SIST ISO 80000-1:2013
(Main)Quantities and units - Part 1: General
Quantities and units - Part 1: General
ISO 80000-1:2009 gives general information and definitions concerning quantities, systems of quantities, units, quantity and unit symbols, and coherent unit systems, especially the International System of Quantities, ISQ, and the International System of Units, SI.
The principles laid down in ISO 80000-1:2009 are intended for general use within the various fields of science and technology and as an introduction to other parts of the Quantities and units series.
Ordinal quantities and nominal properties are outside the scope of ISO 80000-1:2009.
Grandeurs et unités - Partie 1: Généralités
L'ISO 80000‑1:2009 donne des informations générales et des définitions à propos des grandeurs, des systèmes de grandeurs, des unités, des symboles de grandeurs et d'unités, et des systèmes cohérents d'unités, notamment le Système international de grandeurs (ISQ) et le Système international d'unités (SI).
Les principes établis dans l'ISO 80000‑1:2009 sont prévus pour un usage général dans les divers domaines scientifiques et techniques, ainsi qu'en introduction aux autres parties de la présente Norme internationale.
Les grandeurs ordinales et les propriétés qualitatives sont hors du domaine d'application de l'ISO 80000‑1:2009.
Veličine in enote - 1. del: Splošno
Standard ISO 80000-1 podaja splošne informacije in definicije v zvezi z veličinami, sistemi veličin, enotami, simboli za veličine in enote ter skladne sisteme enot, zlasti mednarodni sistem veličin (ISQ) in mednarodni sistem enot (SI). Načela, opisana v standardu ISO 80000-1, so namenjena za splošno uporabo na različnih področjih znanosti in tehnike ter kot uvod v druge dele tega mednarodnega standarda. Vrstilne veličine in nominalne lastnosti ne spadajo na področje uporabe standarda ISO 80000-1.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-maj-2013
1DGRPHãþD
SIST ISO 1000+A1:2008
SIST ISO 31-0+A1+A2:2007
9HOLþLQHLQHQRWHGHO 6SORãQR
Quantities and units - Part 1: General
Grandeurs et unités - Partie 1: Généralités
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 80000-1:2009
ICS:
01.060 9HOLþLQHLQHQRWH Quantities and units
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 80000-1
First edition
2009-11-15
Quantities and units
Part 1:
General
Grandeurs et unités
Partie 1: Généralités
Reference number
©
ISO 2009
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
© ISO 2009
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction.vi
1 Scope.1
2 Normative references.1
3 Terms and definitions .1
4 Quantities .11
5 Dimensions .14
6 Units.14
7 Printing rules .22
Annex A (normative) Terms in names for physical quantities.31
Annex B (normative) Rounding of numbers .35
Annex C (normative) Logarithmic quantities and their units .37
Annex D (informative) International organizations in the field of quantities and units.39
Bibliography.41
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of ISO 80000-1 may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 80000-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 12, Quantities and units in co-operation with
IEC/TC 25, Quantities and units.
This first edition of ISO 80000-1 cancels and replaces ISO 31-0:1992 and ISO 1000:1992. It also incorporates
the Amendments ISO 31-0:1992/Amd.1:1998, ISO 31-0:1992/Amd.2:2005 and ISO 1000:1992/Amd.1:1998.
The major technical changes from the previous standard are the following:
⎯ the structure has been changed to emphasize that quantities come first and units then follow;
⎯ definitions in accordance with ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007 have been added;
⎯ Annexes A and B have become normative;
⎯ a new normative Annex C has been added.
ISO 80000 consists of the following parts, under the general title Quantities and units:
⎯ Part 1: General
⎯ Part 2: Mathematical signs and symbols to be used in the natural sciences and technology
⎯ Part 3: Space and time
⎯ Part 4: Mechanics
⎯ Part 5: Thermodynamics
⎯ Part 7: Light
⎯ Part 8: Acoustics
⎯ Part 9: Physical chemistry and molecular physics
⎯ Part 10: Atomic and nuclear physics
⎯ Part 11: Characteristic numbers
⎯ Part 12: Solid state physics
iv © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
IEC 80000 consists of the following parts, under the general title Quantities and units:
⎯ Part 6: Electromagnetism
⎯ Part 13: Information science and technology
⎯ Part 14: Telebiometrics related to human physiology
Introduction
0.1 Quantities
Systems of quantities and systems of units can be treated in many consistent, but different, ways. Which
treatment to use is only a matter of convention. The presentation given in this International Standard is the
one that is the basis for the International System of Units, the SI (from the French: Système international
d’unités), adopted by the General Conference on Weights and Measures, the CGPM (from the French:
Conférence générale des poids et mesures).
The quantities and relations among the quantities used here are those almost universally accepted for use
throughout the physical sciences. They are presented in the majority of scientific textbooks today and are
familiar to all scientists and technologists.
1)
NOTE For electric and magnetic units in the CGS-ESU, CGS-EMU and Gaussian systems, there is a difference in
the systems of quantities by which they are defined. In the CGS-ESU system, the electric constant ε (the permittivity of
vacuum) is defined to be equal to 1, i.e. of dimension one; in the CGS-EMU system, the magnetic constant µ
(permeability of vacuum) is defined to be equal to 1, i.e. of dimension one, in contrast to those quantities in the ISQ where
they are not of dimension one. The Gaussian system is related to the CGS-ESU and CGS-EMU systems and there are
similar complications. In mechanics, Newton’s law of motion in its general form is written F = c⋅ma. In the old technical
2)
system, MKS , c = 1/g , where g is the standard acceleration of free fall; in the ISQ, c = 1.
n n
The quantities and the relations among them are essentially infinite in number and are continually evolving as
new fields of science and technology are developed. Thus, it is not possible to list all these quantities and
relations in this International Standard; instead, a selection of the more commonly used quantities and the
relations among them is presented.
It is inevitable that some readers working in particular specialized fields may find that the quantities they are
interested in using may not be listed in this International Standard or in another International Standard.
However, provided that they can relate their quantities to more familiar examples that are listed, this will not
prevent them from defining units for their quantities.
Most of the units used to express values of quantities of interest were developed and used long before the
concept of a system of quantities was developed. Nonetheless, the relations among the quantities, which are
simply the equations of the physical sciences, are important, because in any system of units the relations
among the units play an important role and are developed from the relations among the corresponding
quantities.
The system of quantities, including the relations among them the quantities used as the basis of the units of
the SI, is named the International System of Quantities, denoted “ISQ”, in all languages. This name was not
used in ISO 31, from which the present harmonized series has evolved. However, ISQ does appear in
[8]
ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007 and in the SI Brochure , Edition 8:2006. In both cases, this was to ensure
consistency with the new Quantities and units series that was under preparation at the time they were
published; it had already been announced that the new term would be used. It should be realized, however,
that ISQ is simply a convenient notation to assign to the essentially infinite and continually evolving and
expanding system of quantities and equations on which all of modern science and technology rests. ISQ is a
shorthand notation for the “system of quantities on which the SI is based”, which was the phrase used for this
system in ISO 31.
1) CGS = centimetre-gram-second; ESU = electrostatic units; EMU = electromagnetic units.
2) MKS = metre-kilogram-second.
vi © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
0.2 Units
A system of units is developed by first defining a set of base units for a small set of corresponding base
quantities and then defining derived units as products of powers of the base units corresponding to the
relations defining the derived quantities in terms of the base quantities. In this International Standard and in
the SI, there are seven base quantities and seven base units. The base quantities are length, mass, time,
electric current, thermodynamic temperature, amount of substance, and luminous intensity. The
corresponding base units are the metre, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, mole, and candela, respectively.
The definitions of these base units, and their practical realization, are at the heart of the SI and are the
responsibility of the advisory committees of the International Committee for Weights and Measures, the CIPM
(from the French: Comité international des poids et mesures). The current definitions of the base units, and
[8]
advice for their practical realization, are presented in the SI Brochure , published by and obtainable from the
International Bureau of Weights and Measures, the BIPM (from the French: Bureau international des poids et
mesures). Note that in contrast to the base units, each of which has a specific definition, the base quantities
are simply chosen by convention and no attempt is made to define them otherwise then operationally.
0.3 Realizing the values of units
To realize the value of a unit is to use the definition of the unit to make measurements that compare the value
of some quantity of the same kind as the unit with the value of the unit. This is the essential step in making
measurements of the value of any quantity in science. Realizing the values of the base units is of particular
importance. Realizing the values of derived units follows in principle from realizing the base units.
There may be many different ways for the practical realization of the value of a unit, and new methods may be
developed as science advances. Any method consistent with the laws of physics could be used to realize any
SI unit. Nonetheless, it is often helpful to review experimental methods for realizing the units, and the CIPM
recommends such methods, which are presented as part of the SI Brochure.
0.4 Arrangement of the tables
In parts 3 to 14 of this International Standard, the quantities and relations among them, which are a subset of
the ISQ, are given on the left-hand pages, and the units of the SI (and some other units) are given on the
right-hand pages. Some additional quantities and units are also given on the left-hand and right-hand pages,
respectively. The item numbers of quantities are written pp-nn.s (pp, part number; nn, running number in the
part, respectively; s, sub-number). The item numbers of units are written pp-nn.l (pp, part number; nn, running
number in the part, respectively; l, sub-letter).
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 80000-1:2009(E)
Quantities and units
Part 1:
...
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 80000-1
First edition
2009-11-15
Quantities and units
Part 1:
General
Grandeurs et unités
Partie 1: Généralités
Reference number
©
ISO 2009
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
© ISO 2009
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction.vi
1 Scope.1
2 Normative references.1
3 Terms and definitions .1
4 Quantities .11
5 Dimensions .14
6 Units.14
7 Printing rules .22
Annex A (normative) Terms in names for physical quantities.31
Annex B (normative) Rounding of numbers .35
Annex C (normative) Logarithmic quantities and their units .37
Annex D (informative) International organizations in the field of quantities and units.39
Bibliography.41
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of ISO 80000-1 may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 80000-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 12, Quantities and units in co-operation with
IEC/TC 25, Quantities and units.
This first edition of ISO 80000-1 cancels and replaces ISO 31-0:1992 and ISO 1000:1992. It also incorporates
the Amendments ISO 31-0:1992/Amd.1:1998, ISO 31-0:1992/Amd.2:2005 and ISO 1000:1992/Amd.1:1998.
The major technical changes from the previous standard are the following:
⎯ the structure has been changed to emphasize that quantities come first and units then follow;
⎯ definitions in accordance with ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007 have been added;
⎯ Annexes A and B have become normative;
⎯ a new normative Annex C has been added.
ISO 80000 consists of the following parts, under the general title Quantities and units:
⎯ Part 1: General
⎯ Part 2: Mathematical signs and symbols to be used in the natural sciences and technology
⎯ Part 3: Space and time
⎯ Part 4: Mechanics
⎯ Part 5: Thermodynamics
⎯ Part 7: Light
⎯ Part 8: Acoustics
⎯ Part 9: Physical chemistry and molecular physics
⎯ Part 10: Atomic and nuclear physics
⎯ Part 11: Characteristic numbers
⎯ Part 12: Solid state physics
iv © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
IEC 80000 consists of the following parts, under the general title Quantities and units:
⎯ Part 6: Electromagnetism
⎯ Part 13: Information science and technology
⎯ Part 14: Telebiometrics related to human physiology
Introduction
0.1 Quantities
Systems of quantities and systems of units can be treated in many consistent, but different, ways. Which
treatment to use is only a matter of convention. The presentation given in this International Standard is the
one that is the basis for the International System of Units, the SI (from the French: Système international
d’unités), adopted by the General Conference on Weights and Measures, the CGPM (from the French:
Conférence générale des poids et mesures).
The quantities and relations among the quantities used here are those almost universally accepted for use
throughout the physical sciences. They are presented in the majority of scientific textbooks today and are
familiar to all scientists and technologists.
1)
NOTE For electric and magnetic units in the CGS-ESU, CGS-EMU and Gaussian systems, there is a difference in
the systems of quantities by which they are defined. In the CGS-ESU system, the electric constant ε (the permittivity of
vacuum) is defined to be equal to 1, i.e. of dimension one; in the CGS-EMU system, the magnetic constant µ
(permeability of vacuum) is defined to be equal to 1, i.e. of dimension one, in contrast to those quantities in the ISQ where
they are not of dimension one. The Gaussian system is related to the CGS-ESU and CGS-EMU systems and there are
similar complications. In mechanics, Newton’s law of motion in its general form is written F = c⋅ma. In the old technical
2)
system, MKS , c = 1/g , where g is the standard acceleration of free fall; in the ISQ, c = 1.
n n
The quantities and the relations among them are essentially infinite in number and are continually evolving as
new fields of science and technology are developed. Thus, it is not possible to list all these quantities and
relations in this International Standard; instead, a selection of the more commonly used quantities and the
relations among them is presented.
It is inevitable that some readers working in particular specialized fields may find that the quantities they are
interested in using may not be listed in this International Standard or in another International Standard.
However, provided that they can relate their quantities to more familiar examples that are listed, this will not
prevent them from defining units for their quantities.
Most of the units used to express values of quantities of interest were developed and used long before the
concept of a system of quantities was developed. Nonetheless, the relations among the quantities, which are
simply the equations of the physical sciences, are important, because in any system of units the relations
among the units play an important role and are developed from the relations among the corresponding
quantities.
The system of quantities, including the relations among them the quantities used as the basis of the units of
the SI, is named the International System of Quantities, denoted “ISQ”, in all languages. This name was not
used in ISO 31, from which the present harmonized series has evolved. However, ISQ does appear in
[8]
ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007 and in the SI Brochure , Edition 8:2006. In both cases, this was to ensure
consistency with the new Quantities and units series that was under preparation at the time they were
published; it had already been announced that the new term would be used. It should be realized, however,
that ISQ is simply a convenient notation to assign to the essentially infinite and continually evolving and
expanding system of quantities and equations on which all of modern science and technology rests. ISQ is a
shorthand notation for the “system of quantities on which the SI is based”, which was the phrase used for this
system in ISO 31.
1) CGS = centimetre-gram-second; ESU = electrostatic units; EMU = electromagnetic units.
2) MKS = metre-kilogram-second.
vi © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
0.2 Units
A system of units is developed by first defining a set of base units for a small set of corresponding base
quantities and then defining derived units as products of powers of the base units corresponding to the
relations defining the derived quantities in terms of the base quantities. In this International Standard and in
the SI, there are seven base quantities and seven base units. The base quantities are length, mass, time,
electric current, thermodynamic temperature, amount of substance, and luminous intensity. The
corresponding base units are the metre, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, mole, and candela, respectively.
The definitions of these base units, and their practical realization, are at the heart of the SI and are the
responsibility of the advisory committees of the International Committee for Weights and Measures, the CIPM
(from the French: Comité international des poids et mesures). The current definitions of the base units, and
[8]
advice for their practical realization, are presented in the SI Brochure , published by and obtainable from the
International Bureau of Weights and Measures, the BIPM (from the French: Bureau international des poids et
mesures). Note that in contrast to the base units, each of which has a specific definition, the base quantities
are simply chosen by convention and no attempt is made to define them otherwise then operationally.
0.3 Realizing the values of units
To realize the value of a unit is to use the definition of the unit to make measurements that compare the value
of some quantity of the same kind as the unit with the value of the unit. This is the essential step in making
measurements of the value of any quantity in science. Realizing the values of the base units is of particular
importance. Realizing the values of derived units follows in principle from realizing the base units.
There may be many different ways for the practical realization of the value of a unit, and new methods may be
developed as science advances. Any method consistent with the laws of physics could be used to realize any
SI unit. Nonetheless, it is often helpful to review experimental methods for realizing the units, and the CIPM
recommends such methods, which are presented as part of the SI Brochure.
0.4 Arrangement of the tables
In parts 3 to 14 of this International Standard, the quantities and relations among them, which are a subset of
the ISQ, are given on the left-hand pages, and the units of the SI (and some other units) are given on the
right-hand pages. Some additional quantities and units are also given on the left-hand and right-hand pages,
respectively. The item numbers of quantities are written pp-nn.s (pp, part number; nn, running number in the
part, respectively; s, sub-number). The item numbers of units are written pp-nn.l (pp, part number; nn, running
number in the part, respectively; l, sub-letter).
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 80000-1:2009(E)
Quantities and units
Part 1:
General
1 Scope
ISO 80000-1 gives general information and definitions concerning quantities, systems of quantities, units,
quantity and unit symbols, and coherent unit systems, especially the International System of Quantities, ISQ,
and the International System of Units, SI.
The principles laid down in ISO 80000-1 are intended for general use within the various fields of science and
technology, and as an introduction to other parts of this International Standard.
Ordinal quantities and nominal properties are outside the scope of ISO 80000-1.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, International vocabulary of
...
NORME ISO
INTERNATIONALE 80000-1
Première édition
2009-11-15
Grandeurs et unités —
Partie 1:
Généralités
Quantities and units —
Part 1: General
Numéro de référence
©
ISO 2009
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© ISO 2009
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quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun procédé, électronique ou mécanique, y compris la photocopie et les microfilms, sans l'accord écrit
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Publié en Suisse
ii © ISO 2009 – Tous droits réservés
Sommaire Page
Avant-propos .iv
Introduction.vi
1 Domaine d'application .1
2 Références normatives.1
3 Termes et définitions .1
4 Grandeurs.12
5 Dimensions .14
6 Unités.15
7 Règles d'impression.24
Annexe A (normative) Termes dans les noms des grandeurs physiques .33
Annexe B (normative) Arrondissage des nombres.38
Annexe C (normative) Grandeurs logarithmiques et leurs unités.40
Annexe D (informative) Organisations internationales dans le domaine des grandeurs et unités.42
Bibliographie.44
Avant-propos
L'ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d'organismes nationaux de
normalisation (comités membres de l'ISO). L'élaboration des Normes internationales est en général confiée
aux comités techniques de l'ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude a le droit de faire partie du
comité technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales, gouvernementales et non
gouvernementales, en liaison avec l'ISO participent également aux travaux. L'ISO collabore étroitement avec
la Commission électrotechnique internationale (CEI) en ce qui concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les Normes internationales sont rédigées conformément aux règles données dans les Directives ISO/CEI,
Partie 2.
La tâche principale des comités techniques est d'élaborer les Normes internationales. Les projets de Normes
internationales adoptés par les comités techniques sont soumis aux comités membres pour vote. Leur
publication comme Normes internationales requiert l'approbation de 75 % au moins des comités membres
votants.
L'attention est appelée sur le fait que certains des éléments du présent document peuvent faire l'objet de
droits de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. L'ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable de ne
pas avoir identifié de tels droits de propriété et averti de leur existence.
L'ISO 80000-1 a été élaborée par le comité technique ISO/TC 12, Grandeurs et unités, en coopération avec la
CEI/CE 25, Grandeurs et unités.
Cette première édition de l'ISO 80000-1 annule et remplace l'ISO 31-0:1992 et l'ISO 1000:1992. Elle
incorpore également les Amendements ISO 31-0:1992/Amd.1:1998, ISO 31-0:1992/Amd.2:2005 et
ISO 1000:1992/Amd.1:1998. Les principales modifications techniques par rapport à la précédente norme sont
les suivantes:
⎯ la structure a été modifiée pour bien montrer que les grandeurs viennent en premier, suivies des unités;
⎯ des définitions conformes au Guide ISO/CEI 99:2007, ont été ajoutées;
⎯ les Annexes A et B sont devenues normatives;
⎯ une nouvelle Annexe C normative a été ajoutée.
L'ISO 80000 comprend les parties suivantes, présentées sous le titre général Grandeurs et unités:
⎯ Partie 1: Généralités
⎯ Partie 2: Signes et symboles mathématiques à employer dans les sciences de la nature et dans la
technique
⎯ Partie 3: Espace et temps
⎯ Partie 4: Mécanique
⎯ Partie 5: Thermodynamique
⎯ Partie 7: Lumière
⎯ Partie 8: Acoustique
iv © ISO 2009 – Tous droits réservés
⎯ Partie 9: Chimie physique et physique moléculaire
⎯ Partie 10: Physique atomique et nucléaire
⎯ Partie 11: Nombres caractéristiques
⎯ Partie 12: Physique de l'état solide
La CEI 80000 comprend les parties suivantes, présentées sous le titre général Grandeurs et unités:
⎯ Partie 6: Électromagnétisme
⎯ Partie 13: Science et technologies de l'information
⎯ Partie 14: Télébiométrique relative à la physiologie humaine
Introduction
0.1 Grandeurs
Les systèmes de grandeurs et les systèmes d'unités peuvent être traités de nombreuses manières
cohérentes mais différentes. Le traitement à appliquer n'est qu'une question de convention. La présentation
donnée dans la présente Norme internationale, Grandeurs et unités, est celle qui est à la base du Système
international d'unités (SI) adopté par la Conférence générale des poids et mesures (CGPM).
Les grandeurs et les relations entre grandeurs utilisées ici sont celles dont l'usage est accepté de manière
quasi universelle dans les sciences physiques. Elles sont aujourd'hui présentées dans la majorité des
manuels scientifiques et tous les scientifiques et ingénieurs les connaissent.
1)
NOTE Pour les unités électriques et magnétiques dans les systèmes CGS-ESU, CGS-EMU et gaussien, il existe
une différence dans les systèmes de grandeurs les définissant. Dans le système CGS-ESU, la constante électrique ε (la
permittivité du vide) est définie égale à 1, c'est-à-dire sans dimension, dans le système CGS-EMU, la constante
magnétique µ (perméabilité du vide) est définie égale à 1, c'est-à-dire sans dimension, alors que ces grandeurs ne sont
pas sans dimension dans l'ISQ. Le système gaussien est associé aux systèmes CGS-ESU et CGS-EMU et des
complications similaires existent. En mécanique, la forme générale de la loi du mouvement de Newton est F = c⋅ma. Dans
2)
l'ancien système technique, le MKS , c = 1/g , où g est l'accélération normale due à la pesanteur; dans l'ISQ, c = 1.
n n
Il existe, par essence, un nombre infini de grandeurs et de relations entre elles, et elles évoluent
continuellement, suivant le développement de nouveaux domaines dans les sciences et les techniques. Il est
donc impossible de dresser la liste de toutes ces grandeurs et relations dans la présente Norme
internationale; une sélection des grandeurs les plus fréquemment utilisées et des relations entre elles est
présentée à la place.
Il est inévitable que certains lecteurs travaillant dans des domaines spécialisés ne trouvent pas les grandeurs
qui les intéressent dans la présente Norme internationale ou dans une autre Norme internationale. Cependant,
s'ils peuvent relier leurs grandeurs à des exemples plus courants figurant dans la liste, cela ne les empêchera
pas de définir des unités pour celles-ci.
La plupart des unités utilisées pour exprimer les valeurs des grandeurs d'intérêt ont été développées et
utilisées longtemps avant le développement du concept de système de grandeurs. Néanmoins, les relations
entre les grandeurs, qui sont simplement les équations des sciences physiques, sont importantes, car les
relations entre les unités jouent un rôle majeur dans tout système d'unités, et elles sont développées à partir
des relations entre les grandeurs correspondantes.
Le système de grandeurs, y compris les relations entre elles, qui est utilisé comme base des unités SI, est
appelé Système international de grandeurs, abrégé en «ISQ» dans toutes les langues. Ce nom n'a pas été
utilisé dans l'ISO 31, qui est à l'origine de la présente série harmonisée. L'ISQ apparaît toutefois dans le
[8] e
Guide ISO/CEI 99:2007, ainsi que dans la Brochure sur le SI , 8 édition, 2006. Dans les deux cas, le but
était de s'assurer de la cohérence avec la présente nouvelle série sur les Grandeurs et unités, qui était en
cours d'élaboration au moment de leur publication. Il convient cependant de bien comprendre que «ISQ» n'est
qu'une notation pratique pour désigner le système de grandeurs et d'équations intrinsèquement infini et en
continuelle évolution et expansion sur lequel reposent les sciences et techniques modernes. «ISQ» est une
notation abrégée du «système de grandeurs sur lequel repose le SI», expression utilisée pour ce système
dans l'ISO 31.
1) CGS = centimètre-gramme-seconde; ESU = unités électrostatiques; EMU = unités électromagnétiques.
2) MKS = mètre-kilogramme-seconde.
vi © ISO 2009 – Tous droits réservés
0.2 Unités
Un système d'unités se développe en commençant par définir un ensemble d'unités de base pour un petit
ensemble de grandeurs de base correspondantes, puis en définissant les unités dérivées comme les produits
de puissances des unités de base, qui correspondent aux relations définissant les grandeurs dérivées en
fonction des grandeurs de base. Dans la présente Norme internationale et le SI, il y a sept grandeurs de base
et sept unités de base. Les grandeurs de base sont la longueur, la masse, le temps, le courant électrique, la
température thermodynamique, la quantité de matière et l'intensité lumineuse, dont les unités de bases
respectives sont le mètre, le kilogramme, la seconde, l'ampère, le kelvin, la mole et la candela. Les définitions
de ces unités de base et leur mise en pratique sont au cœur du SI et sont sous la responsabilité des comités
consultatifs du Comité international des poids et mesures (CIPM). Les définitions actuelles des unités de base
[8]
et les conseils pour leur mise en pratique sont présentés dans la Brochure sur le SI , publiée par le Bureau
international des poids et mesures (BIPM) et disponible auprès de celui-ci. À noter qu'à la différence des
unités de base, possédant chacune une définition spécifique, les grandeurs de base sont simplement choisies
par convention et aucune tentative de les définir autrement que fonctionnellement n'a été effectuée.
0.3 Réalisation des valeurs d'unités
Réaliser la valeur d'une unité signifie utiliser la définition de l'unité pour effectuer des mesurages qui
comparent la valeur d'une grandeur de même nature que l'unité avec la valeur de l'unité. Il s'agit de l'étape
essentielle pour le mesurage de la valeur de toute grandeur dans les sciences. La réalisation des valeurs des
unités de base est d'une importance particulière. La réalisation des valeurs des unités dérivées découle en
principe de la réalisation des unités de base.
Il peut exister de nombreuses manières différentes de réaliser la valeur d'une unité en pratique et de
nouvelles méthodes peuvent être développées avec les avancées de la science. Toute méthode cohérente
avec les lois de la physique peut être utilisée pour réaliser toute unité SI. Néanmoins, il est souvent utile de
passer en revue les méthodes expérimentales de réalisation des unités, et le CIPM recommande de telles
méthodes, dont la présentation fait partie de la Brochure sur le SI.
0.4 Disposition des tableaux
Dans les parties 3 à 14 de la présente Norme internationale, les grandeurs et les relations entre elles, formant
un sous-ensemble de l'ISQ, sont présentées sur les pages de gauche, et les unités SI (et quelques autres)
sont présentées sur les pages de droite. Certaines grandeurs et unités supplémentaires sont également
respectivement présentées sur les pages de gauche et de droite. Les numéros des grandeurs sont notés
pp-nn.s (pp, numéro de partie; nn, numéro courant dans la partie; s, numéro complémentaire). Les numéros
des unités sont notés pp-nn.l (pp, numéro de partie; nn, numéro dans la partie; l, lettre complémentaire).
NORME INTERNATIONALE ISO 80000-1:2009(F)
Grandeurs et unités —
Partie 1:
Généralités
1 Domaine d'application
L'ISO 80000-1 donne des informations générales et de
...
SLOVENSKI SIST ISO 80000-1
STANDARD
maj 2013
Veličine in enote – 1. del: Splošno
Quantities and units – Part 1: General
Grandeurs et unités – Partie 1: Généralités
Referenčna oznaka
ICS 01.060 SIST ISO 80000-1:2013 (sl)
Nadaljevanje na straneh 2 do 44
© 2013-05. Standard je založil in izdal Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
SIST ISO 80000-1 : 2013
NACIONALNI UVOD
Standard SIST ISO 80000-1 (sl), Veličine in enote – 1. del: Splošno, maj 2013, ima status
slovenskega standarda in je enakovreden mednarodnemu standardu ISO 80000-1 (en), Quantities
and units – Part 1: General, 2009-11.
NACIONALNI PREDGOVOR
Mednarodni standard ISO 80000-1:2009 je pripravil tehnični odbor ISO/TC 12 Veličine, enote, simboli
v sodelovanju z IEC/TC 25 Veličine in enote in njihovi črkovni simboli.
Slovenski standard SIST ISO 80000-1:2013 je prevod mednarodnega standarda ISO 80000-1:2009. V
primeru spora glede besedila slovenskega prevoda v tem standardu je odločilen izvirni mednarodni
standard v angleškem jeziku. Slovensko izdajo standarda je pripravil tehnični odbor SIST/TC TRS
Tehnično risanje, veličine, enote, simboli in grafični simboli.
ZVEZA Z NACIONALNIMI STANDARDI
S privzemom tega mednarodnega standarda veljajo za omejeni namen referenčnih standardov vsi
standardi, navedeni v izvirniku, razen standardov, ki so že sprejeti v nacionalno standardizacijo:
SIST ISO 80000-2:2013 (sl) Veličine in enote – 2. del: Matematični znaki in simboli za
uporabo v naravoslovnih vedah in tehniki
SIST EN 60027-1:2007 (en) Črkovni simboli za uporabo v elektrotehniki – 1. del: Splošno
(IEC 60027-1:1995 (reprint) + A1:1997)
SIST EN 60027-2:2008 (en,fr,de) Črkovni simboli za uporabo v elektrotehniki – 2. del:
Telekomunikacije in elektronika (IEC 60027-2:2005)
SIST EN 80000-13:2008 (en,fr) Veličine in enote – 13. del: Informacijska znanost in tehnologija
(IEC 80000-13:2008)
PREDHODNA IZDAJA
SIST ISO 31-0+A1+A2:2007(sl) Veličine in enote – 0. del: Splošna načela
SIST ISO 1000+A1:2008 (sl) Enote SI s priporočili za uporabo njihovih večkratnikov in
nekaterih drugih enot
OPOMBE
– Povsod, kjer se v besedilu standarda uporablja izraz “mednarodni standard”, v
– Nacionalni uvod in nacionalni predgovor nista sestavni del standarda.
SIST ISO 80000-1 : 2013
VSEBINA Stran
Predgovor .4
Uvod .5
1 Področje uporabe .7
2 Zveza z drugimi standardi .7
3 Izrazi in definicije .7
4 Veličine .16
5 Dimenzije.18
6 Enote .18
7 Pravila tiskanja .26
Dodatek A (normativni): Izrazi v imenih fizikalnih veličin.34
Dodatek B (normativni): Zaokroževanje števil.38
Dodatek C (normativni): Logaritemske veličine in njihove enote .40
Dodatek D (informativni): Mednarodne organizacije na področju veličin in enot .42
Literatura.44
SIST ISO 80000-1 : 2013
Predgovor
ISO (Mednarodna organizacija za standardizacijo) je svetovna zveza nacionalnih organov za
standarde (članov ISO). Mednarodne standarde navadno pripravljajo tehnični odbori ISO. Vsak član,
ki želi delovati na določenem področju, za katero je bil ustanovljen tehnični odbor, ima pravico biti
zastopan v tem odboru. Pri delu sodelujejo tudi vladne in nevladne mednarodne organizacije,
povezane z ISO. V vseh zadevah, ki so povezane s standardizacijo na področju elektrotehnike, ISO
tesno sodeluje z Mednarodno elektrotehniško komisijo (IEC).
Mednarodni standardi so pripravljeni v skladu s pravili, podanimi v Direktivah ISO/IEC, 2. del.
Glavna naloga tehničnih odborov je priprava mednarodnih standardov. Osnutki mednarodnih
standardov, ki jih sprejmejo tehnični odbori, se pošljejo vsem članom v glasovanje. Za objavo
mednarodnega standarda je treba pridobiti soglasje najmanj 75 % članov, ki se udeležijo glasovanja.
Opozoriti je treba na možnost, da je lahko nekaj elementov standarda ISO 80000-1 predmet patentnih
pravic. ISO ne prevzema odgovornosti za identifikacijo katerih koli ali vseh takih patentnih pravic.
ISO 80000-1 je pripravil tehnični odbor ISO/TC 12 Veličine in enote v sodelovanju z IEC/TC 25
Veličine in enote.
Prva izdaja standarda ISO 80000-1 razveljavlja in nadomešča ISO 31-0:1992 in ISO 1000:1992. Vključuje
tudi dopolnila ISO 31-0:1992/Amd.1:1998, ISO 31-0:1992/Amd.2:2005 in ISO 1000:1992/Amd.1:1998.
V primerjavi s prejšnjim standardom so glavne tehnične spremembe naslednje:
– spremenjena je zgradba standarda, da se poudari, da so na prvem mestu navedene veličine, tem
pa sledijo enote;
– dodane so definicije v skladu z Vodilom ISO/IEC 99:2007;
– dodatka A in B sta postala normativna;
– dodan je nov normativni dodatek C.
ISO 80000 s skupnim naslovom Veličine in enote sestavljajo naslednji deli:
– 1. del: Splošno
– 2. del: Matematični znaki in simboli za uporabo v naravoslovnih vedah in tehniki
– 3. del: Prostor in čas
– 4. del: Mehanika
– 5. del: Termodinamika
– 7. del: Svetloba
– 8. del: Akustika
– 9. del: Fizikalna kemija in molekulska fizika
– 10. del: Atomska in jedrska fizika
– 11. del: Značilna števila
– 12. del: Fizika trdne snovi
IEC 80000 s skupnim naslovom Veličine in enote sestavljajo naslednji deli:
– 6. del: Elektromagnetizem
– 13. del: Informacijska znanost in tehnologija
– 14. del: Telebiometrija, povezana s fiziologijo človeka
SIST ISO 80000-1 : 2013
Uvod
0.1 Veličine
Sisteme veličin in sisteme enot je mogoče obravnavati na več usklajenih, vendar različnih načinov.
Kateri način obravnavanja se uporabi, je samo stvar dogovora. V tem mednarodnem standardu je
podana tista predstavitev, ki je podlaga za mednarodni sistem enot, SI (Système international
d'unités), sprejet na Generalni konferenci za uteži in mere, CGPM (Conférence générale des poids et
mesures).
Veličine in povezave med veličinami, ki so uporabljene v tem dokumentu, se skoraj enotno uporabljajo
v vseh fizikalnih vedah. Predstavljene so v večini današnjih znanstvenih učbenikov in jih poznajo vsi
znanstveniki in tehniki.
OPOMBA: Pri enotah s področja elektrike in magnetizma v sistemih CGS-ESU, CGS-EMU in Gaussovem sistemu obstaja
razlika v sistemih veličin, s katerimi so definirane. V sistemu CGS-ESU je električna konstanta ε (permitivnost
vakuuma) definirana kot enaka 1, tj. z dimenzijo ena; v sistemu CGS-EMU je magnetna konstanta µ
(permeabilnost vakuuma) definirana kot enaka 1, tj. z dimenzijo ena, za razliko od mednarodnega sistema
veličin ISQ, kjer ti dve veličini nimata dimenzije ena. V Gaussovem sistemu, ki je povezan s sistemoma
CGS-ESU in CGS-EMU, prihaja do podobnih zapletov. V mehaniki se Newtonov zakon gibanja v svoji splošni
obliki zapiše F = c⋅ma. V starem tehničnem sistemu MKS je c = 1/g , kjer je g standardni pospešek prostega
n n
pada; v ISQ je c = 1.
Veličin in povezav med njimi je v bistvu neskončno število in z razvojem novih znanstveno-tehničnih
področij nenehno nastajajo nove. Zato v tem mednarodnem standardu ni mogoče našteti vseh teh
veličin in povezav in je namesto tega predstavljen izbor pogosteje uporabljenih veličin ter povezav
med njimi.
Neizogibno lahko pride do tega, da bodo nekateri bralci, ki delajo na določenih posebnih področjih,
ugotovili, da veličine, katerih uporaba jih zanima, niso navedene v tem ali katerem drugem
mednarodnem standardu. Vendar če bodo svoje veličine povezali z bolj znanimi primeri, ki so
navedeni, jim to ne bo preprečilo definirati enot za svoje veličine.
Večina enot, ki se uporabljajo za izražanje vrednosti aktualnih veličin, je bilo razvitih in v rabi dosti
prej, kot je bil razvit koncept sistema veličin. Kljub temu pa so povezave med veličinami, ki so
preproste enačbe iz fizikalnih ved, pomembne, saj povezave med enotami igrajo pomembno vlogo v
vsakem sistemu enot in so razvite iz povezav med ustreznimi veličinami.
Sistem veličin, vključno s povezavami med njimi, ki se uporablja kot podlaga za enote SI, se v vseh
jezikih imenuje mednarodni sistem veličin z oznako "ISQ". To ime ni bilo uporabljeno v standardu
ISO 31, iz katerega je nastala sedanja skupina harmoniziranih standardov, se pa ISQ pojavi v Vodilu
[8]
ISO/IEC 99:2007 in v Brošuri SI , 8. izdaja, 2006. V obeh primerih je bil izraz uporabljen zaradi
zagotavljanja skladnosti z novo skupino standardov Veličine in enote, ki je bila v času, ko sta bila
Vodilo in Brošura izdana, v pripravi; že takrat je bilo napovedano, da bo uporabljen nov izraz. Vedeti
pa je treba, da ISQ ni nič drugega kot ustrezna oznaka za sistem veličin in enačb, ki je v bistvu
neskončen in se nenehno spreminja ter širi in na katerem slonita moderna znanost in tehnika. ISQ je
skrajšan zapis za "sistem veličin, na katerih temelji SI", tj. besedne zveze, ki je bila za ta sistem
uporabljena v standardu ISO 31.
0.2 Enote
Sistem enot nastane tako, da se najprej določi skupina osnovnih enot za manjšo skupino ustreznih
osnovnih veličin, nato pa se določijo izpeljane enote kot zmnožki potenc osnovnih enot, ki ustrezajo
povezavam, ki določajo izpeljane enote z osnovnimi veličinami. V tem mednarodnem standardu ter v
SI je sedem osnovnih veličin in sedem osnovnih enot. Osnovne veličine so dolžina, masa, čas,
električni tok, termodinamična temperatura, množina snovi in svetilnost. Ustrezajoče osnovne enote
so meter, kilogram, sekunda, amper, kelvin, mol in kandela. Definicije teh osnovnih enot in njihove
CGS = centimeter-gram sekunda; ESU = elektrostatične enote; EMU = elektromagnetne enote.
MKS = meter-kilogram-sekunda.
SIST ISO 80000-1 : 2013
dejanske izvedbe so v osrčju sistema enot SI in so zanje odgovorni svetovalni odbori Mednarodnega
odbora za uteži in mere CIPM (Comité international des poids et mesures). Veljavne definicije
[8]
osnovnih enot in nasveti za njihovo dejansko izvedbo so navedeni v Brošuri SI , ki jo je mogoče
dobiti pri izdajatelju, Mednarodnem uradu za uteži in mere BIPM (Bureau international des poids et
mesures). Upoštevati je treba, da so osnovne veličine, v nasprotju z osnovnimi enotami, ki imajo
vsaka svojo posebno definicijo, preprosto izbrane z dogovorom in jih ne poskušajo definirati drugače
kot operativno.
0.3 Določanje vrednosti enot
Določiti vrednost enote pomeni uporabiti definicijo enote za izvedbo meritev, s katerimi se primerja
vrednost veličine, ki je iste vrste kot enota, z vrednostjo te enote. To je bistveni korak pri merjenju
vrednosti katere koli veličine v znanosti. Posebno pomembno je določanje vrednosti osnovnih enot.
Določanje vrednosti izpeljanih enot načeloma sledi določanju osnovnih enot.
Dejanska izvedba vrednosti enote je mogoča na več različnih načinov, z razvojem znanosti pa se
lahko razvijejo še nove metode. Za določanje katere koli enote SI se lahko uporabi vsaka metoda, ki je
skladna z zakoni fizike. Kljub temu pa pogosto pomaga, če se pregledajo eksperimentalne metode za
določanje enot, in CIPM priporoča take metode, ki so predstavljene v dodatku Brošure SI.
0.4 Ureditev preglednic
Od 3. do 14. dela tega mednarodnega standarda so veličine in povezave med njimi, ki so podskupina
ISQ, podane na levih straneh, in enote SI (ter nekatere druge enote) na desnih straneh. Prav tako so
na levih oziroma desnih straneh podane nekatere dodatne veličine in enote. Zaporedne številke veličin
se zapišejo kot šd-tš.p (šd: številka dela; tš: tekoča številka v delu; p: podštevilka). Zaporedne številke
enot se zapišejo kot šd-tš.č (šd: številka dela; tš: tekoča številka v delu; č: podčrka).
SIST ISO 80000-1 : 2013
Veličine in enote
1. del: Splošno
1 Področje uporabe
ISO 80000-1 podaja splošne informacije in definicije, ki se nanašajo na veličine, sisteme veličin,
enote, simbole veličin in enot ter na koherentne (soodvisne) sisteme enot, zlasti mednarodni sistem
veličin ISQ in mednarodni sistem enot SI.
Načela, opisana v ISO 80000-1, so namenjena za splošno uporabo na različnih področjih znanosti in
tehnike ter kot uvod v druge dele tega mednarodnega standarda.
Stopenjske veličine in nazivne lastnosti so zunaj področja uporabe ISO 80000-1.
2 Zveza z drugimi standardi
Za uporabo tega dokumenta so nujno potrebni spodaj navedeni standardi. Pri datiranem sklicevanju
se upošteva samo navedena izdaja. Pri nedatiranem sklicevanju se upošteva zadnja izdaja
navedenega dokumenta (vključno z morebitnimi dopolnili).
Vodilo ISO/IEC 99:2007, Mednarodni slovar meroslovja – Osnovni in splošni koncepti ter z njimi
povezani izrazi (VIM)
3 Izrazi in definicije
V tem dokumentu se uporabljajo naslednji izrazi in definicije.
OPOMBA: Vsebina te točke je v glavnem enaka kot pri Vodilu ISO/IEC 99:2007. Spremenjeni so nekateri primeri in opombe.
3.1
veličina
lastnost pojava, telesa ali snovi, pri čemer ima ta lastnost velikost, ki jo je mogoče izraziti kot število in
referenco
OPOMBA 1
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
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