SIST EN 60384-13:2006

Fixed capacitors for use in electronic equipment -- Part 13: Sectional specification - Fixed polypropylene film dielectric metal foil d.c. capacitors

This part of IEC 60384 is applicable to fixed direct current capacitors, using as dielectric a polypropylene film with electrodes of thin metal foils. The capacitors covered by this standard are intended for use in electronic equipment. Capacitors for electromagnetic interference suppression are not included but are covered by IEC 60384-14.

Festkondensatoren zur Verwendung in Geräten der Elektronik -- Teil 13: Rahmenspezifikation - Festkondensatoren mit einem Dielektrikum aus Polypropylen und Belägen aus Metallfolien für Gleichspannung

Condensateurs fixes utilisés dans les équipements électroniques -- Partie 13: Spécification intermédiaire - Condensateurs fixes pour courant continu à diélectrique en film de polypropylène à armatures en feuilles métalliques

Nespremenljivi kondenzatorji za elektronsko opremo – 13. del: Sektorska specifikacija – Nespremenljivi kondenzatorji za enosmerni tok s kovinsko folijo in polipropilenskim dielektrikom (IEC 60384-13:2006)

General Information

• Status: Withdrawn
• Publication Date: 30-Jun-2006
• Withdrawal Date: 22-Jul-2018
• ICS: 31.060.10 - Fixed capacitors
• Technical Committee: SS EIT - Technical Board for the electrotechnical, information technology and telecommunications fields
• Current Stage: 9900 - Withdrawal (Adopted Project)
• Start Date: 23-Jul-2018
• Due Date: 15-Aug-2018
• Completion Date: 23-Jul-2018
• Ref Project: EN 60384-13:2006 - Fixed capacitors for use in electronic equipment - Part 13: Sectional specification - Fixed polypropylene film dielectric metal foil d.c. capacitors

Relations

• Replaces: SIST EN 131800:2002 - Sectional Specification: Fixed polypropylene film dielectric metal foil d.c. capacitors
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2010
• Replaced By: SIST EN 60384-13:2012 - Fixed capacitors for use in electronic equipment - Part 13: Sectional specification - Fixed polypropylene film dielectric metal foil d.c. capacitors
• Effective Date: 21-Sep-2010
• Replaces: SIST EN 131800:2002 - Sectional Specification: Fixed polypropylene film dielectric metal foil d.c. capacitors
• Effective Date: 29-Jan-2023
• Replaced By: SIST EN 60384-13:2012 - Fixed capacitors for use in electronic equipment - Part 13: Sectional specification - Fixed polypropylene film dielectric metal foil d.c. capacitors
• Effective Date: 29-Jan-2023

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI SIST EN 60384-13:2006

STANDARD
julij 2006
Nespremenljivi kondenzatorji za elektronsko opremo – 13. del: Sektorska
specifikacija – Nespremenljivi kondenzatorji za enosmerni tok s kovinsko
folijo in polipropilenskim dielektrikom (IEC 60384-13:2006)
Fixed capacitors for use in electronic equipment – Part 13: Sectional specification –
Fixed polypropylene film dielectric metal foil d.c. capacitors (IEC 60384-13:2006)
ICS 31.060.10 Referenčna številka
SIST EN 60384-13:2006(en)
©  Standard je založil in izdal Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje ali kopiranje celote ali delov tega dokumenta ni dovoljeno

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EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN 60384-3

NORME EUROPÉENNE
December 2006
EUROPÄISCHE NORM

ICS 31.060.40


English version


Fixed capacitors for use in electronic equipment
Part 3: Sectional specification: Surface mount fixed tantalum
electrolytic capacitors with manganese dioxide solid electrolyte
(IEC 60384-3:2006)


Condensateurs fixes utilisés dans  Festkondensatoren zur Verwendung
les équipements électroniques in Geräten der Elektronik
Partie 3: Spécification intermédiaire: Teil 3: Rahmenspezifikation:
Condensateurs fixes électrolytiques Oberflächenmontierbare
au tantale pour montage en surface Tantal-Kondensatoren mit festem
à électrolyte solide en bioxyde Mangandioxid-Elektrolyt
de manganèse (IEC 60384-3:2006)
(CEI 60384-3:2006)




This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2006-11-01. CENELEC members are bound to comply
with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard
the status of a national standard without any alteration.

Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on
application to the Central Secretariat or to any CENELEC member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other
language made by translation under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified
to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions.

CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, the Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.

CENELEC
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung

Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 35, B - 1050 Brussels


© 2006 CENELEC - All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC members.
Ref. No. EN 60384-3:2006 E

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EN 60384-3:2006 - 2 -
Foreword
The text of document 40/1771/FDIS, future edition 3 of IEC 60384-3, prepared by IEC TC 40, Capacitors
and resistors for electronic equipment, was submitted to the IEC-CENELEC parallel vote and was
approved by CENELEC as EN 60384-3 on 2006-11-01.
The following dates were fixed:
– latest date by which the EN has to be implemented
at national level by publication of an identical
national standard or by endorsement (dop) 2007-08-01
– latest date by which the national standards conflicting
with the EN have to be withdrawn (dow) 2009-11-01
Annex ZA has been added by CENELEC.
__________
Endorsement notice
The text of the International Standard IEC 60384-3:2006 was approved by CENELEC as a European
Standard without any modification.
__________

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- 3 - EN 60384-3:2006
Annex ZA
(normative)

Normative references to international publications
with their corresponding European publications

The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.

NOTE  When an international publication has been modified by common modifications, indicated by (mod), the relevant EN/HD
applies.

Publication Year Title EN/HD Year

1) 2)
IEC 60062 (mod) - Marking codes for resistors and capacitors EN 60062 2005


1)
IEC 60063 - Preferred number series for resistors and - -
capacitors


1) 2)
IEC 60068-1 - Environmental testing EN 60068-1 1994
Part 1: General and guidance


1) 2)
IEC 60384-1 (mod) - Fixed capacitors for use in electronic EN 60384-1 2001
equipment + corr. October 2001
Part 1: Generic specification


1)
IEC 60410 - Sampling plans and procedures for inspection - -
by attributes


1)
ISO 3 - Preferred numbers - Series of preferred - -
numbers




1)
Undated reference.
2)
Valid edition at date of issue.

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INTERNATIONAL IEC


STANDARD 60384-13





QC 301800

Third edition
2006-01

Fixed capacitors for use in electronic equipment –
Part 13:
Sectional specification –
Fixed polypropylene film dielectric metal
foil d.c. capacitors

 IEC 2006  Copyright - all rights reserved
No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher.
International Electrotechnical Commission, 3, rue de Varembé, PO Box 131, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland
Telephone: [phone] Telefax: [phone] E-mail: [e-mail] Web: www.iec.ch
PRICE CODE
Commission Electrotechnique Internationale U
International Electrotechnical Commission
МеждународнаяЭлектротехническаяКомиссия
For price, see current catalogue

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– 2 – 60384-13  IEC:2006(E)
CONTENTS
FOREWORD.3
1 General .6
1.1 Scope.6
1.2 Object .6
1.3 Normative references .6
1.4 Information to be given in a detail specification .6
1.5 Terms and definitions .8
1.6 Marking .8
2 Preferred ratings and characteristics .9
2.1 Preferred characteristics .9
2.2 Preferred values of ratings .9
3 Quality assessment procedures.10
3.1 Primary stage of manufacture.10
3.2 Structurally similar components.10
3.3 Certified records of released lots.10
3.4 Qualification approval.11
3.5 Quality conformance inspection.17
4 Test and measurement procedures.19
4.1 Visual examination and check of dimensions.19
4.2 Electrical tests.19
4.3 Robustness of terminations .22
4.4 Resistance to soldering heat .22
4.5 Solderability .22
4.6 Rapid change of temperature .22
4.7 Vibration.22
4.8 Bump .23
4.9 Shock.23
4.10 Climatic sequence .24
4.11 Damp heat, steady state.25
4.12 Endurance.25
4.13 Component solvent resistance.26
4.14 Solvent resistance of the marking.26

Table 1 – Preferred tolerances.9
Table 2 – Preferred values and combinations .10
Table 3 – Sampling plan together with numbers of permissible defectives for
qualification approval tests .12
Table 4 – Test schedule for qualification approval.13
Table 5 – Lot-by-lot inspection .18
Table 6 – Periodic inspection .18
Table 7 – Test points and voltages .19
Table 8 – Insulation resistance requirements .20
Table 9 – Correction factors.21
Table 10 – Preferred severities .24
Table 11 – Test conditions.25

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60384-13  IEC:2006(E) – 3 –
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________

FIXED CAPACITORS FOR USE IN ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT –

Part 13: Sectional specification – Fixed polypropylene film
dielectric metal foil d.c. capacitors


FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications,
Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC
Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested
in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-
governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely
with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by
agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence
between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in
the latter.
5) IEC provides no marking procedure to indicate its approval and cannot be rendered responsible for any
equipment declared to be in conformity with an IEC Publication.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or
other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and
expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC
Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of
patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 60384-13 has been prepared by technical committee 40:
Capacitors and resistors for electronic equipment.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition published in 1991 and constitutes
minor revisions related to tables, figures and references.
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
FDIS Report on voting
40/1620/FDIS 40/1643/RVD

Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.

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– 4 – 60384-13  IEC:2006(E)
The QC number that appears on the front cover of this publication is the specification number
in the IEC Quality Assessment System for Electronic Components (IECQ).
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
IEC 60384 consists of the following parts, under the general title Fixed capacitors for use in
electronic equipment:
Part 1: Generic specification
Part 2: Sectional specification: Fixed metallized polyethylene-terephthalate film dielectric
d.c. capacitors
Part 3: Sectional specification: Fixed tantalum surface mount capacitors
Part 4: Sectional specification: Aluminium electrolytic capacitors with solid and non-solid
electrolyte
Part 5: Sectional specification: Fixed mica dielectric d.c. capacitors with a rated voltage
not exceeding 3000 V – Selection of methods of test and general requirements
Part 6: Sectional specification: Fixed metallized polycarbonate film dielectric d.c.
capacitors
Part 8: Sectional specification: Fixed capacitors of ceramic dielectric, Class 1
Part 9: Sectional specification: Fixed capacitors of ceramic dielectric, Class 2
Part 11: Sectional specification: Fixed polyethylene-terephthalate film dielectric metal foil
d.c. capacitors
Part 12: Sectional specification: Fixed polycarbonate film dielectric metal foil d.c.
capacitors
Part 13: Sectional specification: Fixed polypropylene film dielectric metal foil d.c.
capacitors
Part 14: Sectional specification: Fixed capacitors for electromagnetic interference
suppression and connection to the supply mains
Part 15: Sectional specification: Fixed tantalum capacitors with non-solid or solid
electrolyte
Part 16: Sectional specification: Fixed metallized polypropylene film dielectric d.c.
capacitors
Part 17: Sectional specification: Fixed metallized polypropylene film dielectric a.c. and
pulse capacitors
Part 18: Sectional specification: Fixed aluminium electrolytic surface mount capacitors with
solid and non-solid electrolyte
Part 19: Sectional specification: Fixed metallized polyethylene-terephthalate film dielectric
surface mount d.c. capacitors
Part 20: Sectional specification: Fixed metallized polyphenylene sulfide film dielectric
surface mount d.c. capacitors
Part 21: Sectional specification: Fixed surface mount multilayer capacitors of ceramic
dielectric, Class 1
Part 22: Sectional specification: Fixed surface mount multilayer capacitors of ceramic
dielectric, Class 2
Part 23: Sectional specification: Fixed surface mount metallized polyethylene naphthalate
film dielectric d.c. capacitors

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60384-13  IEC:2006(E) – 5 –
Part 24: Sectional specification – Surface mount fixed tantalum electrolytic capacitors with
1
conductive polymer solid electrolyte
Part 25: Sectional specification – Surface mount fixed aluminium electrolytic capacitors
1
with conductive polymer solid electrolyte
All sectional specifications mentioned above do have one or more blank detail specifications
being a supplementary document, containing requirements for style, layout and minimum
content of detail specifications.
The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until
the maintenance result date indicated on the IEC web site under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in
the data related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be
• reconfirmed;
• withdrawn;
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.

A bilingual version of this publication may be issued at a later date.

———————
1
To be published.

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– 6 – 60384-13  IEC:2006(E)
FIXED CAPACITORS FOR USE IN ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT –

Part 13: Sectional specification – Fixed polypropylene film
dielectric metal foil d.c. capacitors


1 General
1.1 Scope
This part of IEC 60384 is applicable to fixed direct current capacitors, using as dielectric a
polypropylene film with electrodes of thin metal foils. The capacitors covered by this standard
are intended for use in electronic equipment.
Capacitors for electromagnetic interference suppression are not included but are covered by
IEC 60384-14.
1.2 Object
The object of this standard is to prescribe preferred ratings and characteristics and to select
from IEC 60384-1, the appropriate quality assessment procedures, tests and measuring
methods and to give general performance requirements for this type of capacitor. Test
severities and requirements prescribed in detail specifications referring to this sectional
specification shall be of equal or higher performance level, because lower performance levels
are not permitted.
1.3 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document.
For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition
of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
IEC 60063:1963, Preferred number series for resistors and capacitors
Amendment No. 1 (1967)
Amendment No. 2 (1977)
IEC 60068-1, Environmental testing – Part 1: General and guidance
IEC 60384-1, Fixed capacitors for use in electronic equipment – Part 1: Generic specification
IEC 60384-14, Fixed capacitors for use in electronic equipment – Part 14: Sectional
specification: Fixed capacitors for electromagnetic interference suppression and connection to
the supply mains
IEC 60410, Sampling plans and procedures for inspection by attributes
ISO 3, Preferred numbers – Series of preferred numbers
1.4 Information to be given in a detail specification
Detail specifications shall be derived from the relevant blank detail specification.
Detail specifications shall not specify requirements inferior to those of the generic, sectional
or blank detail specification. When more severe requirements are included, they shall be
listed in 1.9 of the detail specification and indicated in the test schedules, for example by an
asterisk.

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60384-13  IEC:2006(E) – 7 –
NOTE The information given in 1.4.1 may, for convenience, be presented in tabular form.
The following information shall be given in each detail specification and the values quoted
shall preferably be selected from those given in the appropriate clause of this sectional
specification.
1.4.1 Outline drawing and dimensions
There shall be an illustration of the capacitor as an aid to easy recognition and for comparison
of the capacitor with others. Dimensions and their associated tolerances, which affect
interchangeability and mounting, shall be given in the detail specification. All dimensions shall
be stated in millimetres.
Normally, the numerical values shall be given for the length, the width and height of the body
and the wire spacing, or for cylindrical types, the body diameter, and the length and diameter
of the terminations. When necessary, for example, when a number of items (capacitance
values/voltage ranges) are covered by a detail specification, the dimensions and their
associated tolerances shall be placed in a table below the drawing.
When the configuration is other than described above, the detail specification shall state such
dimensional information as will adequately describe the capacitor. When the capacitor is not
designed for use on printed boards, this shall be clearly stated in the detail specification.
1.4.2 Mounting
The detail specification shall specify the method of mounting to be applied for normal use and
for the application of the vibration and the bump or shock tests. The capacitors shall be
mounted by their normal means. The design of the capacitor may be such that special
mounting fixtures are required in its use. In this case, the detail specification shall describe
mounting fixtures and they shall be used in the application of the vibration and bump or shock
tests.
1.4.3 Ratings and characteristics
The ratings and characteristics shall be in accordance with the relevant clauses of this
specification, together with the following.
1.4.3.1 Rated capacitance range
See 2.2.1.
NOTE When products approved to the detail specification have different ranges, the following statement should
be added: “The range of capacitance values available in each voltage range is given in IEC QC 001005.".
1.4.3.2 Particular characteristics
Additional characteristics may be listed, when they are considered necessary to specify
adequately the component for design and application purposes.
1.4.3.3 Soldering
The detail specification shall prescribe the test methods, severities and requirements
applicable for the solderability and the resistance to soldering heat tests.
1.4.4 Marking
The detail specification shall specify the content of the marking on the capacitor and on the
package. Deviations from 1.6 of this sectional specification shall be specifically stated.

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– 8 – 60384-13  IEC:2006(E)
1.5 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions of IEC 60384-1 and the following
apply.
1.5.1
stability class
tolerance on the temperature coefficient together with the permissible change of capacitance
after defined tests
NOTE 1 The stability class is stated in the detail specification.
NOTE 2 The table in 2.2.4 shows the preferred stability classes.
1.5.2
rated voltage
U
R
maximum d.c. voltage which may be applied continuously to a capacitor at the rated
temperature
NOTE  The sum of the d.c. voltage and the peak a.c. voltage applied to the capacitor should not exceed the rated
voltage. The value of the peak a.c. voltage should not exceed the following percentages of the rated voltage at the
frequencies stated and should be not greater than 280 V:
50 Hz : 20 %
100 Hz : 15 %
1 000 Hz : 3 %
10 000 Hz : 1 %
unless otherwise specified in the detail specification.
1.6 Marking
See 2.4 of IEC 60384-1, with the following details.
1.6.1 The information given in the marking is normally selected from the following list; the
relative importance of each item is indicated by its position in the list:
a) rated capacitance;

b) rated voltage (d.c. voltage may be indicated by the symbol     or );
c) tolerance on rated capacitance;
d) year and month (or week) of manufacture;
e) manufacturer's name or trade mark;
f) temperature coefficient and stability class;
g) climatic category;
h) manufacturer's type designation;
i) reference to the detail specification.
1.6.2 The capacitor shall be clearly marked with a), b) and c) above and with as many as
possible of the remaining items as is considered necessary. Any duplication of information in
the marking on the capacitor should be avoided.
1.6.3 The package containing the capacitor(s) shall be clearly marked with all the
information listed in 1.6.1.
1.6.4 Any additional marking shall be so applied that no confusion can arise.

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60384-13  IEC:2006(E) – 9 –
2 Preferred ratings and characteristics
2.1 Preferred characteristics
The values given in detail specifications shall preferably be selected from the following.
2.1.1 Preferred climatic categories
The capacitors covered by this specification are classified into climatic categories according
to the general rules given in IEC 60068-1.
The lower and upper category temperatures and the duration of the damp heat steady state
test shall be chosen from the following.
Lower category temperature: -55 °C; -40 °C; -25 °C and –10 °C;
Upper category temperature: +85 °C and +100 °C;
Duration of the damp-heat, steady-state test: 10, 21 and 56 days.
The severities for the cold and dry heat tests are the lower and upper category temperatures
respectively.
2.1.2 Assisted drying is conditioning for a period between 1 h and 6 h at a temperature of
(55 ± 2) °C and a relative humidity not exceeding 20 %.
2.2 Preferred values of ratings
2.2.1 Rated capacitance (C )
R
Preferred values of rated capacitance are to be taken from the E 6, E 12, E 24, E 48 and E 96
series of IEC 60063.
2.2.2 Tolerances on rated capacitance
The preferred tolerances on rated capacitance are given in Table 1.
Table 1 – Preferred tolerances
Preferred series Preferred Tolerance code
tolerance
E 6 ±20 % M
E 12 ±10 % K
E 24 ±5 % J
E 48 ±2 % G
E 96 ±1 % F

In all cases, the minimum tolerance is ±1 pF. Additional values of capacitance outside the
E 96 range and additional tolerances may be specified.
2.2.3 Rated voltage (U )
R
The preferred values of rated voltage are: 40 – 63 – 100 – 160 – 250 V and their decimal
multiples. These values conform to the basic series of preferred values R5 given in ISO 3.

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– 10 – 60384-13  IEC:2006(E)
2.2.4 Stability classes in relation to temperature coefficients and change of
capacitance
Preferred values of temperature coefficients (α) with associated tolerances and preferred
values of permissible change of capacitance and also preferred combinations of these values
defined as stability classes are given in Table 2.
The table is not valid for capacitance values smaller than 50 pF.
Table 2 – Preferred values and combinations
Stability Temperature coefficient (α) and tolerance Permissible change of
a
class in parts per million per degree Kelvin capacitance
–6
10 /K Upper category temperature
–80 –100 –125 –160 –250 85 °C 100 °C
1 ±40 ±50 ±60 ±80 ±120 ±(0,5 %+0,5 pF) ±(1 %+0,5 pF)
2 ±100 ±125 ±160 ±250 ±(1 %+1 pF) ±(2 %+1 pF)
3 ±160 ±250 ±(2 %+2 pF) ±(5 %+2 pF)
a
Permissible change of capacitance after each of the following tests:
- resistance to soldering heat;
- rapid change of temperature;
- vibration;
- bump or shock;
- damp heat, cyclic;
- damp heat, steady state;
- endurance.

2.2.5 Category voltage (U )
C
At 85 °C the category voltage is equal to the rated voltage (U ). For the upper category
R
temperature of 100 °C, the category voltage is equal to 0,7 U
R.
2.2.6 Rated temperature
The standard value of rated temperature is 85 °C.
3 Quality assessment procedures
3.1 Primary stage of manufacture
The primary stage of manufacture is the winding of t
...