E37.08 - Rheology

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Shipping regulations often require the identification of a material as either a liquid or a solid. This test method may be used to make that determination for regulatory purposes. (See also Test Method D4359.)  
5.2 For liquid thermosetting resin, as cure progresses, the liquid resin becomes a solid. A thermosetting resin is more easily worked or shaped while in the liquid-like form and becomes more difficult to do so as the cure advances. The point at which the solid-like character becomes dominant is called the gel point and is considered to be the end of the period where the thermosetting resin is workable. Gel point is identified as that point where tan δ = 1 as determined in Test Method D4473.
Note 1: Gel point at ambient temperature is seldom a useful parameter. Use of this test method at the more useful elevated temperatures requires capabilities readily available but outside of 7.2.6, 7.2.7, and Section 10.  
5.3 This test method may be used in research, development, and for regulatory compliance.
SCOPE
1.1 Using rheometry, this test method determines, for regulatory purposes, whether a viscose viscous material is a liquid or a solid. Very small amounts of material (typically less than 3 g) may be used for this measurement.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method may be used to validate the performance of a specific rotational viscometer apparatus.  
5.2 This test method may be used to validate the performance of a specific method based upon the measurement of viscosity using rotational viscometer apparatus.  
5.3 This test method may be used to determine the repeatability of a specific apparatus, operator, or laboratory.  
5.4 This test method may be used for specification or regulatory compliance purposes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides procedures for validating viscosity measurements by rotational viscometers of Newtonian fluids. Performance parameters determined include viscosity repeatability (precision), detection limit, quantitation limit, linearity, and bias.  
1.2 Validation of apparatus performance and analytical methods is requested or required for quality initiatives or where results may be used for legal purposes.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method may be used to calibrate or verify calibration of a rotational viscometer with coaxial spindle geometries.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the calibration or calibration verification of rotational viscometers in which the rotational element is immersed in a Newtonian reference material under ambient temperature conditions. The method is applicable to rotational-type viscometers where a constant rotational speed results in a measured torque generated by the test specimen, and to Stormer viscometers where a constant applied torque results in a measured rotational speed. It is not intended for cone-and-plate or parallel plate viscometers.  
1.2 Calibration shall be performed with Newtonian reference materials using experimental conditions such as temperature, viscosity range, and shear rate (rotational speed), as close as practical to those to be used for measurement of test specimens.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3.1 Common viscosity units of Poise (P) are related to the SI units by the equivalency 1 cP = 1 mPa·s.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The flow behavior of many fluids of interest is non-Newtonian in nature. Non-Newtonian behavior is best studied using rheometry apparatus. Nonetheless, estimations on non-Newtonian behavior may be made by recording viscosity at differing rotational speeds (or shear rates) using rotational viscometers.  
5.2 The shear thinning index provides a tool for the estimation of the amount of non-Newtonian behavior.  
5.3 The shear thinning index may be used in quality assessment, trouble shooting, specification acceptance, and research.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the determination of the shear thinning index of a shear-rate dependent (non-Newtonian) fluid using a rotational viscometer. A value of the shear thinning index of unity indicates that the material is Newtonian in behavior. A value greater than unity indicates shear thinning behavior.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Rheological properties such as viscosity and storage and loss modulus change rapidly with temperature. High quality determinations of these properties depend upon a stable and well-known temperature of the measuring apparatus.  
5.2 This test method may be used for research, quality assurance, specification acceptance, and regulatory compliance.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the temperature calibration or conformance of rheometers. The applicable temperature range is 0 °C to 80 °C however other ranges may be selected for the purpose at hand.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The test method calibrates or demonstrates conformity of the torque signal of a rheometer at ambient temperature.  
5.2 A calibration factor thus determined may be used to obtain correct torque values.  
5.3 This test method may be used in research, development, specification acceptance, and quality control or assurance.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the calibration or performance conformance for the torque signal generated by commercial or custom-built rheometers. The specific range of the test depends upon the torque range of the rheometer.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Shipping regulations often require the identification of a material as either a liquid or a solid. This test method may be used to make that determination for regulatory purposes. (See also Test Method D4359.)  
5.2 For liquid thermosetting resin, as cure progresses, the liquid resin becomes a solid. A thermosetting resin is more easily worked or shaped while in the liquid-like form and becomes more difficult to do so as the cure advances. The point at which the solid-like character becomes dominant is called the gel point and is considered to be the end of the period where the thermosetting resin is workable. Gel point is identified as that point where tan δ = 1 as determined in Test Method D4473.
Note 1: Gel point at ambient temperature is seldom a useful parameter. Use of this test method at the more useful elevated temperatures requires capabilities readily available but outside of 7.2.6, 7.2.7, and Section 10.  
5.3 This test method may be used in research, development, and for regulatory compliance.
SCOPE
1.1 Using rheometry, this test method determines, for regulatory purposes, whether a viscose viscous material is a liquid or a solid. Very small amounts of material (typical less than 3 g) may be used for this measurement.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Shipping regulations often require the identification of a material as either a liquid or a solid. This test method may be used to make that determination for regulatory purposes. (See also Test Method D4359.)  
5.2 For liquid thermosetting resin, as cure progresses, the liquid resin becomes a solid. A thermosetting resin is more easily worked or shaped while in the liquid-like form and becomes more difficult to do so as the cure advances. The point at which the solid-like character becomes dominant is called the gel point and is considered to be the end of the period where the thermosetting resin is workable. Gel point is identified as that point where tan δ = 1 as determined in Test Method D4473.
Note 1: Gel point at ambient temperature is seldom a useful parameter. Use of this test method at the more useful elevated temperatures requires capabilities readily available but outside of 7.2.6, 7.2.7, and Section 10.  
5.3 This test method may be used in research, development, and for regulatory compliance.
SCOPE
1.1 Using rheometry, this test method determines, for regulatory purposes, whether a viscose viscous material is a liquid or a solid. Very small amounts of material (typical less than 3 g) may be used for this measurement.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The flow behavior of many fluids of interest is non-Newtonian in nature. Non-Newtonian behavior is best studied using rheometry apparatus. Nonetheless, estimations on non-Newtonian behavior may be made by recording viscosity at differing rotational speeds (or shear rates) using rotational viscometers.  
5.2 The shear thinning index provides a tool for the estimation of the amount of non-Newtonian behavior.  
5.3 The shear thinning index may be used in quality assessment, trouble shooting, specification acceptance, and research.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the determination of the shear thinning index of a shear-rate dependent (non-Newtonian) fluid using a rotational viscometer. A value of the shear thinning index of unity indicates that the material is Newtonian in behavior. A value greater than unity indicates shear thinning behavior.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Shipping regulations often require the identification of a material as either a liquid or a solid. This test method may be used to make that determination for regulatory purposes.  
5.2 For liquid thermosetting resin, as cure progresses, the liquid resin becomes a solid. A thermosetting resin is more easily worked or shaped while in the liquid-like form and becomes more difficult to do so as the cure advances. The point at which the solid-like character becomes dominant is called the gel point and is considered to be the end of the period where the thermosetting resin is workable. Gel point is identified as that point where tan δ = 1 as determined in Test Method D4473.  
Note 1: Gel point at ambient temperature is seldom a useful parameter. Use of this test method at the more useful elevated temperatures requires capabilities readily available but outside of 7.2.6, 7.2.7, and Section 10.  
5.3 This test method may be used in research, development, and for regulatory compliance.
SCOPE
1.1 Using rheometry, this test method determines, for regulatory purposes, whether a viscose viscous material is a liquid or a solid. Very small amounts of material (typical less than 3 g) may be used for this measurement.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The flow behavior of many fluids of interest is non-Newtonian in nature. Non-Newtonian behavior is best studied using rheometry apparatus. Nonetheless, estimations on non-Newtonian behavior may be made by recording viscosity at differing rotational speeds (or shear rates) using rotational viscometers.  
5.2 The shear thinning index provides a tool for the estimation of the amount of non-Newtonian behavior.  
5.3 The shear thinning index may be used in quality assessment, trouble shooting, specification acceptance, and research.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the determination of the shear thinning index of a shear-rate dependent (non-Newtonian) fluid using a rotational viscometer. A value of the shear thinning index of unity indicates that the material is Newtonian in behavior. A value greater than unity indicates shear thinning behavior.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method may be used to validate the performance of a specific rotational viscometer apparatus.  
5.2 This test method may be used to validate the performance of a specific method based upon the measurement of viscosity using rotational viscometer apparatus.  
5.3 This test method may be used to determine the repeatability of a specific apparatus, operator, or laboratory.  
5.4 This test method may be used for specification or regulatory compliance purposes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides procedures for validating viscosity measurements by rotational viscometers of Newtonian fluids. Performance parameters determined include viscosity repeatability (precision), detection limit, quantitation limit, linearity, and bias.  
1.2 Validation of apparatus performance and analytical methods is requested or required for quality initiatives or where results may be used for legal purposes.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method may be used to calibrate or verify calibration of a rotational viscometer with coaxial spindle geometries.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the calibration or calibration verification of rotational viscometers in which the rotational element is immersed in a Newtonian reference material under ambient temperature conditions. The method is applicable to rotational-type viscometers where a constant rotational speed results in a measured torque generated by the test specimen, and to Stormer viscometers where a constant applied torque results in a measured rotational speed. It is not intended for cone-and-plate or parallel plate viscometers.  
1.2 Calibration shall be performed with Newtonian reference materials using experimental conditions such as temperature, viscosity range, and shear rate (rotational speed), as close as practical to those to be used for measurement of test specimens.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3.1 Common viscosity units of Poise (P) are related to the SI units by the equivalency 1 cP = 1 mPa·s.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method may be used to calibrate or verify calibration of a rotational viscometer with coaxial spindle geometries.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the calibration or calibration verification of rotational viscometers in which the rotational element is immersed in a Newtonian reference material under ambient temperature conditions. The method is applicable to rotational-type viscometers where a constant rotational speed results in a measured torque generated by the test specimen, and to Stormer viscometers where a constant applied torque results in a measured rotational speed. It is not intended for cone-and-plate or parallel plate viscometers.  
1.2 Calibration shall be performed with Newtonian reference materials using experimental conditions such as temperature, viscosity range, and shear rate (rotational speed), as close as practical to those to be used for measurement of test specimens.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3.1 Common viscosity units of Poise (P) are related to the SI units by the equivalency 1 cP = 1 mPa·s.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The flow behavior of many fluids of interest is non-Newtonian in nature. Non-Newtonian behavior is best studied using rheometry apparatus. Nonetheless, estimations on non-Newtonian behavior may be made by recording viscosity at differing rotational speeds (or shear rates) using rotational viscometers.  
5.2 The shear thinning index provides a tool for the estimation of the amount of non-Newtonian behavior.  
5.3 The shear thinning index may be used in quality assessment, trouble shooting, specification acceptance, and research.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the determination of the shear thinning index of a shear-rate dependent (non-Newtonian) fluid using a cylindrical rotational viscometer. A value of the shear thinning index of unity indicates that the material is Newtonian in behavior. A value greater than unity indicates shear thinning behavior.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method may be used to calibrate a rotational viscometer and its associated rotational element.  
5.2 The apparent viscosity (η) of a test specimen may then be obtained using Eq 4:
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the calibration (or performance validation) of rotational viscometers in which the rotational element is immersed in the test fluid under ambient temperature conditions. It is not intended for cone-and-plate or parallel plate viscometers.  
1.2 Calibration shall be performed with Newtonian reference materials using experimental conditions, such as temperature, viscosity range and shear rate (rotational speed), as close as practical to those to be used for measurement of test specimens.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3.1 Common viscosity units of Poise (P) are related to the SI units by the equivalency 1 cP = 1 mPa·s.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Rheological properties such as viscosity and storage and loss modulus change rapidly with temperature. High quality determinations of these properties depend upon a stable and well-known temperature of the measuring apparatus.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the temperature calibration or conformance of rheometers. The applicable temperature range is 0 to 80°C however other ranges may be selected for the purpose at hand.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 There are no ISO equivalents to this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method may be used to calibrate a rotational viscometer and its associated rotational element.  
5.2 The apparent viscosity (η) of a test specimen may then be obtained using Eq 4:
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the calibration (or performance validation) of rotational viscometers in which the rotational element is immersed in the test fluid under ambient temperature conditions. It is not intended for cone-and-plate or parallel plate viscometers.  
1.2 Calibration shall be performed using experimental conditions, such as temperature, viscosity range and shear rate (rotational speed), as close as practical to those to be used for measurement of test specimens.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3.1 Common viscosity units of Poise (P) are related to the SI units by the equivalency 1 cP = 1 mPa·s.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The test method calibrates or demonstrates conformity of the torque signal of a rheometer at ambient temperature.  
5.2 A calibration factor thus determined may be used to obtain correct torque values.  
5.3 This test method may be used in research, development, specification acceptance, and quality control or assurance.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the calibration or performance conformance for the torque signal generated by commercial or custom-built rheometers. The specific range of the test depends upon the torque range of the rheometer.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 There is no ISO standard equivalent to this test method.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The test method calibrates or demonstrates conformity of the torque signal of a rheometer at ambient temperature.
A calibration factor thus determined may be used to obtain correct torque values.
This test method may be used in research, development, specification acceptance, and quality control or assurance.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the calibration or performance conformance for the torque signal generated by commercial or custom-built rheometers. The specific range of the test depends upon the torque range of the rheometer.
1.2 SI units are the standard.
1.3 There is no ISO standard equivalent to this test method.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.