oSIST prEN 15969-1:2021

Tanks for transport of dangerous goods - Digital interface for the data transfer between tank vehicle and with stationary facilities - Part 1: Protocol specification - Control, measurement and event data

This document specifies data protocols and data format for the interfaces between electronic equipment (TVE), on-board computer (OBC) of the tank vehicle and stationary equipment for all interconnecting communication paths.
This document specifies the basic protocol FTL used in the communication (basic protocol layer), the format and structure of FTL-data to be transmitted (data protocol layer) and describes the content of the FTL-data.
This data protocol may be used for other application e.g. between stationary tank equipment and offices.

Tanks für die Beförderung gefährlicher Güter - Digitale Schnittstelle für den Datenaustausch zwischen Tankfahrzeugen und stationären Einrichtungen - Teil 1: Protokollspezifikation - Steuerungs-, Mess- und Ereignisdaten

Dieses Dokument legt Datenprotokolle und -formate für die Schnittstellen zwischen elektronischen Einrichtungen (TVE), Bordcomputer (OBC) des Tankfahrzeugs und stationären Einrichtungen für alle Kommunikationswege fest.
Dieses Dokument legt das für die Kommunikation verwendete Basisprotokoll FTL (basic protocol layer) sowie die Formate und die Struktur der übertragenen FTL-Daten (data protocol layer) fest und beschreibt die Inhalte der FTL-Daten.
Dieses Datenprotokoll darf auch für andere Anwendungen, z. B. zwischen stationären Tankeinrichtungen und Büros, verwendet werden.

Citernes destinées au transport de matières dangereuses - Interface numérique pour le transfert de données entre des véhicules-citernes et des installations fixes - Partie 1: Spécifications du protocole - Contrôle, données de mesure et d’événements

This European Standard specifies data protocols and data format for the interfaces between electronic equipment (TVE), on-board computer (OBC) of the tank vehicle and stationary equipment for all interconnecting communication paths.
This European Standard specifies the basic protocol FTL used in the communication (basic protocol layer), the format and structure of FTL-data to be transmitted (data protocol layer) and describes the content of the FTL-data.
This data protocol may be used for other application e.g. between stationary tank equipment and offices.

Cisterne za prevoz nevarnega blaga - Digitalni vmesnik za prenos podatkov med cisterno in stacionarnimi napravami - 1. del: Opredelitev protokola - Upravljanje, merjenje in zajem podatkov

General Information

• Status: Not Published
• Public Enquiry End Date: 02-Jul-2021
• ICS: 13.300 - Protection against dangerous goods
• ICS: 23.020.10 - Stationary containers and tanks
• ICS: 35.240.60 - IT applications in transport
• Technical Committee: TLP - Pressure vessels
• Current Stage: 4020 - Public enquire (PE) (Adopted Project)
• Start Date: 22-Apr-2021
• Due Date: 09-Sep-2021
• Completion Date: 27-Aug-2021
• Ref Project: prEN 15969-1 - Tanks for transport of dangerous goods - Digital interface for the data transfer between tank vehicle and with stationary facilities - Part 1: Protocol specification - Control, measurement and event data

RELATIONS

• Revised: SIST EN 15969-1:2018 - Tanks for transport of dangerous goods - Digital interface for the data transfer between tank vehicle and with stationary facilities - Part 1: Protocol specification - Control, measurement and event data
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2021

Standards Content (sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN 15969-1:2021
01-junij-2021
Cisterne za prevoz nevarnega blaga - Digitalni vmesnik za prenos podatkov med

cisterno in stacionarnimi napravami - 1. del: Opredelitev protokola - Upravljanje,

merjenje in zajem podatkov

Tanks for transport of dangerous goods - Digital interface for the data transfer between

tank vehicle and with stationary facilities - Part 1: Protocol specification - Control,

measurement and event data
Tanks für die Beförderung gefährlicher Güter - Digitale Schnittstelle für den
Datenaustausch zwischen Tankfahrzeugen und stationären Einrichtungen - Teil 1:
Protokollspezifikation - Steuerungs-, Mess- und Ereignisdaten

Citernes destinées au transport de matières dangereuses - Interface numérique pour le

transfert de données entre des véhicules-citernes et des installations fixes - Partie 1:

Spécifications du protocole - Contrôle, données de mesure et dévénements
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN 15969-1
ICS:
13.300 Varstvo pred nevarnimi Protection against dangerous
izdelki goods
23.020.10 Nepremične posode in Stationary containers and
rezervoarji tanks
35.240.60 Uporabniške rešitve IT v IT applications in transport
prometu
oSIST prEN 15969-1:2021 en,fr,de

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 15969-1:2021
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 15969-1:2021
DRAFT
EUROPEAN STANDARD
prEN 15969-1
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
June 2021
ICS 13.300; 23.020.10; 35.240.60 Will supersede EN 15969-1:2017
English Version
Tanks for transport of dangerous goods - Digital interface
for the data transfer between tank vehicle and with
stationary facilities - Part 1: Protocol specification -
Control, measurement and event data

Citernes destinées au transport de matières Tanks für die Beförderung gefährlicher Güter - Digitale

dangereuses - Interface numérique pour le transfert de Schnittstelle für den Datenaustausch zwischen

données entre des véhicules-citernes et des Tankfahrzeugen und stationären Einrichtungen - Teil

installations fixes - Partie 1: Spécifications du protocole 1: Protokollspezifikation - Steuerungs-, Mess- und

- Contrôle, données de mesure et d¿événements Ereignisdaten

This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for enquiry. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee

CEN/TC 296.

If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations

which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.

This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other

language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC

Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,

Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,

Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and

United Kingdom.

Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are

aware and to provide supporting documentation.

Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without

notice and shall not be referred to as a European Standard.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels

© 2021 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. prEN 15969-1:2021 E

worldwide for CEN national Members.
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 15969-1:2021
prEN 15969-1:2021 (E)
Contents Page

European foreword ....................................................................................................................................................... 4

Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................... 6

1 Scope .................................................................................................................................................................... 7

2 Normative references .................................................................................................................................... 7

3 Terms and definitions, abbreviations and conventions ................................................................... 7

3.1 Terms and definitions ................................................................................................................................... 7

3.2 Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................................... 9

3.3 Conventions .................................................................................................................................................... 10

4 Hardware interface ..................................................................................................................................... 10

5 Basic protocol layer ..................................................................................................................................... 10

5.1 FTL-frame (frame) ....................................................................................................................................... 10

5.2 Frame flow (handshake) ........................................................................................................................... 11

5.3 Delay and timeout ........................................................................................................................................ 16

5.4 CRC16 Checksum .......................................................................................................................................... 17

6 Data protocol layer (FTL-data protocol) ............................................................................................. 17

6.1 Client (OBC) and server (TVE) ................................................................................................................. 17

6.2 Syntax of data in datagrams ..................................................................................................................... 17

6.3 Nodes, subnodes, variables ...................................................................................................................... 18

6.4 Format identifiers ........................................................................................................................................ 18

6.5 Types of variable values ............................................................................................................................ 21

6.6 Kinds of nodes ............................................................................................................................................... 21

7 FTL-Data .......................................................................................................................................................... 23

7.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 23

7.2 Record and field types ................................................................................................................................ 23

7.3 Systemwide variables (subnode SYSTEM) .......................................................................................... 24

7.4 Variables related to global positioning system (subnode GPS) .................................................. 27

7.5 Accessing a printer on TVE-side (subnode PRN) .............................................................................. 28

7.6 Compartment information (subnode COMP) ..................................................................................... 31

7.7 Notification about changes (subnode NOTIFY) ................................................................................. 33

7.8 Information about driver (subnode DRIVER) .................................................................................... 34

7.9 Information about the vehicle (variable VEHICLE_ID) ................................................................... 35

7.10 Information about current operation (subnode OPERATION) .................................................... 35

7.11 Access to filesystem on TVE (subnode FS) .......................................................................................... 38

7.12 Auxiliary (subnode AUX) ........................................................................................................................... 43

7.13 Order management (subnode ORDER) ................................................................................................ 43

7.14 Goods and service database (subnode PRODUCT) ........................................................................... 48

7.15 FTL—logfile (subnodes LOG) ................................................................................................................... 51

7.16 Required variables ...................................................................................................................................... 84

7.17 NAK ID .............................................................................................................................................................. 84

8 Routing for multiple TVE ........................................................................................................................... 85

8.1 Purpose ............................................................................................................................................................ 85

8.2 Routing solution ........................................................................................................................................... 85

8.3 Routing example ........................................................................................................................................... 86

9 Communication with office ....................................................................................................................... 86

---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 15969-1:2021
prEN 15969-1:2021 (E)

9.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 86

9.2 Simple file transfer ....................................................................................................................................... 87

9.3 FTL over TCP/IP ............................................................................................................................................ 89

10 Communication Examples ......................................................................................................................... 91

10.1 Examples for Basic Protocol Layer level .............................................................................................. 91

10.2 Examples for data protocol layer ............................................................................................................ 93

Annex A (normative) Node tree ............................................................................................................................ 96

Annex B (normative) Test FTL .............................................................................................................................. 97

B.1 Overview .......................................................................................................................................................... 97

B.2 Basic Protocol Layer .................................................................................................................................... 97

B.2.1 Frame Tests..................................................................................................................................................... 97

B.2.2 CRC-error ......................................................................................................................................................... 98

B.2.3 Delay and Timeout ....................................................................................................................................... 98

B.3 Data Protocol Layer ..................................................................................................................................... 98

B.3.1 Test of Toggling ............................................................................................................................................. 98

B.3.2 Test of the FTL data layer .......................................................................................................................... 99

B.3.3 Test of the required FTL nodes ............................................................................................................. 100

B.3.4 Optional System Subnodes ..................................................................................................................... 103

B.3.5 Optional Node Prn ..................................................................................................................................... 105

B.3.6 Node Comp ................................................................................................................................................... 107

B.4 Application Layer....................................................................................................................................... 113

B.4.1 Test of the L-File ......................................................................................................................................... 113

B.4.2 Test of the LH-File ...................................................................................................................................... 113

B.4.3 Test for the Filling of the NodeList ...................................................................................................... 113

B.4.4 Sequence Test ............................................................................................................................................. 114

Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................................. 116

---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 15969-1:2021
prEN 15969-1:2021 (E)
European foreword

This document (prEN 15969-1:2021) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 296 “Tanks

for the transport of dangerous goods”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.

This document is currently submitted to the CEN Enquiry.
This document will supersede EN 15969-1:2017.
With regard to EN 15969-1:2017, the following fundamental changes are given:
 Figure 11 corrected;
 Subclause 7.3.11 "Trailer coupled (variable TRAILER)" added;
 Subclause 7.5.9 "Duplicate print (DUPLICATE)" added;
 Table 55 "Fields of records of ORDER.PLAN" Index 19 to 21 added;

 In subclause 7.13.4 Value V for planned transaction in process and unplanned transaction in

process added;
 Table 67 "L file record types" in Index L1137 Bit 3 added;
 Table 67 "L file record types" Index L1147 added;
 Table 67 "L file record types" Index L1205 added;
 Table 67 "L file record types" in Index L2002 event codes 80 to > 100 added;
 Table 67 "L file record types" Index L4007 and L4008 added;

 Table 67 "L file record types" in Index L4206 delivery path 25 to 36 and 80 to 86 added;

 Table 67 "L file record types" Index L4207 and L4208 added;
 Table 67 "L file record types" Index 94 Diagnose added;
 Node tree in Figure A.1 revised.

Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent

rights of which they are aware and to provide supporting documentation.

EN 15969, Tanks for transport of dangerous goods — Digital interface for the data transfer between tank

vehicle and with stationary facilities, consists of 2 parts:
— Part 1: Protocol specification — Control, measurement and event data;
— Part 2: Commercial and logistic data.
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 15969-1:2021
prEN 15969-1:2021 (E)

This European Standard forms part of a coherent standards programme comprising the following

standards:

— EN 13616-1, Overfill prevention devices for static tanks for liquid fuels — Part 1: Overfill prevention

devices with closure device;

— EN 13616-2, Overfill prevention devices for static tanks for liquid fuels — Part 2: Overfill prevention

devices without a closure device;

— EN 13922, Tanks for transport of dangerous goods — Service equipment for tanks — Overfill

prevention systems for liquid fuels;

— EN 14116, Tanks for transport of dangerous goods — Digital interface for product recognition devices

for liquid fuels;

— EN 15207, Tanks for the transport of dangerous goods — Plug/socket connection and supply

characteristics for service equipment in hazardous areas with 24 V nominal supply voltage;

— EN 15208, Tanks for transport of dangerous goods — Sealed parcel delivery systems — Working

principles and interface specifications;

— EN 15969-2, Tanks for transport of dangerous goods — Digital interface for the data transfer

between tank vehicle and with stationary facilities — Part 2: Commercial and logistic data.

---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 15969-1:2021
prEN 15969-1:2021 (E)
Introduction

FTL is an acronym for Fuel Truck Link, the interface between electronic system(s) on board of a tank

vehicle (tank-vehicle-equipment) and any external computer, e.g. an on-board-computer installed in the

driver’s cabin; for illustration see Figure 1.
Key
→ direction of communication (client → server)

a may be either two independent units or one single unit which incorporates both functions OBC and TVE

Figure 1
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 15969-1:2021
prEN 15969-1:2021 (E)
1 Scope

This document specifies data protocols and data format for the interfaces between electronic

equipment (TVE), on-board computer (OBC) of the tank vehicle and stationary equipment for all

interconnecting communication paths.

This document specifies the basic protocol FTL used in the communication (basic protocol layer), the

format and structure of FTL-data to be transmitted (data protocol layer) and describes the content of

the FTL-data.

This data protocol may be used for other application e.g. between stationary tank equipment and

offices.
2 Normative references

The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content

constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For

undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

EN 13616-2, Overfill prevention devices for static tanks for liquid fuels - Part 2: Overfill prevention devices

without a closure device

EN 13922, Tanks for transport of dangerous goods - Service equipment for tanks - Overfill prevention

systems for liquid fuels

EN 14116:2012+A2:2018, Tanks for transport of dangerous goods - Digital interface for product

recognition devices for liquid fuels

EN 15208:2014, Tanks for transport of dangerous goods - Sealed parcel delivery systems - Working

principles and interface specifications

prEN 15969-2:2021, Tanks for transport of dangerous goods — Digital interface for the data transfer

between tank vehicle and with stationary facilities — Part 2: Commercial and logistic data

ISO 639-1, Codes for the representation of names of languages — Part 1: Alpha-2 code

ISO/IEC 10646:2020, Information technology — Universal coded character set (UCS)

DIN 51757:2011, Testing of mineral oils and related materials — Determination of density

3 Terms and definitions, abbreviations and conventions

For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions, abbreviations and conventions

apply.

ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:

• IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
3.1 Terms and definitions
3.1.1
downgrade

intentional loading and discharge of a higher grade product (substance) into a lower grade product of

the same group
---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 15969-1:2021
prEN 15969-1:2021 (E)
3.1.2
answer time

time between last frame character transmitted from OBC (client) and first character frame received

from TVE (server)
3.1.3
array

collection of elements which have the same structure and are able to be accessed individually by means

of an index
3.1.4
client
responsible for initiation and control of data exchange
3.1.5
field
element of a datagram delimited by separators
3.1.6
frame
data packet with variable length and defined structure
3.1.7
list
type of variables consisting of a number of records
3.1.8
MaxFrameSize
maximum number of characters in a frame
3.1.9
node
part of an address of a variable
3.1.10
graphic character

character, other than a control function or a format character, that has a visual representation normally

handwritten, printed or displayed
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 10646:2020, 3.28]
3.1.11
record
ordered set of fields, stored contiguously
3.1.12
server
program which provides service to client programs
3.1.13
subnode
subpart of an address of a variable
---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 15969-1:2021
prEN 15969-1:2021 (E)
3.1.14
datagram
instruction or answer to an instruction, which comprises an OpCode and operand
3.1.15
transaction
complete request-answer-cycle
3.1.16
type identifier
character code for the frame type
3.2 Abbreviations
ACK acknowledge controlframe
ADF additional dataframe
ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange
CAN cancel controlframe
CRC cyclic redundancy checksum
CSV comma separated variable record
COP crossover prevention
EOR end of record dataframe
EOT end of transmission dataframe
FTL fuel-truck-link name of the interface
FTP file transfer protocol
L_FILE log file
LH_FILE log file header
NAK not acknowledge controlframe
OBC on-board-computer
NOTE 1 The OBC is one party in the FTL-communication (the client).
PID product identification device according to EN 14116
SYN synchronization controlframe
SPDS sealed parcel delivery system according to EN 15208
TEF CRC transmission error controlframe
TVE tank-vehicle-equipment
NOTE 2 The TVE is one party in the FTL-communication (the server).
OpCode operation code
---------------------- Page: 11 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 15969-1:2021
prEN 15969-1:2021 (E)
3.3 Conventions
3.3.1 Syntax conventions
When describing the syntax of e.g. a datagram, some parts are required.

Every abstract part shall get a name, which is encapsulated by “<” and “>”. Optional arguments are

additionally encapsulated in square brackets.
EXAMPLE [,]

has always to be given (required). is optional, but when given, it shall be

preceded by a comma.
3.3.2 Presentation of communication exchange

In this document several examples can be found, demonstrating the flow of communication.

To illustrate the direction, data sent by the TVE (server) is shown indented.
EXAMPLE
client request 1
server response 1
server response 2
server response 3
client request 2

This means, that the command “client request n” shall be transmitted by the OBC, whereas the lines

“server response n” were transmitted by the TVE.
3.3.3 Numbers

Numbers may either be coded in decimal format (e.g. 12) or in hexadecimal format (e.g. 1Bh). In the

latter case, the number shall be followed by the character “h”.
4 Hardware interface

Communication shall only take place between two parties (point-to-point) the TVE and OBC.

For communication an asynchronous line shall be used (RS232, RS422 or RS485). The OBC and TVE

start up and default settings shall be 9 600 baud, 8 data bits, 1 stop bit and no parity.

The TVE may optionally support other baud rates (switching and switching back see 7.3.6).

5 Basic protocol layer
5.1 FTL-frame (frame)
The FTL-frame shall be according to Figure 2.
---------------------- Page: 12 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 15969-1:2021
prEN 15969-1:2021 (E)
Figure 2
A frame shall have the following minimum requirements:
— always starts with a Start—Flag;
— always followed by type identifier;
— 1 End-Flag;
— 4 character Checksum (valid or invalid);
— frame length limited to MaxFrameSize.

Frames which do not fulfil these requirements shall be ignored and not answered. A new frame starts

upon the receipt of a Start-Flag. Any character received before the Start-Flag shall be ignored. All

devices using the FTL-protocol shall be able to receive complete frames of MaxFrameSize characters. A

frame shall be answered even if it contains an invalid checksum or incorrect characters (see 5.2).

If the type identifier in a frame is unknown a NAK shall be sent.
MaxFrameSize
The MaxFrameSize shall be 255 characters.
Start—Flag
The ASCII code 02h (start of text ) shall be used as the Start-Flag.
Type identifier
The type identifier shall be according to Table 1.
Content

The content may be empty or shall contain up to MaxFrameSize minus 7 characters. All characters in

the content shall be printable characters.
End-Flag
The ASCII code 03h (End of Text ) shall be used as the End—Flag.
Checksum

The Checksum verifies the integrity of a frame. It covers all characters from Start—Flag to End—

Flag including these flags. A CRC16 (16 bit) value in hexadecimal format (always 4 characters long) is

used and shall consist of the printable ASCII character “0” “9” or “A” “F” (example: the value 1AC9h shall

be sent with 4 ASCII character “1AC9”). The algorithm for the calculation is described in 5.4.

5.2 Frame flow (handshake)

The character immediately following the Start-Flag defines the frame type. The different frame groups

and their frame types are described in Table 1.
---------------------- Page: 13 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 15969-1:2021
prEN 15969-1:2021 (E)
Table 1 — Frame groups and frame types
Type identifier
Additional
Frame group Frame type Abbreviation
Client to Server to
fields
server client
Dataframe end of record frame EOR data R, V r, v
additional dataframe
ADF data L, P l, p
following frame
end of transmission
EOT data E, I e, i
frame
Controlframe acknowledge frame ACK no A a
synchronization/wait
SYN no s
frame
cancel frame CAN no C c
CRC transmission
TEF no T t
error frame
not acknowledge NAK-ID
frame NAK according to n
Table 71
Not applicable.

To distinguish the direction of data (client to server or server to client) upper and lower case type

character shall be used.
Every communication shall start with a dataframe.
Every dataframe from the server shall be answered by the client.
Every frame from the client shall be answered by a frame from the server.

If a dataframe is received by the server when an acknowledge is expected it shall be treated as a cancel

frame (CAN) regarding the preceding transaction.

Every data frame on each side, independently, shall be flagged alternatively (toggled) with the

secondary (V,P,I) and primary (R,L,E) type identifier. If subsequent dataframes with identical type

identifier are received, these shall be treated as a repetition with identical data but shall be answered as

the original, see Figure 11. This prevents redundant entries in lists resulting from communication faults.

After the startup of the system the first dataframe on each side shall start with the primary type

identifier (R,L,E). The first request after startup shall not be a SET-request to a list.

Examples of frame flows:

— Transaction that requires only one datagram in either direction, each fitting into a single frame,

see Figure 3.
---------------------- Page: 14 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 15969-1:2021
prEN 15969-1:2021 (E)
a) b)
Figure 3

— Transactions that require more than one datagram (e.g multi record transfer), EOR—frames shall

indicate that additional datagrames will follow. An EOT—frame shall be the last dataframe of the

transaction, see Figure 4.
a) b)
Figure 4

— Datagrams that require more than one frame, because MaxFrameSize is too small to hold a

complete datagram shall be split into one or more ADF—frames and an EOT—frame or EOR-frame

as appropriate, see Figure 5.
a) b)
Figure 5
---------------------- Page: 15 ----
...