D32.02 - Physical-Mechanical Properties

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method can be used to determine particle size distributions for material specifications, manufacturing control, and research and development work in the particle size range usually encountered in fluidizable cracking catalysts.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of particle size distribution of catalyst and catalyst carrier (see Terminology D3766) particles using an electroconductive sensing method and is one of several valuable methods for the measurement of particle size.  
1.2 The range of particle sizes investigated was 20 μm to 150 μm (see IEEE/ASTM SI 10) equivalent spherical diameter. The technique is capable of measuring particles above and below this range. The instrument used for this method is an electric current path of small dimensions that is modulated by individual particle passage through an aperture, and produces individual pulses of amplitude proportional to the particle volume.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is a means of determining the crushing strength of a catalyst in a bed. Techniques to measure the crushing strength of formed catalyst particles is limited to crushing of individual particles, which may not be related to how the catalyst will crush in a reactor or bed. For some catalysts, such as granules, this technique may be the only viable method for obtaining crushing strength. The production of fines in a reactor is not desired because of the potential of bed compaction and the pressure buildup in the reactor.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of bulk crush strength of a bed of formed catalyst particles 1/32 to 3/16 in. (0.8 to 4.8 mm) in diameter and is intended to provide information concerning the ability of the catalyst material to maintain physical integrity.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used for measuring the vibratory packing density of formed particles used in fixed bed reactors, driers, and so forth.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the vibratory packing density of formed catalyst and catalyst carrier particles that will not break up significantly under test conditions. For the purpose of this test, catalyst particles are defined as extrudates, spheres or formed pellets greater than 4.8 mm.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is to be used for measuring the vibratory packing density of formed particles that will not break up during sampling, filling, or vibrating of the measuring cylinder under test conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the vibratory packing density of formed catalyst and catalyst carriers. For the purpose of this test, catalyst particles are defined as extrudates, spheres, or formed pellets of 0.8-mm to 4.8-mm (1/32-in. to 3/16-in.) nominal diameter.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended to provide information concerning the ability of a powdered catalyst to resist particle size reduction during use in a fluidized environment.  
5.2 This test method is suitable for specification acceptance, manufacturing control, and research and development purposes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the relative attrition characteristics of FCC catalysts by means of air jet attrition. Other fine powder catalysts can be analyzed by this test method, but the precision of this test method has been determined only for FCC catalysts. It is applicable to spherically or irregularly shaped particles which range in size between 10 and 180 μm, have skeletal densities between 2.4 and 3.0 g/cm3 (2400 and 3000 kg/m3) (see IEEE/ASTM SI-10) and are insoluble in water. Particles less than 20 μm are considered fines. (See Terminology D3766.)  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method can be used to determine particle size distributions of catalysts and supports for materials specifications, manufacturing control, and research and development work.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of particle size distribution of catalytic powder material using a sieving instrument and is one of several found valuable for the measurement of particle size. This test method is particularly suitable for particles in the 20 to 420 μm range. (See Terminology D3766.)  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 Exception—In 5.2, mesh size is the standard unit of measure.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Particle size and shape are important in predicting the performance of catalytic materials. They influence the bulk density of the final product and thereby the effectiveness of performance.  
5.2 Establishing a verification reference for the analyzer that is commercially available and dimensionally reliable to close tolerances enables different analyzers to be easily checked to equivalent standards.  
5.3 This practice may also be followed to analyze catalytic materials for quality manufacturing purposes. Sections 9 and 10 instruct on sample count determination as well as sampling recommendations. Test Method D6299 may be utilized to monitor performance of the analyzer in measuring the size and shape of catalytic materials.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the calibration and verification of Dynamic Imaging Analyzers (analyzers) using catalytic and non-catalytic reference materials. The measurement range of analyzers covers from 500 µm to 20 000 µm.  
1.2 This practice may also be used to analyze catalytic materials once the analyzer has been calibrated and verified.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard; however, English and mesh units are also acceptable with conversions provided in Appendix X3.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is for measuring the apparent packing density of catalyst or catalyst carrier powders that are smaller than 0.8 mm in diameter.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the apparent packing density of fine catalyst and catalyst carrier powders smaller than 0.8 mm in diameter.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended to provide information concerning the ability of a catalyst shape to retain physical integrity during use.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determining the resistance of formed catalysts and catalyst carriers to compressive force and is applicable to regular catalyst shapes such as tablets and spheres. Other formed catalysts and catalyst carriers extrudates, granular materials, and other irregular shapes are specifically excluded.  
1.2 This test method determines the average crush strength in the range from 0 to 50 lbf (0 to 220 N). Some materials may have crush strengths above 50 lbf (220N); the test method is applicable to these materials, but the precision of the test is not known.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides for the measurement of volume of pores that are in the range of catalytic importance and possibly for adsorption processes. This test method requires the use of mercury in order to perform the measurements.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the total pore volume of catalysts and catalyst carriers, that is, the volume of pores having pore diameter between approximately 14 µm and 0.4 nm (4 Å).  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 Warning—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney, and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s website—http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury or mercury containing products, or both, into your state or country may be prohibited by law.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 8. Warning statements are given in 10.1.4, 10.1.7, and 10.1.11.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide provides an alternative way to measure the porosity of catalytic materials without the use of mercury porosimetry. It is useful for research and development as well as quality control purposes. (See Test Methods D4284 and D6761.)
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes how to measure the pore volume of catalytic materials by water immersion with the excess water removed with a centrifuge. The measured pore volume is converted to the dry pore volume by using the loss on ignition (LOI) of the material. It is generally applicable to both powdered materials and particles greater than about 1 mm.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The jet cup attrition test will provide an estimate of the relative attrition resistance of fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst, catalyst additives, and catalytic materials.  
5.2 The test is designed to simulate the attrition a catalyst or additive undergoes in a fluid catalytic cracking unit but at an accelerated rate.  
5.3 The data from this test can be used to rank catalyst according to attrition rate.  
5.4 The test requires a relatively small sample size of 5 g [0.175 oz] and a relatively short analysis time of 40 min. This test should be useful to quality control facilities that require fast turnaround time and research and development (R&D) facilities that have limited sample material.
SCOPE
1.1 The jet cup attrition test is applicable to fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalysts, catalyst additives, and catalytic materials.  
1.2 Applications for other powdered catalysts have been reported in the literature. The round robin test samples included two FCC catalysts and one powdered alumina.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide is intended to provide information concerning the ability of formed catalysts or catalyst carriers to resist particle size reduction during use. It can be used by itself or in conjunction with other methods to assess catalytic material integrity, such as Test Methods D4058 and D7084.  
5.2 There are no known restrictions on sample geometry, as spheres, pellets, and hollow cylinders are suitable for testing.  
5.3 This guide, as written, is suitable for use for catalytic materials from about 1/8 in. to about 3/4 in. It can also be used for larger parts, but this requires using a larger diameter pipe.  
5.4 This guide is suitable for specification acceptance, manufacturing control, and research and development processes.
SCOPE
1.1 The resistance to breakage of formed catalysts, catalyst carriers, or catalyst pieces is determined by dropping a quantity of sample through a 25 ft length of 1 in. internal diameter pipe onto a steel plate.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 It is important to recognize that the results obtained by this test method or any other method for particle size determination utilizing different physical principles may disagree. The results are strongly influenced by physical principles employed by each method of particle size analysis. The results of any particle sizing method should be used only in a relative sense and should not be regarded as absolute when comparing results obtained by other methods. Particularly for fine materials (that is, average particle size 3  
5.2 Light scattering theories (Fraunhofer Diffraction4 and Mie Scattering5) that are used for determination of particle size have been available for many years. Several manufacturers of testing equipment now have units based on these principles. Although each type of testing equipment utilizes the same basic principles for light scattering as a function of particle size, different assumptions pertinent to application of the theory and different models for converting light measurements to particle size, may lead to different results for each instrument. Furthermore, any particles which are outside the size measurement range of the instrument will be ignored, causing an increase in the reported percentages within the detectable range. A particle size distribution which ends abruptly at the detection limit of the instrument may indicate that particles outside the range are present. Therefore, use of this test method cannot guarantee directly comparable results from different types of instruments.  
5.3 This test method can be used to determine particle size distributions of catalysts, supports, and catalytic raw materials for specifications, manufacturing control, and research and development work.  
5.4 For fine materials (that is, average particle size 6
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the particle size distribution of catalyst, catalyst carrier, and catalytic raw material particles and is one of several found valuable for the measurement of particle size. The range of average particle sizes investigated was from 1 to 300 μm equivalent spherical diameter. The technique is capable of measuring particles above and below this range. The angle and intensity of laser light scattered by the particles are selectively measured to permit calculation of a volume distribution using light-scattering techniques.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is considered to be a measure of the propensity of a catalyst to produce fines in the course of transportation, handling, and use. However, there is no absolute level of acceptability. The values obtained are significant principally in relation to values for other materials (or other samples of the same material) of comparable size.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the attrition and abrasion resistance of catalysts and catalyst carriers. It is applicable to tablets, extrudate, spheres, and irregularly shaped particles larger than about 1/16 in. (1.6 mm) and smaller than about 3/4 in. (19 mm). The materials used in developing the method exhibited losses on attrition less than 7 %; however, the method should be applicable to materials giving much higher attritions.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended to provide information on the ability of an extruded catalyst to retain physical integrity during use.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers and is suitable for determining the resistance of extruded catalysts and catalyst carriers to compressive force from the side.  
1.2 This test method was developed using extruded catalyst and catalyst carriers from 1/16 to 1/8 in. in diameter (0.159 to 0.318 cm) and limited to pieces with a length to diameter ratio greater than or equal to 1:1. This test method may be applicable to other diameters.  
1.3 This test method is suitable for the determination of mean crush strength per millimetre in the range of 0 to 15 lbf/mm (0 to 65 N/mm).  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is to be used for measuring the mechanically tapped packing density of formed particles that will not break up during sampling, filling, or tapping of the measuring cylinder under test conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the mechanically tapped density of formed catalyst and catalyst carriers. For the purpose of this test method, catalyst particles are defined as extrudates, spheres, or formed pellets of 0.8 to 4.8-mm (1/32 to 3/16-in.) nominal diameter.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is for measuring the mechanically tapped packing density of powders that are smaller than 0.8 mm in diameter, such as Fluidized Catalytic Cracking Catalysts (FCC).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the mechanically tapped packing density of fine catalyst and catalyst carrier particles smaller than 0.8 mm in diameter.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers fired chemical-resistant ceramic tower installation packings formed from naturally occurring clays or compounded bodies. The number of dumped pieces of cylindrical-type packing material should conform to the requirements for each ring, packing, and saddle size. Material properties such as crushing strength, water absorption, and acid resistance should also fall within the given values for both porcelain and stoneware packings.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers fired ceramic shapes formed from naturally occurring clays and from compounded bodies that are used as packing in tower installations. These ceramic units are designed primarily for use in process equipment for the chemical or allied industries.  
1.2 The physical and chemical properties that affect quality of packing materials are covered in this specification. Properties that affect actual operational efficiency or characteristics of processing towers are not covered.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 The following precautionary statement pertains to the test method portion only, Section 7, of this standard. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides for the measurement of volume of pores that are in the range of catalytic importance and possibly for adsorption processes. This test method requires the use of mercury in order to perform the measurements.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the total pore volume of catalysts and catalyst carriers, that is, the volume of pores having pore diameter between approximately 14 µm and 0.4 nm (4 Å).  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 Warning—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney, and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s website—http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury or mercury containing products, or both, into your state or country may be prohibited by law.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 8. Warning statements are given in 10.1.4, 10.1.7, and 10.1.11.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide provides an alternative way to measure the porosity of catalytic materials without the use of mercury porosimetry. It is useful for research and development as well as quality control purposes. (See Test Methods D4284 and D6761.)
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes how to measure the pore volume of catalytic materials by water immersion with the excess water removed with a centrifuge. The measured pore volume is converted to the dry pore volume by using the loss on ignition (LOI) of the material. It is generally applicable to both powdered materials and particles greater than about 1 mm.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is to be used for measuring the vibratory packing density of formed particles that will not break up during sampling, filling, or vibrating of the measuring cylinder under test conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the vibratory packing density of formed catalyst and catalyst carriers. For the purpose of this test, catalyst particles are defined as extrudates, spheres, or formed pellets of 0.8 to 4.8-mm (1/32 to 3/16-in.) nominal diameter.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method can be used to determine particle size distributions for material specifications, manufacturing control, and research and development work in the particle size range usually encountered in fluidizable cracking catalysts.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of particle size distribution of catalyst and catalyst carrier particles using an electroconductive sensing method and is one of several valuable methods for the measurement of particle size.  
1.2 The range of particle sizes investigated was 20 to 150 μm (see IEEE/ASTM SI 10) equivalent spherical diameter. The technique is capable of measuring particles above and below this range. The instrument used for this method is an electric current path of small dimensions that is modulated by individual particle passage through an aperture, and produces individual pulses of amplitude proportional to the particle volume.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is a means of determining the crushing strength of a catalyst in a bed. Techniques to measure the crushing strength of formed catalyst particles is limited to crushing of individual particles, which may not be related to how the catalyst will crush in a reactor or bed. For some catalysts, such as granules, this technique may be the only viable method for obtaining crushing strength. The production of fines in a reactor is not desired because of the potential of bed compaction and the pressure buildup in the reactor.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of bulk crush strength of a bed of formed catalyst particles 1/32 to 3/16 in. (0.8 to 4.8 mm) in diameter and is intended to provide information concerning the ability of the catalyst material to maintain physical integrity.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used for measuring the vibratory packing density of formed particles used in fixed bed reactors, driers, and so forth.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the vibratory packing density of formed catalyst and catalyst carrier particles that will not break up significantly under test conditions. For the purpose of this test, catalyst particles are defined as extrudates, spheres or formed pellets greater than 4.8 mm.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is for measuring the apparent packing density of catalyst or catalyst carrier powders that are smaller than 0.8 mm in diameter.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the apparent packing density of fine catalyst and catalyst carrier powders smaller than 0.8 mm in diameter.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides for the measurement of volume of pores that are in the range of catalytic importance and possibly for adsorption processes. This test method requires the use of mercury in order to perform the measurements.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the total pore volume of catalysts and catalyst carriers, that is, the volume of pores having pore diameter between approximately 14 µm and 0.4 nm (4 Å).  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s website—http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 8. Warning statements are given in 9.1.4, 9.1.7, and 9.1.11.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is a means of determining the crushing strength of a catalyst in a bed. Techniques to measure the crushing strength of formed catalyst particles is limited to crushing of individual particles, which may not be related to how the catalyst will crush in a reactor or bed. For some catalysts, such as granules, this technique may be the only viable method for obtaining crushing strength. The production of fines in a reactor is not desired because of the potential of bed compaction and the pressure buildup in the reactor.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of bulk crush strength of a bed of formed catalyst particles 1/32 to 3/16 in. (0.8 to 4.8 mm) in diameter and is intended to provide information concerning the ability of the catalyst material to maintain physical integrity.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended to provide information concerning the ability of a catalyst shape to retain physical integrity during use.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determining the resistance of formed catalysts and catalyst carriers to compressive force and is applicable to regular catalyst shapes such as tablets and spheres. Extrudates, granular materials, and other irregular shapes are specifically excluded.  
1.2 This test method determines the average crush strength in the range from 0 to 50 lbf (0 to 220 N). Some materials may have crush strengths above 50 lbf (220N); the test method is applicable to these materials, but the precision of the test is not known.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method can be used to determine particle size distributions of catalysts and supports for materials specifications, manufacturing control, and research and development work.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of particle size distribution of catalytic powder material using a sieving instrument and is one of several found valuable for the measurement of particle size. This test method is particularly suitable for particles in the 20 to 420-μm range.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 Exception—In 5.2, mesh size is the standard unit of measure.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended to provide information concerning the ability of a powdered catalyst to resist particle size reduction during use in a fluidized environment.  
5.2 This test method is suitable for specification acceptance, manufacturing control, and research and development purposes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the relative attrition characteristics of FCC catalysts by means of air jet attrition. Other fine powder catalysts can be analyzed by this test method but the precision of this test method has been determined only for FCC catalysts. It is applicable to spherically or irregularly shaped particles which range in size between 10 and 180 μm, have skeletal densities between 2.4 and 3.0 g/cm3 (2400 and 3000 kg/m3) (see IEEE/ASTM SI-10) and are insoluble in water. Particles less than 20 μm are considered fines.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is considered to be a measure of the propensity of a catalyst to produce fines in the course of transportation, handling, and use. However, there is no absolute level of acceptability. The values obtained are significant principally in relation to values for other materials (or other samples of the same material) of comparable size.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the attrition and abrasion resistance of catalysts and catalyst carriers. It is applicable to tablets, extrudate, spheres, and irregularly shaped particles larger than about 1/16 in. (1.6 mm) and smaller than about 3/4 in. (19 mm). The materials used in developing the method exhibited losses on attrition less than 7 %; however, the method should be applicable to materials giving much higher attritions.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 It is important to recognize that the results obtained by this test method or any other method for particle size determination utilizing different physical principles may disagree. The results are strongly influenced by physical principles employed by each method of particle size analysis. The results of any particle sizing method should be used only in a relative sense and should not be regarded as absolute when comparing results obtained by other methods. Particularly for fine materials (that is, average particle size 3  
5.2 Light scattering theories (Fraunhofer Diffraction4 and Mie Scattering5) that are used for determination of particle size have been available for many years. Several manufacturers of testing equipment now have units based on these principles. Although each type of testing equipment utilizes the same basic principles for light scattering as a function of particle size, different assumptions pertinent to application of the theory and different models for converting light measurements to particle size, may lead to different results for each instrument. Furthermore, any particles which are outside the size measurement range of the instrument will be ignored, causing an increase in the reported percentages within the detectable range. A particle size distribution which ends abruptly at the detection limit of the instrument may indicate that particles outside the range are present. Therefore, use of this test method cannot guarantee directly comparable results from different types of instruments.  
5.3 This test method can be used to determine particle size distributions of catalysts, supports, and catalytic raw materials for specifications, manufacturing control, and research and development work.  
5.4 For fine materials (that is, average particle size 6
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the particle size distribution of catalyst, catalyst carrier, and catalytic raw material particles and is one of several found valuable for the measurement of particle size. The range of average particle sizes investigated was from 1 to 300 μm equivalent spherical diameter. The technique is capable of measuring particles above and below this range. The angle and intensity of laser light scattered by the particles are selectively measured to permit calculation of a volume distribution using light-scattering techniques.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is to be used for measuring the vibratory packing density of formed particles that will not break up during sampling, filling, or vibrating of the measuring cylinder under test conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the vibratory packing density of formed catalyst and catalyst carriers. For the purpose of this test, catalyst particles are defined as extrudates, spheres, or formed pellets of 0.8 to 4.8-mm (1/32 to 3/16-in.) nominal diameter.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers fired chemical-resistant ceramic tower installation packings formed from naturally occurring clays or compounded bodies. The number of dumped pieces of cylindrical-type packing material should conform to the requirements for each ring, packing, and saddle size. Material properties such as crushing strength, water absorption, and acid resistance should also fall within the given values for both porcelain and stoneware packings.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers fired ceramic shapes formed from naturally occurring clays and from compounded bodies that are used as packing in tower installations. These ceramic units are designed primarily for use in process equipment for the chemical or allied industries.  
1.2 The physical and chemical properties that affect quality of packing materials are covered in this specification. Properties that affect actual operational efficiency or characteristics of processing towers are not covered.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 The following precautionary statement pertains to the test method portion only, Section 7, of this standard. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method can be used to determine particle size distributions for material specifications, manufacturing control, and research and development work in the particle size range usually encountered in fluidizable cracking catalysts.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of particle size distribution of catalyst and catalyst carrier particles using an electroconductive sensing method and is one of several valuable methods for the measurement of particle size.  
1.2 The range of particle sizes investigated was 20 to 150 μm (see IEEE/ASTM SI 10) equivalent spherical diameter. The technique is capable of measuring particles above and below this range. The instrument used for this method is an electric current path of small dimensions that is modulated by individual particle passage through an aperture, and produces individual pulses of amplitude proportional to the particle volume.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is to be used for measuring the mechanically tapped packing density of formed particles that will not break up during sampling, filling, or tapping of the measuring cylinder under test conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the mechanically tapped density of formed catalyst and catalyst carriers. For the purpose of this test method, catalyst particles are defined as extrudates, spheres, or formed pellets of 0.8 to 4.8-mm (1/32 to 3/16-in.) nominal diameter.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is for measuring the apparent packing density of catalyst or catalyst carrier powders that are smaller than 0.8 mm in diameter.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the apparent packing density of fine catalyst and catalyst carrier powders smaller than 0.8 mm in diameter.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used for measuring the vibratory packing density of formed particles used in fixed bed reactors, driers, and so forth.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the vibratory packing density of formed catalyst and catalyst carrier particles that will not break up significantly under test conditions. For the purpose of this test, catalyst particles are defined as extrudates, spheres or formed pellets greater than 4.8 mm.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended to provide information on the ability of an extruded catalyst to retain physical integrity during use.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers and is suitable for determining the resistance of extruded catalysts and catalyst carriers to compressive force from the side.  
1.2 This test method was developed using extruded catalyst and catalyst carriers from 1/16 to 1/8 in. in diameter (0.159 to 0.318 cm) and limited to pieces with a length to diameter ratio greater than or equal to 1:1. This test method may be applicable to other diameters.  
1.3 This test method is suitable for the determination of mean crush strength per millimetre in the range of 0 to 15 lbf/mm (0 to 65 N/mm).  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations before use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is for measuring the mechanically tapped packing density of powders that are smaller than 0.8 mm in diameter, such as Fluidized Catalytic Cracking Catalysts (FCC).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the mechanically tapped packing density of fine catalyst and catalyst carrier particles smaller than 0.8 mm in diameter.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is for measuring the apparent packing density of catalyst or catalyst carrier powders that are smaller than 0.8 mm in diameter.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the apparent packing density of fine catalyst and catalyst carrier powders smaller than 0.8 mm in diameter.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method provides for the measurement of volume of pores that are in the range of catalytic importance and possibly for adsorption processes. This test method requires the use of mercury in order to perform the measurements.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the total pore volume of catalysts and catalyst carriers, that is, the volume of pores having pore diameter between approximately 14 µm and 0.4 nm (4 Å).
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 WARNINGMercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s websitehttp://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htmfor additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 8. Warning statements are given in 9.1.4, 9.1.7, and 9.1.11.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is intended to provide information concerning the ability of a powdered catalyst to resist particle size reduction during use in a fluidized environment.
This test method is suitable for specification acceptance, manufacturing control, and research and development purposes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the relative attrition characteristics of powdered catalysts by means of air jet attrition. It is applicable to spherically or irregularly shaped particles which range in size between 10 and 180 m, have skeletal densities between 2.4 and 3.0 g/cm3 (2400 and 3000 kg/m3) (see IEEE/ASTM SI-10) and are insoluble in water. Particles less than 20 m are considered fines.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is intended to provide information concerning the ability of a catalyst shape to retain physical integrity during use.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determining the resistance of formed catalysts and catalyst carriers to compressive force and is applicable to regular catalyst shapes such as tablets and spheres. Extrudates, granular materials, and other irregular shapes are specifically excluded.
1.2 This test method determines the average crush strength in the range from 0 to 50 lbf (0 to 220 N). Some materials may have crush strengths above 50 lbf (220N); the test method is applicable to these materials, but the precision of the test is not known.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method can be used to determine particle size distributions of catalysts and supports for materials specifications, manufacturing control, and research and development work.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of particle size distribution of catalytic powder material using a sieving instrument and is one of several found valuable for the measurement of particle size. This test method is particularly suitable for particles in the 20 to 420-μm range.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.2.1 Exception—In 5.2, mesh size is the standard unit of measure.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is considered to be a measure of the propensity of a catalyst to produce fines in the course of transportation, handling, and use. However, there is no absolute level of acceptability. The values obtained are significant principally in relation to values for other materials (or other samples of the same material) of comparable size.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the attrition and abrasion resistance of catalysts and catalyst carriers. It is applicable to tablets, extrudate, spheres, and irregularly shaped particles larger than about 1/16 in. (1.6 mm) and smaller than about 3/4 in. (19 mm). The materials used in developing the method exhibited losses on attrition less than 7 %; however, the method should be applicable to materials giving much higher attritions.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
It is important to recognize that the results obtained by this test method or any other method for particle size determination utilizing different physical principles may disagree. The results are strongly influenced by physical principles employed by each method of particle size analysis. The results of any particle sizing method should be used only in a relative sense and should not be regarded as absolute when comparing results obtained by other methods. Particularly for fine materials (that is, average particle size  20 μm), significant differences are often observed for laser light scattering instruments of different manufacturers. These differences include lasers of different wavelengths, detector configuration, and the algorithms used to convert scattering to particle size distribution. Therefore, comparison of results from different instruments may be misleading.  
Light scattering theories (Fraunhofer Diffraction and Mie Scattering ) that are used for determination of particle size have been available for many years. Several manufacturers of testing equipment now have units based on these principles. Although each type of testing equipment utilizes the same basic principles for light scattering as a function of particle size, different assumptions pertinent to application of the theory and different models for converting light measurements to particle size, may lead to different results for each instrument. Furthermore, any particles which are outside the size measurement range of the instrument will be ignored, causing an increase in the reported percentages within the detectable range. A particle size distribution which ends abruptly at the detection limit of the instrument may indicate that particles outside the range are present. Therefore, use of this test method cannot guarantee directly comparable results from different types of instruments.
This test method can be used to determine particle size distributions of catalysts and supports for materia...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the particle size distribution of catalyst and catalyst carrier particles and is one of several found valuable for the measurement of particle size. The range of average particle sizes investigated was from 1 to 300 μm equivalent spherical diameter. The technique is capable of measuring particles above and below this range. The angle and intensity of laser light scattered by the particles are selectively measured to permit calculation of a volume distribution using light-scattering techniques.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is a means of determining the crushing strength of a catalyst in a bed. Techniques to measure the crushing strength of formed catalyst particles is limited to crushing of individual particles, which may not be related to how the catalyst will crush in a reactor or bed. For some catalysts, such as granules, this technique may be the only viable method for obtaining crushing strength. The production of fines in a reactor is not desired because of the potential of bed compaction and the pressure buildup in the reactor.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of bulk crush strength of a bed of formed catalyst particles 1/32 to 3/16 in. (0.8 to 4.8 mm) in diameter and is intended to provide information concerning the ability of the catalyst material to maintain physical integrity.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is intended to provide information on the ability of an extruded catalyst to retain physical integrity during use.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers and is suitable for determining the resistance of extruded catalysts and catalyst carriers to compressive force from the side.
1.2 This test method was developed using extruded catalyst and catalyst carriers from 1/16to 1/8 in. in diameter (0.159 to 0.318 cm) and limited to pieces with a length to diameter ratio greater than or equal to 1:1. This test method may be applicable to other diameters.
1.3 This test method is suitable for the determination of mean crush strength per millimetre in the range of 0 to 15 lbf/mm (0 to 65 N/mm).
1.4 The values stated in pounds lbf/mm units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations before use.