically
specified for parts with higher criticality levels.
NOTE Specifying tighter tolerances in the customer specification than those required to fulfil the application
requirements can lead to higher manufacturing costs, increased build time and higher reject rates.
Table A.2 — Geometric requirements for metallic parts
Geometric requirements
Size, length and angle dimensions, Geometrical tolerancing
dimensional tolerances (deviations in shape and position)
H + +
M + +
L + +
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A.4 Mechanical requirements
Mechanical requirements for metallic parts are given in Table A.3.
Table A.3 — Mechanical requirements for metallic parts
Mechanical requirements
H + + + + + + + - + + +
M + + + + o o o - o o o
L + + o o o - - - - o -
A.5 Physical and chemical property requirements
A.5.1 General
Physical and chemical property requirements for metallic parts are given in Table A.4.
Table A.4 — Physical and chemical property requirements for metallic parts
Physical and chemical property requirements
Physical and physico-chemical
Density
properties
H + +
M + o
L + -
A.5.2 Specificities for additive manufacturing
A.5.2.1 General
No requirement or recommendation at the date of publication of this document.
A.5.2.2 Processing
No requirement or recommendation at the date of publication of this document.
A.5.2.3 Post-processing
In order to be representative, post-processing activities applied to the part that affect the material
properties shall also be applied to the test specimens.
A.6 Performance criteria and quality characteristics
A.6.1 General
Table A.5 contains the list of main quality characteristics required from both materials and metallic
parts produced by additive manufacturing, with recommended International Standards. Due to the
current maturity of additive manufacturing technologies, development work is in progress to define
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Hardness
Tensile
strength
Impact
strength
Compressive
strength
Flexural
strength
Fatigue
strength
Creep
Ageing
Frictional
coefficient
Shear
resistance
Crack
extension
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and describe specific characteristics, but in the interim it is recommended to use the standards stated
within this Annex.
Reporting guidelines should be followed in accordance with each applicable standard mentioned in
Table A.5.
A.6.2 Specificities for additive manufacturing
Due to the possibility for anisotropic behaviour in metallic parts produced by additive manufacturing
processes, additional information shall be included in the reports.
NOTE 1 ISO/ASTM 52921 gives guidance for location and orientation of parts and specimens within the build
volume of the additive manufacturing system.
NOTE 2 Specific test methods, if necessary, are also the aim of future works in ISO/TC 261 and ASTM F42.
Specificity of additive manufacturing (e.g. anisotropy, test direction vs building direction) shall be
indicated for all measured characteristics and shall be reported in the test report. Test results shall be
reported by using the orientation and location defined in ISO/ASTM 52921.
If the metallic parts are produced using a powder bed fusion process, the samples shall comply with the
requirements of ISO/ASTM 52909.
More information for the use of following references related to metallic powders are available in
ISO/ASTM 52907.
More information about NDT test methods are available in ISO/ASTM TR 52905 and ASTM E3166.
Table A.5 — List of main quality characteristics and corresponding recommended test
standards for metallic parts
Quality characteristics Test standards
Feedstock
Size and shape Powder particle size and distribution ISO 4497
ISO 8130-1
ISO 13319
ISO 13320
Morphology ISO 9276-6
Surface ISO 9277
Packing and transport Density (tap and apparent) ISO 3923-2
properties
Flowability/ ISO 4490
pourability
Chemistry Quality characteristics See relevant material standards
Parts/Specimens
Surface requirements Appearance ISO 16348
Surface texture ISO 1302 (specification)
ISO 4288 (measurement)
Colour ISO 11664-1
ISO 11664-2
ISO 11664-4
ISO 11664-5
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Table A.5 (continued)
Quality characteristics Test standards
Geometric requirements Size, length and angle dimensions, ISO 129-1
dimensional
ISO 286-1
tolerances
ISO 14405-1 (specification)
ISO 1938-1 (measurement)
ISO 2768-1
Geometrical ISO 1101
tolerancing (deviations in shape and (specification) + Isostatism
position)
ISO 2768-2
Mechanical requirements Hardness See A.7.2
Tensile strength See A.7.3
Impact strength See A.7.5
Compressive strength ISO 4506, see A.7.4
Flexural strength ISO 3327
Fatigue strength See A.7.6
Creep ISO 204
Ageing Not relevant
Frictional coefficient No standard identified
Shear resistance ISO 148-1
Crack extension See A.7.7
Build material Density ISO 3369
requirements
Physical and physico- Radiographic examination ISO 5579
chemical properties:
Penetrant testing ISO 3452-1
microstructure analyses
ISO 3452-2
(non-destructive testing)
Tomography IEC 61675–1
IEC 61675–2
Magnetic particle testing ISO 9934-1
A.7 Specific comment on characteristics
A.7.1 General
Specific requirements shall be considered for the following characteristics.
A.7.2 Hardness
The following indentation tests in Table A.6 may help to define the hardness of additive manufactured
parts. Hardness is not a fundamental material property, but the wide variety of hardness test methods
in use today helps to predict a material’s resistance to polymer deformation or wear resistance, or
both against abrasive stress. Due to the subjective nature of the present hardness tests, the desired
test method and force shall be specified prior to testing. Regardless of the hardness test specified,
all methods require preparation of the material’s surface before testing. Prior to testing, the sample
thickness shall also be considered, because if the sample is too thin, the hardness value measured can
be inaccurate.
Hardness testing may be performed on dedicated specimens or on smooth finished and undeformed
surfaces of the tensile or impact test specimens.
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Table A.6 — Recommended standards for indentation tests for metallic parts
Type of indentation test Test standards
Brinell ASTM E10 or ISO 6506-1
Knoop ASTM E384 or ISO 4545-1
Vickers ASTM E384 or ISO 6507-1
Rockwell ASTM E18 or ISO 6508-1
Scleroscope (dynamic) ASTM E448
Dynamic test ISO 14577-1
mobile Hardness tests by Webster, Barcol and Newage ASTM B647 and ASTM B648
A.7.3 Tensile strength
The procedures outlined in ASTM E8/E8M, ASTM E21, ASTM E1450, ISO 6892-1, ISO 6892-2, ISO 15579,
and ISO 19819 explain guidelines for tension testing under various conditions to determine a material’s
yield and tensile strengths. All are applicable to metallic materials made additively, but certain shapes
(e.g. sheet-, wire-, and rod-shaped specimens with small diameters) are difficult to build through an
additive process.
Additional information about size and shape of specimen and orientation are available in
ISO/ASTM 52909.
A.7.4 Impact strength
ASTM E23 covers impact testing to determine the behaviour of metal when subjected to multi-axial
stresses, coupled with a high loading rate and with either low or high temperatures.
...
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