SIST EN ISO 26800:2011
(Main)Ergonomics - General approach, principles and concepts (ISO 26800:2011)
Ergonomics - General approach, principles and concepts (ISO 26800:2011)
This Standard describes fundamental ergonomics principles and defines basic ergonomics terms and describes concepts.
These are relevant to the design and evaluation of tasks, jobs, products, systems, services and environments in order to make them compatible with the needs, abilities and limitations of people.
This Standard provides information to optimise system performance, effectiveness, efficiency, reliability and availability whilst safeguarding the safety, health and well-being of the worker (or user).
The intended users of this Standard are designers, ergonomists and project managers; as well as managers and workers (or their representatives). It also serves as a reference standard for standards writers dealing with ergonomics aspects.
This Standard is an "entry-point" to other, more detailed ergonomics standards.
Ergonomie - Allgemeine Vorgehensweise, Prinzipien und Konzepte (ISO 26800:2011)
ISO/DIS 26800 beschreibt den ergonomischen Ansatz und legt wesentliche ergonomische Prinzipien und
Konzepte fest. Diese sind bei der Gestaltung und Bewertung von Arbeitsaufgaben, Tätigkeiten, Produkten,
Werkzeugen, Ausrüstungen, Systemen, Organisationen, Dienstleistungen, Einrichtungen und Umgebungen
zu berücksichtigen, um diese an die Eigenschaften, Bedürfnisse und Kenngrößen, Fähigkeiten und Einschränkungen
von Menschen anzupassen.
Die Leitlinien in dieser Norm sollen dazu dienen, die Sicherheit, Leistung, Effektivität und Effizienz, Zuverlässigkeit,
Verfügbarkeit und Instandhaltungsfreundlichkeit des Gestaltungsergebnisses während seiner gesamten
Lebensdauer zu verbessern, bei gleichzeitiger Sicherstellung und Förderung der Gesundheit, des
Wohlbefindens und der Zufriedenheit der betroffenen Personen.
Die vorgesehenen Anwender der ISO/DIS 26800 sind Gestalter, Arbeitswissenschaftler und Projektleiter
sowie Führungskräfte, Arbeitende, Verbraucher (oder deren Vertreter) und Auftraggeber. ISO/DIS 26800 dient
außerdem als Bezugsnorm für Normenentwickler, die sich mit ergonomischen Aspekten befassen.
Diese Norm stellt eine Grundlage für andere, ausführlichere, kontextspezifische Normen zur Ergonomie dar,
auf deren Beispiele verwiesen wird.
Ergonomie - Approche générale, principes et concepts (ISO 26800:2011)
L'ISO 26800:2011 décrit l'approche générale de l'ergonomie et spécifie ses principes et concepts de base. Ceux-ci sont applicables à la conception et à l'évaluation des tâches, des postes, des produits, des outils, des équipements, des systèmes, des organisations, des services, des installations et des environnements afin de les rendre compatibles avec les caractéristiques, les besoins et valeurs, et les capacités et les limites des personnes.
Les recommandations fournies dans l'ISO 26800:2011 sont destinées à améliorer la sécurité, le fonctionnement, l'efficacité, l'efficience, la fiabilité, la disponibilité et la maintenabilité du résultat de la conception tout au long de son cycle de vie tout en préservant et en favorisant la santé, le bien-être et la satisfaction des personnes impliquées ou affectées.
Les utilisateurs cible de l'ISO 26800:2011sont les concepteurs, les ergonomes et les chefs de projet, ainsi que les dirigeants, les travailleurs, les consommateurs (ou leurs représentants) ainsi que les fournisseurs. Elle sert également de norme de référence pour l'élaboration de Normes internationales incluant des aspects ergonomiques.
Ergonomija - Splošen pristop, načela in koncepti (ISO 26800:2011)
Ta standard opisuje temeljna ergonomska načela in določa osnovne ergonomske izraze ter opisuje koncepte.
Ti so pomembni za načrtovanje in vrednotenje nalog, služb, produktov, sistemov, storitev in okolij, da se naredijo združljivi s potrebami, zmožnostmi in omejitvami ljudi.
Ta standard zagotavlja informacije za optimizacijo delovanja sistema, učinkovitost, zmogljivosti, zanesljivosti in razpoložljivost med varovanjem varnosti, zdravja in dobrega počutja delavca (ali uporabnika).
Uporabniki, katerim je namenjen ta standard, so načrtovalci, ergonomi in projektni vodje ter vodje in delavci (ali njihovi predstavniki). Prav tako se uporablja kot referenčni standard za pisce standardov, ki se ukvarjajo z vidiki ergonomije.
Ta standard je »vstopna točka« za druge, podrobnejše ergonomske standarde.
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Ergonomie - Allgemeine Vorgehensweise, Prinzipien und Konzepte (ISO 26800:2011)Ergonomie - Approche générale, principes et concepts (ISO 26800:2011)Ergonomics - General approach, principles and concepts (ISO 26800:2011)13.180ErgonomijaErgonomicsICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN ISO 26800:2011SIST EN ISO 26800:2011en,fr,de01-december-2011SIST EN ISO 26800:2011SLOVENSKI
STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 26800:2011
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN ISO 26800
August 2011 ICS 01.040.13; 13.180 English Version
Ergonomics - General approach, principles and concepts (ISO 26800:2011)
Ergonomie - Approche générale, principes et concepts (ISO 26800:2011)
Ergonomie - Genereller Ansatz, Prinzipien und Konzepte (ISO 26800:2011) This European Standard was approved by CEN on 6 August 2011.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre:
Avenue Marnix 17,
B-1000 Brussels © 2011 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN ISO 26800:2011: ESIST EN ISO 26800:2011
EN ISO 26800:2011 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword .3 SIST EN ISO 26800:2011
EN ISO 26800:2011 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN ISO 26800:2011) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 159 "Ergonomics" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 122 “Ergonomics” the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by February 2012, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by February 2012. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Endorsement notice The text of ISO 26800:2011 has been approved by CEN as a EN ISO 26800:2011 without any modification.
SIST EN ISO 26800:2011
SIST EN ISO 26800:2011
Reference numberISO 26800:2011(E)© ISO 2011
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO26800First edition2011-08-15Ergonomics — General approach, principles and concepts Ergonomie — Approche générale, principes et concepts
SIST EN ISO 26800:2011
ISO 26800:2011(E)
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ISO 2011 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISO's member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel.
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SIST EN ISO 26800:2011
ISO 26800:2011(E) © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved iii Contents Page Foreword.iv Introduction.v 1 Scope.1 2 Terms and definitions.1 3 The ergonomics approach.3 4 Principles of ergonomics.4 4.1 General.4 4.2 Human-centred.5 4.3 Criteria-based evaluation.7 5 Concepts in ergonomics.7 5.1 General.7 5.2 The system concept.8 5.3 Load-effects concept.9 5.4 Usability.10 5.5 Accessibility.11 6 The ergonomics-oriented design process.12 6.1 General.12 6.2 Basic requirements for an ergonomics-oriented design process.12 7 Conformity.13 Annex A (informative)
Sustainability.14 Annex B (informative)
Textual descriptions of the figures for visually impaired readers.15 Bibliography.17
SIST EN ISO 26800:2011
ISO 26800:2011(E) iv © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 26800 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 159, Ergonomics, Subcommittee SC 1, General ergonomics principles. SIST EN ISO 26800:2011
ISO 26800:2011(E) © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved v Introduction Human, technological, economic, environmental and organizational factors all affect the behaviour, activities and well-being of people in work, domestic and leisure contexts. The science of ergonomics has evolved from its origins in the context of work to embrace many other fields of application, such as home and leisure. However, whatever the context, the underlying principles of ergonomics remain the same, although the relative emphasis placed on them will vary. These principles are fundamental to the design process wherever human involvement is expected, in order to ensure the optimum integration of human requirements and characteristics into a design. This International Standard considers systems, users, workers, tasks, activities, equipment and the environment as the basis for optimizing the match between them. These principles and concepts serve to improve safety, performance and usability (effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction), while safeguarding and enhancing human health and well-being, and improving accessibility (e.g. for elderly persons and persons with disabilities). Ergonomics covers a wide range of issues, including physical, cognitive, social and organizational. These are ideally addressed within an integrated framework. A substantial number of ergonomics standards have been developed to cover specific issues and different application domains. All depend upon the basic principles and concepts that are fundamental to the ergonomics approach to design. This International Standard has been developed in order to provide an integrated framework, bringing together the basic principles and concepts of ergonomics in one document, and thus providing a high-level view of the way in which ergonomics is applied. NOTE 1 ISO 6385[2] remains a high-level International Standard for work systems. NOTE 2 A complete list of current published ergonomics International Standards can be accessed via http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_tc_browse.htm?commid=53348&published=on&includesc=true.
SIST EN ISO 26800:2011
SIST EN ISO 26800:2011
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 26800:2011(E) © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved 1 Ergonomics — General approach, principles and concepts 1 Scope This International Standard presents the general ergonomics approach and specifies basic ergonomics principles and concepts. These are applicable to the design and evaluation of tasks, jobs, products, tools, equipment, systems, organizations, services, facilities and environments, in order to make them compatible with the characteristics, the needs and values, and the abilities and limitations of people. The provisions and guidance given by this International Standard are intended to improve the safety, performance, effectiveness, efficiency, reliability, availability and maintainability of the design outcome throughout its life cycle, while safeguarding and enhancing the health, well-being and satisfaction of those involved or affected. The intended users of this International Standard are designers, ergonomists and project managers, as well as managers, workers, consumers (or their representatives) and procurers. It also serves as a reference standard for standards developers dealing with ergonomics aspects. This International Standard provides the basis for other, more detailed, context-specific ergonomics International Standards. 2 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 2.1 accessibility extent to which products, systems, services, environments and facilities can be used by people from a population with the widest range of characteristics and capabilities to achieve a specified goal in a specified context of use NOTE 1 Context of use includes direct use or use supported by assistive technologies. NOTE 2 Adapted from ISO/TR 22411:2008, definition 3.6. 2.2 ergonomics human factors scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions among human and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data and methods to design in order to optimize human well-being and overall system performance NOTE This definition is consistent with that given by the International Ergonomics Association[21]. 2.3 environment physical, chemical, biological, organizational, social and cultural factors surrounding one or more persons SIST EN ISO 26800:2011
ISO 26800:2011(E) 2 © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved 2.4 external load external conditions and demands in a system which influence a person's physical and/or mental internal load NOTE 1 In ISO 6385:2004, “external load” is called “work stress”. NOTE 2 External load is a neutral term. Its effects can be positive, neutral or negative. 2.5 fatigue impairing non-pathological manifestation of internal load, completely reversible with rest NOTE Fatigue can be mental, physical, local and/or general. 2.6 internal load internal response of a person to being exposed to the external load, depending on his/her individual characteristics (e.g. body size, age, capacities, abilities, skills, etc.) NOTE 1 In ISO 6385:2004, “internal load” is called “work strain”. NOTE 2 Internal load is a neutral term. Its effects can be positive, neutral or negative. 2.7 system combination of interacting elements organized to achieve one or more stated purposes NOTE 1 In ergonomics, the “elements” of a system are often called “components”. NOTE 2 A system can consist of products, equipment, services and people. NOTE 3 The word “system” can be qualified by adding a context-dependent term (e.g. aircraft system). NOTE 4 Adapted from ISO/IEC 15288:2008, definition 4.31. 2.8 target population people for whom the design is intended, specified according to relevant characteristics NOTE Relevant characteristics include, for example, the skill level, intelligence or physical characteristics — such as anthropometric dimensions — of these people. Gender and age can be related to variations in these characteristics. In addition to these intrinsic characteristics, extrinsic factors (e.g. cultural differences) could also be relevant. 2.9 usability extent to which a system, product or service can be used by specified users to achieve specified goals with effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction in a specified context of use [ISO 9241-210:2009, 2.13] NOTE This definition is usually applied to systems, products or services, but not to work systems. It could, however, relate to the design and evaluation of work equipment within a work system. 2.10 user person who interacts with a system, product or service NOTE 1 Adapted from ISO 9241-110:2008, definition 3.8, and ISO 9241-11:1998, definition 3.7. NOTE 2 The person who uses a service provided by a work system, such as a customer in a shop or passenger on a train, can be considered a user. NOTE 3 A user who is using a system is not a component of that system. However, both the user and the system used can be considered as components of a higher-level system. SIST EN ISO 26800:2011
ISO 26800:2011(E) © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved 3 2.11 worker person performing one or more activities to achieve a goal within a work system [ISO 6385:2004, 2.8] 2.12 work system system comprising one or more workers and work equipment acting together to perform the system function, in the workspace, in the work environment, under the conditions imposed by the work tasks [ISO 6385:2004, 2.16] 3 The ergonomics approach Ergonomics (or human factors) has been defined by the International Ergonomics Association (IEA), the federation of ergonomics and human factors societies from around the world, as “the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of the interactions among human and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data and methods to design in order to optimize human well-being and overall system performance”[21]. This includes the specific goals of facilitating task performance, safeguarding and enhancing the safety, health and well-being of the worker, or the user/operator of products/equipment, by optimizing tasks, equipment, services, the environment or, generally speaking, all elements of a system and their interactions. Achieving these goals potentially contributes to sustainability and to social responsibility (see Annex A). NOTE 1 Throughout this International Standard, the use of singular terms to refer to a human in different roles (e.g. worker, operator, user, consumer) in different domains (e.g. the private and work domains) is intended to include multiples of humans as well as higher aggregation levels such as groups, teams or organizations. Ergonomics addresses the interactions between the humans and other components of a system, such as other humans, machines, products, services, environments and tools, as appropriate. This includes taking into account the following factors: ⎯ purpose of the system, product or service (see 4.2); ⎯ characteristics of the intended target population (see 4.2.2); ⎯ goals to be achieved and tasks to be performed (see 4.2.3); ⎯ existing constraints (e.g. legacy equipment or processes, economic or legal issues); ⎯ factors of the physical, organizational and social environment (see 4.2.4); ⎯ life cycle and any dynamic changes within it (see Clause 6). In order to achieve optimized system performance, all these factors shall be taken into account. Figure 1 provides an example of factors to be taken into account in an ergonomics approach. It shows the activity of a person as central to the functionality of the system. Additional factors might be identified for a particular context. NOTE 2 A textual description of Figure 1 is given in B.2. NOTE 3 The analysis of variations in activities in the context of use helps in the understanding of potential effects on health and safety and, on the other hand, quantitative and qualitative results. SIST EN ISO 26800:2011
ISO 26800:2011(E) 4 © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved
Figure 1 — Example of factors to be taken into account in optimizing system performance In its simplest form, the system consists of a human and at least one other element (human, machine or environment) interacting within a specific context. More complex systems involve further elements (e.g. humans, machines or equipment). All such systems can be found in different contexts such as work, public life, leisure, etc. In the context of work, these systems are called work systems. NOTE 4 An example of a simple system is given in 5.2 and Figure 2 (see also Annex B). NOTE 5 A more detailed account of designing work systems can be found in ISO 6385[2]. This International Standard includes both principles (see Clause 4) and concepts (see Clause 5). The principles are fundamental to an ergonomics-oriented design process (see Clause 6) and serve to distinguish an ergonomics approach from other approaches that do not observe these principles. To meet the main goal of ergonomics, i.e. optimizing system performance, the principles presented in Clause 4 shall be applied. Concepts provide the means for interpreting, addressing and evaluating design from an ergonomics perspective. Those presented in this International Standard have previously been successfully applied in specific contexts to achieve an ergonomic design outcome that meets ergonomics goals and can be helpful in other contexts, although they are not necessarily universally applicable. The concepts described in Clause 5 shall be applied where appropriate. 4 Principles of ergonomics 4.1 General This clause presents the principles which are fundamental to an ergonomics approach. These place the human at the centre of the ergonomics approach to design (human-centred, see 4.2), taking into account the diversity of the human population (target population, see 4.2.2) and the implications of the task for the human (task oriented, see 4.2.3), as well as the environment in which the outcome of the design is to be used (environmental context, see 4.2.4). Finally, it emphasises the basic ergonomics criteria which need to be applied in evaluating the design (criteria-based evaluation, see 4.3). SIST EN ISO 26800:2011
ISO 26800:2011(E) © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved 5 4.2 Human-centred 4.2.1 General An ergonomics approach to design shall be human-centred. This means that all designable components of a system, product or service are fitted to the characteristics of the intended users, operators or workers, rather than selecting and/or adapting humans to fit the system, product or service. This should be done by consideration of ⎯ the intended target population, ⎯ the task, goal or intended outcome of the system, product or service, and ⎯ the environment in which the design is to function. From an ergonomics point of view, selection and training strategies are no substitute for an appropriate design of systems, products or services, although some selection and training can still be required. Those affected by the design (e.g. workers or users) should be involved throughout the whole design process, including evaluation. This will help to optimize solutions (e.g. by providing specific experience and requirements). Their early and continued participation and involvement is regarded as an efficient design strategy within ergonomics. NOTE For a more detailed description of the human-centred approach for interactive systems, see, for example, ISO 9241-210[8]. 4.2.2 Target population The target population shall be identified and described. The human population is very diverse. Humans vary in their physical dimensions and in their biomechanical, sensory and cognitive capabilities. This is why ergonomics design is usually orientated towards a specified target population, not towards one individual or the entire population. Discrimination leading to unfair treatment (e.g. on the basis of gender, age or disability) shall be avoided in identifying and specifying the target population (see ILO Convention No.111[22]). NOTE 1 In particular circumstances (e.g. rehabilitation), the target population might be one person. NOTE 2 Target populations may change over time and any such trends need to be considered. NOTE 3 The inclusion of older persons and people with disabilities in the target population and designing accordingly can help to improve the accessibility of a system, product or service (see ISO/IEC Guide 71[20] and ISO/TR 22411[17]). The characteristics of the target population relevant to the design shall be identified and their range of variation within the intended target population specified (e.g. body size, visual abilities, literacy, skills, knowledge). NOTE 4 For more detailed descriptions of sources of variability, see, for example, ISO 14738[12] for anthropometric requirements of workers and ISO/TR 22411[17] for ergonomics data of elderly or disabled persons. In ergonomics, the variation within the target population is commonly accounted for by using the 5th and/or 95th percentiles of important design characteristics (e.g. body size, visual abilities, literacy), with the intention of accommodating at least 90 % of the target population. In some circumstances, a different percentile range is used. For example, in many safety-related applications, the 1st and 99th percentiles are used. NOTE 5 In most instances, the use of average values is not an adequate way of accommodating the range of values to be found associated with a particular characteristic. NOTE 6 It is important to recognize that uncritical use of univariate percentiles, where simultaneous accommodation of multiple characteristics is necessary, might lead to a smaller range of the population being included than had been intended. The degree to which an ergonomic solution is compromised by using univariate percentiles depends upon the correlations between these characteristics. When correlations are low, it can be advisable to use wider percentile ranges or multivariate models of population variation to establish design criteria. SIST EN ISO 26800:2011
ISO 26800:2011(E) 6 © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved 4.2.3 Task oriented Design shall take full account of the nature of the task and its implications for the human. Task-oriented design is used to ensure that the tasks are appropriate to the human. This includes the allocation of functions and tasks to the human or to technology. Deficits in task design will lead to adverse effects, both for the human and the system as a whole. These cannot be compensated for by the design of the technical components of the system. The possible consequences of the task design, both for people affected by it and for the system as a whole, shall be taken into account. Task-oriented design also takes account of differences that can be observed between the designed task and the way the task is actually performed. Activities in performing a task are affected by variations and changes in, for example, context, procedures, equipment, products or materials. NOTE 1 In order to be able to consider the effects of the task on the human, it is important to refer to knowledge about existing similar or related tasks. NOTE 2 An example of this approach in the context of interactive systems can be found in ISO 9241-2[4]. Appropriately designed tasks ⎯ can be performed safely and effectively by the target population, in both the short and the long term, ⎯ do not lead to short- or long-term impairment in members of this population, ⎯ can be used to develop the operators'/users' capabilities and skills. Tasks and their associated activities shall be identified and described in sufficient detail so that the human capabilities, skills and knowledge requirements can be specified. This description should include task inputs and outputs. NOTE 3 It is also important to identify the relationships among different tasks. In human-centred design, the goal is differentiated from the task. Goals can be regarded as the intended outcomes, whereas tasks comprise a series of activities required to achieve a goal or goals. Hierarchically, a goal can be subdivided into a series of sub-goals and a task into corresponding sub-tasks. NOTE 4 In simple systems, all tasks might be performed by the same individual in achieving the eventual goal. In more complex systems, the goal is likely to be achieved by a number of individuals performing different but connected tasks. Activities are based on individual actions, comprising a single event such as pushing a button, identifying a signal or generating an idea. NOTE 5 In some ergonomics domains, the term “step” is used to describe a specific level of “activity”. 4.2.4 Environmental context The physical, organizational, social and legal environments in which a system, product, service or facility is intended to be used shall be identified and described, and their range defined. These environments provide important elements of the context of a design and can have a significant effect on the effectiveness of the resulting design. The physical attributes include issues such as thermal conditions, lighting, noise, spatial layout and furniture. The organizational and social aspects of the environment include factors such as work practices, organizational structure and attitudes. In some applications of ergonomics, the environment is a contextual factor and can not be changed. In others, environmental aspects can be designed. When the environmental factors are part of the system, product, service or facility, their design or redesign shall be included in the design process and its outcome. For those aspects of the environment that are not changeable, their characteristics shall be taken into account in the design of the system, product, service or facility. SIST EN ISO 26800:2011
ISO 26800:2011(E) © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved 7 The effects of the environment can be greater if people are already working to the limits of their ability. If design decisions are based on capability data measured only in a neutral environment, this can result in impairing effects. EXAMPLE 1 Equipment for use in a cold store is designed to take account of the need for the workers to wear insulated protective gloves. EXAMPLE 2 A properly designed ticket machine, which is to be installed for use in an outdoor car park, is designed to accommodate the range of varying environmental condi
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SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN ISO 26800:2010
01-marec-2010
(UJRQRPLMD6SORãHQSULVWRSQDþHODLQNRQFHSWL ,62',6
Ergonomics - General approach, principles and concepts (ISO/DIS 26800:2009)
Ergonomie - Allgemeine Vorgehensweise, Prinzipien und Konzepte (ISO/DIS
26800:2009)
Ergonomie - Approche générale, principes et concepts (ISO/DIS 26800:2009)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN ISO 26800
ICS:
13.180 Ergonomija Ergonomics
oSIST prEN ISO 26800:2010 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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oSIST prEN ISO 26800:2010
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oSIST prEN ISO 26800:2010
EUROPEAN STANDARD
DRAFT
prEN ISO 26800
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
November 2009
ICS 13.180
English Version
Ergonomics - General approach, principles and concepts
(ISO/DIS 26800:2009)
Ergonomie - Approche générale, principes et concepts Ergonomie - Allgemeine Vorgehensweise, Prinzipien und
(ISO/DIS 26800:2009) Konzepte (ISO/DIS 26800:2009)
This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for parallel enquiry. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee
CEN/TC 122.
If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which
stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language
made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the
same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are aware and to
provide supporting documentation.
Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without notice and
shall not be referred to as a European Standard.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2009 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. prEN ISO 26800:2009: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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oSIST prEN ISO 26800:2010
prEN ISO 26800:2009 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword .3
2
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Foreword
This document (prEN ISO 26800:2009) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 159
"Ergonomics" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 122 “Ergonomics” the secretariat of which is
held by DIN.
This document is currently submitted to the parallel Enquiry.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO/DIS 26800:2009 has been approved by CEN as a prEN ISO 26800:2009 without any
modification.
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DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/DIS 26800
ISO/TC 159/SC 1 Secretariat: DIN
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2009-11-19 2010-04-19
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION • МЕЖДУНАРОДНАЯ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ ПО СТАНДАРТИЗАЦИИ • ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE DE NORMALISATION
Ergonomics — General approach, principles and concepts
Ergonomie — Approche générale, principes et concepts
ICS 01.040.13; 13.180
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING
This draft has been developed within the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and
processed under the ISO-lead mode of collaboration as defined in the Vienna Agreement.
This draft is hereby submitted to the ISO member bodies and to the CEN member bodies for a parallel
five-month enquiry.
Should this draft be accepted, a final draft, established on the basis of comments received, will be
submitted to a parallel two-month approval vote in ISO and formal vote in CEN.
In accordance with the provisions of Council Resolution 15/1993 this document is circulated in
the English language only.
Conformément aux dispositions de la Résolution du Conseil 15/1993, ce document est distribué
en version anglaise seulement.
To expedite distribution, this document is circulated as received from the committee secretariat.
ISO Central Secretariat work of editing and text composition will be undertaken at publication
stage.
Pour accélérer la distribution, le présent document est distribué tel qu'il est parvenu du
secrétariat du comité. Le travail de rédaction et de composition de texte sera effectué au
Secrétariat central de l'ISO au stade de publication.
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND MAY NOT BE
REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
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©
International Organization for Standardization, 2009
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Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction.v
1 Scope.1
2 Terms and definitions .1
3 The ergonomics approach.3
4 Principles of ergonomics.4
4.1 Human-centred approach.4
4.2 Target population .5
4.3 Task orientation.5
4.4 Environmental context.6
4.5 Criteria-based evaluation.6
5 Concepts in ergonomics.7
5.1 General .7
5.2 The system concept.7
5.3 Load-effects concept .8
5.4 Usability.10
5.5 Accessibility.10
6 The ergonomics oriented design process.11
6.1 General .11
6.2 Fundamentals of an ergonomics-orientated design process.11
Annex A (informative) Sustainability .13
Bibliography.14
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Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO/DIS 26800 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 159, Ergonomics, Subcommittee SC 1, and by
Technical Committee CEN/TC 122, Ergonomics in collaboration.
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Introduction
Human, technological, economic, and organizational factors all affect the behaviour and well-being of people
in work, domestic, and leisure contexts. The science of ergonomics has evolved from its origins in the context
of work to embrace many other fields of application. However, whatever the context, the underlying principles
of ergonomics remain the same, although their relative emphasis will vary. These principles are fundamental
to the design process wherever human involvement is expected, in order to ensure the optimum integration of
human requirements and characteristics into the design. ISO/DIS 26800 presents these principles and
describes a number of concepts which can be used in understanding and applying these principles. These
principles and concepts serve to improve safety, performance, effectiveness and efficiency while safeguarding
and enhancing human health, well-being and satisfaction.
Ergonomics covers a wide range of issues, including physical, cognitive and organisational. These are ideally
addressed within an integrated framework. A substantial number of ergonomics standards dealing with
different aspects and different contexts have been developed. ISO/DIS 26800 has been developed in order to
bring together in one document the basic principles and concepts of ergonomics that are dealt with in these
other ergonomics standards.
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DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/DIS 26800
Ergonomics — General approach, principles and concepts
1 Scope
ISO/DIS 26800 describes the general ergonomics approach and specifies basic ergonomics principles and
concepts. These are applicable to the design and evaluation of tasks, jobs, products, tools, equipment,
systems, organizations, services, facilities and environments in order to make them compatible with the
characteristics, needs and values, abilities and limitations of people.
The guidance provided in this standard is intended to improve the safety, performance, effectiveness,
efficiency, reliability, availability and maintainability of the design outcome throughout its life cycle while
safeguarding and enhancing the health, well-being and satisfaction of those involved or affected.
The intended users of ISO/DIS 26800 are designers, ergonomists and project managers, as well as
managers, workers, consumers (or their representatives) and procurers. It also serves as a reference
standard for standards developers dealing with ergonomics aspects.
This standard provides the basis for other, more detailed, context-specific ergonomics standards, examples of
which are referenced.
2 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
2.1
accessibility
extent to which products, systems, services, environments or facilities can be used by people from a
population with the widest range of characteristics and capabilities to achieve a specified goal in a specified
context of use
NOTE Context of use includes direct use or use supported by assistive technologies.
[ISO/TR 22411:2008, 3.6, modified]
2.2
ergonomics
human factors
scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions among human and other elements of a
system, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data and methods to design in order to optimise
human well-being and overall system performance
NOTE This definition is consistent with the definition given by the International Ergonomics Association (see [1]).
2.3
environment
physical, chemical, biological, organisational, social and cultural factors surrounding one or more persons
2.4
external load
sum of those external conditions and demands in a system which influence a person's physical and/or
psychological state
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NOTE In ISO 6385:2004 "external load" is called "work stress".
2.5
fatigue
impairing non-pathological manifestation of internal load, completely reversible with rest
NOTE Fatigue can be mental, physical, local and/or general.
2.6
internal load
course of the internal response of a person to being exposed to the external load, depending on his/her
individual characteristics (e. g. body size, age, capacities, abilities, skills, etc.)
NOTE In ISO 6385:2004 "internal load" is called "work strain".
2.7
system
combination of interacting elements organized to achieve one or more stated purposes
NOTE 1 In ergonomics the "elements" of a system are often called "components".
NOTE 2 A system can be comprised of products, equipment, services and people.
NOTE 3 The word "system" can be qualified by adding a context-dependant term (e. g. aircraft system).
[ISO/IEC 15288:2008, 4.31, modified]
2.8
target population
people for whom the design is intended, specified according to relevant characteristics
NOTE Relevant characteristics include for example skill level, intelligence, or physical characteristics of these people,
such as anthropometric dimensions. Gender and age can be related to variations in these characteristics. In addition to
these intrinsic characteristics, extrinsic factors such as cultural and social aspects can also be relevant.
2.9
usability
extent to which a system, product or service can be used by specified users to achieve specified goals with
effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction in a specified context of use
[ISO/FDIS 9241-210:2009, 2.13]
NOTE This definition is usually applied to systems, products or services but not to work systems. It can, however,
relate to the design and evaluation of work equipment within a work system.
2.10
user
person who interacts with a system, product or service
[ISO 9241-110:2008, 3.8, modified]
NOTE 1 The person who uses a service provided by a work system can be considered a user. For example, a
customer in a shop or a passenger in a train.
NOTE 2 A user may be an element in a higher level system.
2.11
worker
person performing one or more activities to achieve a goal within a work system
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[ISO 6385:2004, 2.8]
2.12
work system
system comprising one or more workers and work equipment acting together to perform the system function,
in the work space, in the work environment
[ISO 6385:2004, 2.16, modified]
3 The ergonomics approach
Ergonomics (or human factors) has been defined by the International Ergonomics Association, the federation
of ergonomics and human factors societies from around the world, as the scientific discipline concerned with
the understanding of the interactions among human and other elements of a system, and the profession that
applies theory, principles, data and methods to design in order to optimise human well-being and overall
system performance (see [1]).
The main goal of ergonomics is to optimize overall system performance. This includes the specific goals of
facilitating task performance, safeguarding and enhancing the safety, health and well-being of the worker (or
user of products/equipment) by optimizing tasks, equipment, the environment, or, in general, all elements of a
system and their interactions. Achieving these goals potentially contributes to sustainability and to social
responsibility (see Annex A).
NOTE 1 Throughout this standard the use of singular terms to refer to a human in different roles (e. g. worker,
operator, user, consumer) in different domains (e. g. private and work domain) is intended to include higher aggregation
levels such as groups, teams or organisations.
Ergonomics addresses the interactions between the human, other humans, machines, products, services and
other components of a system (for example tools) as appropriate. This includes taking into account the
following factors:
⎯ purpose of the system, product or service;
⎯ characteristics of the intended target population (see 4.2);
⎯ goals to be achieved and the tasks to be performed (see 4.3).
⎯ existing constraints (e. g. legacy equipment or processes, economic or legal issues);
⎯ factors of the physical, organizational and social environment;
⎯ life cycle and any dynamic changes within it.
In order to achieve optimised system performance, all these factors shall be taken into account. As an
example, Figure 1 illustrates factors to be taken into account in an ergonomics approach [3], [4].
NOTE 2 Additional factors might be identified for a particular context.
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Figure 1 — Example of factors to be taken into account in optimising system performance
In its simplest form, the system consists of a human and at least one other element (human or machine)
interacting within a specific context. More complex systems involve further elements (e. g. humans, machines
or equipment). All such systems can be found in different contexts such as work, public life, leisure etc. In the
context of work, these systems are called work systems.
NOTE 3 An example of a simple system is given in 5.2.
NOTE 4 A more detailed account of designing work systems can be found in ISO 6385.
This standard includes both principles (see clause 4) and concepts (see clause 5). The principles are
fundamental to an ergonomics approach during design and evaluation (see clause 6). These principles serve
to distinguish an ergonomics approach from other approaches that do not observe these principles.
To meet the main goal of ergonomics, i.e. optimising system performance, the principles described in clause 4
shall be applied.
Concepts provide the means for interpreting, addressing and evaluating design from an ergonomics
perspective. Those presented in this Standard have previously been successfully applied in specific contexts
to achieve an ergonomic design and can be helpful in other contexts, although they are not necessarily
universally applicable.
The concepts described in clause 5 shall be applied where appropriate.
4 Principles of ergonomics
4.1 Human-centred approach
An ergonomics approach to design shall be human-centred. This means that all designable components of a
system, a product or a service are fitted to the characteristics of the intended users, operators or workers,
rather than selecting and/or adapting humans to fit the system, product or service. This is usually done by
consideration of:
⎯ the intended target population;
⎯ the task, goal or intended outcome of the system, product or service;
⎯ the environment in which the design is to function.
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From an ergonomics point of view, selection and training strategies are not substitutes for an appropriate
design of systems, products or services, although some selection and training can still be required.
Those affected by the design (e. g. workers or users) should be involved throughout the whole design
process, including evaluation. This will help to optimize solutions (e. g. by providing specific experience and
requirements). Their early and continued participation and involvement is regarded as an efficient design
strategy within ergonomics.
NOTE For a more detailed description of the human-centred approach for interactive systems see for example
ISO/FDIS 9241-210.
4.2 Target population
The human population is very diverse. Humans vary in their physical dimensions and in their biomechanical,
sensory and cognitive capabilities. This is why ergonomics design is usually orientated towards a specified
target population, not towards one individual or the entire population. The target population shall be identified
and described. Discrimination leading to unfair treatment (e.g. on the basis of gender or age) shall be avoided
in identifying and specifying the target population, see ILO Convention No.111 [5].
NOTE 1 In particular circumstances (e. g. rehabilitation) the target population might be a single person.
NOTE 2 The inclusion of older persons and people with disabilities in the target population and designing accordingly
can help to improve the accessibility of a system, product or service, see ISO/IEC Guide 71.
The characteristics of the target population, that are relevant to the design, shall be identified and their range
of variation within the intended target population specified (e. g. body size, visual abilities, literacy, skills,
knowledge).
NOTE 3 For more detailed descriptions of sources of variability see for example ISO 14738 and ISO/TR 22411.
In ergonomics, the variation within the target population is commonly accounted for by using the 5th and 95th
percentiles of important design characteristics (e. g. body size, visual abilities, literacy), with the intention of
accommodating at least 90 % of the target population. In some circumstances a different percentile range is
st th
used. For example, in many safety-related applications the 1 and 99 percentiles are used.
NOTE 4 The use of average values does not adequately accommodate the effects of variations in these
characteristics.
NOTE 5 It is important to recognize, that uncritical use of univariate percentiles where simultaneous accommodation of
multiple characteristics is necessary might lead to a smaller range of the population being included than had been
intended. The degree to which accessibility is compromised by using univariate percentiles depends upon the correlations
between these characteristics. When correlations are low, it can be advisable to use wider percentile ranges or
multivariate models of population variation to establish design criteria.
4.3 Task orientation
Task-orientated design takes full account of the nature of the task and its implications for the human. Such
design is used to ensure that the tasks are appropriate to the human. This includes the allocation of functions
and tasks to the human or to technology. Deficits in task design will lead to adverse effects, both for the
human and the system as a whole. These cannot be compensated for by the design of the technical
components of the system. The possible consequences of the task design, both for people affected by it and
for the system as a whole, shall be taken into account.
Task-orientated design also takes account of differences that can be observed between the designed task and
the activities actually performed. Activities are affected by variations and changes in e.g. context, procedures,
equipment, products or materials.
NOTE 1 In order to be able to consider the effects of the task on the human it is important to refer to knowledge about
existing similar or related tasks.
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NOTE 2 An example of this approach in the context of interactive systems can be found in ISO 9241-2.
Appropriately designed tasks:
- can be performed safely and effectively by the target population, in both the short and the long term;
- do not lead to short or long-term impairment in members of this population;
- can be used to develop the operators’ / users’ capabilities and skills.
Tasks and their associated activities shall be identified and described in sufficient detail so that the human
capabilities, skills and knowledge requirements can be specified. This description should include task inputs
and outputs.
NOTE 3 It is also important to identify the relationships among different tasks.
In human-centred design, the goal is differentiated from the task. Goals can be regarded as the intended
outcomes, whereas tasks are comprised of a series of activities required to achieve a goal or goals.
Hierarchically, a goal can be subdivided into a series of sub-goals and a task into corresponding sub-tasks.
NOTE 4 In simple systems all tasks might be performed by the same individual in achieving the eventual goal. In more
complex systems the goal is likely to be achieved by a number of individuals performing different but connected tasks.
Activities are based on individual actions, comprising a single event such as pushing a button, identifying a
signal or generating an idea.
NOTE 5 In some ergonomics domains the term "step" is used to describe a specifi
...
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