M/BC/CEN/90/4 - Advanced ceramics - 1

This Part of EN 725 describes methods for the determination of the compaction behaviour of ungranulated or granulated ceramic powders, when subjected to uniaxial compressive loading in a rigid die, under specified conditions.

This Part of EN 725 specifies one fusion and one acid dissolution method for the determination of elements of sodium, potassium, iron, silicon, calcium and magnesium present as impurities in alumina using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) or inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectroscopy. For each element present as impurities, the methods are applicable to the following ranges, calculated as oxides :
-   Sodium oxide:      20 ppm to 6000 ppm
-   Potassium oxide:      20 ppm to 100 ppm
-   Ferric oxide:      20 ppm to 300 ppm
-   Silica:         50 ppm to 2000 ppm
-   Calcium oxide:      20 ppm to 700 ppm
-   Magnesium oxide:   5 ppm to 1000 ppm

This Part of EN 725 describes methods for the determination of the compaction behaviour of ungranulated or granulated ceramic powders, when subjected to uniaxial compressive loading in a rigid die, under specified conditions.

This Part of EN 725 specifies one fusion and one acid dissolution method for the determination of elements of sodium, potassium, iron, silicon, calcium and magnesium present as impurities in alumina using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) or inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectroscopy. For each element present as impurities, the methods are applicable to the following ranges, calculated as oxides :
-   Sodium oxide:      20 ppm to 6000 ppm
-   Potassium oxide:      20 ppm to 100 ppm
-   Ferric oxide:      20 ppm to 300 ppm
-   Silica:         50 ppm to 2000 ppm
-   Calcium oxide:      20 ppm to 700 ppm
-   Magnesium oxide:                   5 ppm to 1000 ppm

Popravek k standardu SIST EN 725-5:2007
This Part of EN 725 describes the preparation of suspensions and calibration of apparatus, prior to the measurement of particle size distribution of powders used for advanced technical ceramics. The preparation described is appropriate for measurements either by the sedimentation method.

AFNOR - Correction of title and translation improvement in 10.2

Popravek k standardu SIST EN 1159-1:2004
This Part of EN 1159 describes methods for the determination of the linear thermal expansio n characteristics of ceramic matrix composite materials up to 2300 K, and is applicable to 1D,2D and nD materials. The method describes general principles of construction calibration and operation of the equipment.

TC - Modifications in Table B.1, 1st column of the E + F versions

AFNOR - Correction of title and translation improvement in 10.2

DIN - Correction of Equation 5 and numbering of equations

This part of EN 725 describes a method for the determination of the oxygen content of non-oxide powders used for advanced technical ceramics, using an inert carrier gas thermal extraction method. The method described is suitable for oxygen contents of less than 3 %.
NOTE   An indication of the limits of determination is usually given by the manufacturers of the gas analysis apparatus used.  However, for a specific measurement procedure, such limits can be determined by experiments conducted by the user.

This part of EN 843 specifies methods for determining the elastic moduli, specifically Young’s modulus, shear modulus and Poisson’s ratio, of advanced monolithic technical ceramics at room temperature. This European Standard prescribes four alternative methods for determining some or all of these three parameters:
A   The determination of Young’s modulus by static flexure of a thin beam in three- or four-point flexure.
B   The determination of Young’s modulus by forced longitudinal resonance, or Young’s modulus, shear modulus and Poisson’s ratio by forced flexural and torsional resonance, of a thin beam.
C    The determination of Young’s modulus, shear modulus and Poisson’s ratio from the time-of-flight of an ultrasonic pulse.
D   The determination of Young’s modulus from the fundamental natural frequency of a struck bar (impulse excitation method).
All the test methods assume the use of homogeneous test pieces of linear elastic materials.
NOTE 1   Not all ceramic materials are equally and linearly elastic in tension and compression, such as some porous materials and some piezoelectric materials.
With the exception of Method C, the test assumes that the test piece has isotropic elastic properties. Method C may be used to determine the degree of anisotropy by testing in different orientations.
NOTE 2   An ultrasonic method for dealing with anisotropic materials (ceramic matrix composites) can be found in
ENV 14186 (see Bibliography). An alternative to Method D for isotropic materials using disc test pieces is given in
Annex A.
NOTE 3   At high porosity levels all of the methods except Method C can become inappropriate. The methods are only suitable for a maximum grain size (see EN 623-3), excluding deliberately added whiskers, of less than 10 % of the minimum dimension of the test piece.
NOTE 4   The different methods given in this European Standard can produce slightly different results on the same material owing to differences between quasi-isothermal quasi-static an

This Part of EN 725 describes the preparation of suspensions and calibration of apparatus, prior to the measurement of particle size distribution of powders used for advanced technical ceramics. The preparation described is appropriate for measurements either by the sedimentation method or the laser light scattering method.

This part of EN 843 specifies methods for determining the nominal flexural strength of advanced monolithic technical ceramic materials at ambient temperature. The available loading geometries are three- and four-point flexure, using rectangular section test pieces of two prescribed geometries: 20 mm support span (A) and 40 mm support span (B).
NOTE   This part of EN 843 differs from ISO 14704 (see Bibliography) in respect of span A (not included in the ISO version), the absence of the 30 mm span option, and the required use of a fully articulating test jig.
The test applies to materials with grain size less than 200 µm.
The test prescribes four categories of surface finish applied to the test pieces:
I:   as-fired or annealed after machining;
II:   standard finishing by grinding;
III:   standard finishing by lapping/polishing;
IV:   machined using agreed grinding procedures and material removal rates.

This Part of EN 725 describes the preparation of suspensions and calibration of apparatus, prior to the measurement of particle size distribution of powders used for advanced technical ceramics.
The preparation described is appropriate for measurements either by the sedimentation method or the laser light scattering method.

This part of EN 725 describes a method for the determination of the oxygen content of non-oxide powders used for advanced technical ceramics, using an inert carrier gas thermal extraction method. The method described is suitable for oxygen contents of less than 3 %.
NOTE   An indication of the limits of determination is usually given by the manufacturers of the gas analysis apparatus used.  However, for a specific measurement procedure, such limits can be determined by experiments conducted by the user.

This part of EN 843 specifies methods for determining the nominal flexural strength of advanced monolithic technical ceramic materials at ambient temperature. The available loading geometries are three- and four-point flexure, using rectangular section test pieces of two prescribed geometries: 20 mm support span (A) and 40 mm support span (B).
NOTE   This part of EN 843 differs from ISO 14704 (see Bibliography) in respect of span A (not included in the ISO version), the absence of the 30 mm span option, and the required use of a fully articulating test jig.
The test applies to materials with grain size less than 200 µm.
The test prescribes four categories of surface finish applied to the test pieces:
I:   as-fired or annealed after machining;
II:   standard finishing by grinding;
III:   standard finishing by lapping/polishing;
IV:   machined using agreed grinding procedures and material removal rates.

This part of EN 843 specifies methods for determining the elastic moduli, specifically Young’s modulus, shear modulus and Poisson’s ratio, of advanced monolithic technical ceramics at room temperature. This European Standard prescribes four alternative methods for determining some or all of these three parameters:
A   The determination of Young’s modulus by static flexure of a thin beam in three- or four-point flexure.
B   The determination of Young’s modulus by forced longitudinal resonance, or Young’s modulus, shear modulus and Poisson’s ratio by forced flexural and torsional resonance, of a thin beam.
C    The determination of Young’s modulus, shear modulus and Poisson’s ratio from the time-of-flight of an ultrasonic pulse.
D   The determination of Young’s modulus from the fundamental natural frequency of a struck bar (impulse excitation method).
All the test methods assume the use of homogeneous test pieces of linear elastic materials.
NOTE 1   Not all ceramic materials are equally and linearly elastic in tension and compression, such as some porous materials and some piezoelectric materials.
With the exception of Method C, the test assumes that the test piece has isotropic elastic properties. Method C may be used to determine the degree of anisotropy by testing in different orientations.
NOTE 2   An ultrasonic method for dealing with anisotropic materials (ceramic matrix composites) can be found in
ENV 14186 (see Bibliography). An alternative to Method D for isotropic materials using disc test pieces is given in
Annex A.
NOTE 3   At high porosity levels all of the methods except Method C can become inappropriate. The methods are only suitable for a maximum grain size (see EN 623-3), excluding deliberately added whiskers, of less than 10 % of the minimum dimension of the test piece.
NOTE 4   The different methods given in this European Standard can produce slightly different results on the same material owing to differences between quasi-isothermal quasi-static an

This European Standard describes methods for chemical analysis of ceramic coatings by means of electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) or an electron probe microanalyser.
The methods described are limited to the examination of single layer coatings when the analysis is carried out normal to the sample surface, but graded and multilayer coatings may also be analysed in cross-section if the thickness of the individual layers or gradations are greater than the maximum width of the volume of material within which characteristic or fluorescent X-rays are generated.
NOTE   This method can also be used for the analysis of bulk materials.

ISO 18757:2003 provides guidelines for the determination of the total specific external and internal surface area of disperse or porous (pore diameter greater than 2 nm) fine ceramic materials by measuring the amount of physically adsorbed gas according to the method of Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET method). This International Standard only focuses on specific details relevant to fine ceramic materials. It should further be noted that the BET method cannot be applied to type I isotherms (microporous materials or chemisorption behaviour) or when the solid adsorbs the measuring gas.

This European Standard describes methods for chemical analysis of ceramic coatings by means of electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) or an electron probe microanalyser.
The methods described are limited to the examination of single layer coatings when the analysis is carried out normal to the sample surface, but graded and multilayer coatings may also be analysed in cross-section if the thickness of the individual layers or gradations are greater than the maximum width of the volume of material within which characteristic or fluorescent X-rays are generated.
NOTE   This method can also be used for the analysis of bulk materials.

This European Standard specifies a method for the determination of subcritical crack growth parameters of advanced monolithic technical ceramics in the temperature range 15 °C to 30 °C by measuring the dependence of mean fracture strength on the rate of loading. The method is based on strength test procedures described in EN 843-1. This European Standard is not applicable to test pieces with artificially introduced flaws or cracks.

ISO 18757:2003 provides guidelines for the determination of the total specific external and internal surface area of disperse or porous (pore diameter greater than 2 nm) fine ceramic materials by measuring the amount of physically adsorbed gas according to the method of Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET method). This International Standard only focuses on specific details relevant to fine ceramic materials. It should further be noted that the BET method cannot be applied to type I isotherms (microporous materials or chemisorption behaviour) or when the solid adsorbs the measuring gas.

This European Standard specifies a method for the determination of subcritical crack growth parameters of advanced monolithic technical ceramics in the temperature range 15 °C to 30 °C by measuring the dependence of mean fracture strength on the rate of loading. The method is based on strength test procedures described in EN 843-1. This European Standard is not applicable to test pieces with artificially introduced flaws or cracks.

This document specifies two methods for the determination of specific heat capacity of advanced monolithic technical ceramic materials based on drop calorimetry (Method A) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC, Method B) over a temperature range from room temperature upwards, depending on the design of the equipment.
NOTE 1   The methods described apply in the case of test materials free from phase transformations, annealing effects or partial melting. If any such effect occurs in a material over the temperature range of the test, spurious results will be obtained unless the data are carefully analysed. In such cases it is usually necessary to conduct repeat tests at a number of temperatures close to the discontinuity, in order to estimate correctly its contribution to the apparent heat capacity.
NOTE 2   Care should be exercised in both methods over the selection of the cell or crucible material and in the selection of the test atmosphere, especially at high temperatures. Test pieces can react with the crucible or the atmosphere, leading to spurious results. In general, an awareness of such problems should be maintained at all times. Especially with regard to Method B, awareness should also be maintained of radiation effects at temperatures above 1000 °C, and of the reproducibility of the output signal.

This part of EN 623 concerns the use of conventional stylus type instruments for the measurement of surface texture of advanced monolithic technical ceramics, sets the test machine measuring parameters, and recommends the adoption of certain precautions and conditions of measurement.
NOTE   Non-contact optical methods of surface texture measurement employ a different concept using a narrow laser beam. The interaction of the beam with the surface is influenced by the angle of the surface to the beam and the reflectivity/translucence of the surface. The reflected beam is detected in a number of ways based on spot focus or beam deflection and converted into a height profile. Results from such a test are not directly equivalent to those obtained by the stylus method.

This document specifies two methods for the determination of specific heat capacity of advanced monolithic technical ceramic materials based on drop calorimetry (Method A) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC, Method B) over a temperature range from room temperature upwards, depending on the design of the equipment.
NOTE 1   The methods described apply in the case of test materials free from phase transformations, annealing effects or partial melting. If any such effect occurs in a material over the temperature range of the test, spurious results will be obtained unless the data are carefully analysed. In such cases it is usually necessary to conduct repeat tests at a number of temperatures close to the discontinuity, in order to estimate correctly its contribution to the apparent heat capacity.
NOTE 2   Care should be exercised in both methods over the selection of the cell or crucible material and in the selection of the test atmosphere, especially at high temperatures. Test pieces can react with the crucible or the atmosphere, leading to spurious results. In general, an awareness of such problems should be maintained at all times. Especially with regard to Method B, awareness should also be maintained of radiation effects at temperatures above 1000 °C, and of the reproducibility of the output signal.

This Part of EN 820 specifies the principles of thermal shock testing, and provides a general method for conducting thermal shock tests by quenching into water for both test pieces and components by quenching into water.
NOTE   This document does not cover thermal stress developed as a result of steady inhomogeneous temperature within a ceramic body or of thermal expansion mismatch between joined bodies.

This part of EN 623 concerns the use of conventional stylus type instruments for the measurement of surface texture of advanced monolithic technical ceramics, sets the test machine measuring parameters, and recommends the adoption of certain precautions and conditions of measurement.
NOTE   Non-contact optical methods of surface texture measurement employ a different concept using a narrow laser beam. The interaction of the beam with the surface is influenced by the angle of the surface to the beam and the reflectivity/translucence of the surface. The reflected beam is detected in a number of ways based on spot focus or beam deflection and converted into a height profile. Results from such a test are not directly equivalent to those obtained by the stylus method.

This European Standard describes two methods for determination of the bulk density and apparent porosity of ceramic matrix composites with fibrous continuous reinforcement (1D, 2D, 3D). Two methods are described and are designated as Methods A and B, as follows : - Method A: Determination of bulk density only, by measurement of dimensions and mass ; - Method B: Determination of bulk density and apparent porosity by liquid displacement.

This part of EN 1007 specifies the conditions for determination of tensile strength and elongation at fracture of single filaments of ceramic fibre such as tensile strength, Young modulus and stress-strain curve. The method applies to continuous ceramic filaments taken from tows, yarns, braids and knittings, which have strain to fracture less than or equal to 5 %.
The method does not apply to check the homogeneity of strength properties of fibres, nor to assess the effects of volume under stress. Statistical aspects of filament failure are not included.

This Part of EN 820 specifies the principles of thermal shock testing, and provides a general method for conducting thermal shock tests by quenching into water for both test pieces and components by quenching into water.
NOTE   This document does not cover thermal stress developed as a result of steady inhomogeneous temperature within a ceramic body or of thermal expansion mismatch between joined bodies.

This part of EN 1007 specifies the conditions for determination of tensile strength and elongation at fracture of single filaments of ceramic fibre such as tensile strength, Young modulus and stress-strain curve. The method applies to continuous ceramic filaments taken from tows, yarns, braids and knittings, which have strain to fracture less than or equal to 5 %.
The method does not apply to check the homogeneity of strength properties of fibres, nor to assess the effects of volume under stress. Statistical aspects of filament failure are not included.

This European Standard specifies a method for the determination of the temperature at which the self-loaded deformation of a ceramic test piece commences and the extent of this deformation.

This part of EN 658 specifies the conditions for the determination of the interlaminar shear strength matrix composite materials with continuous fibre reinforcement at ambient temperature, by loading a notched specimen in compression. The method applies to unidirectionally and bidirectionally reinforced ceramic matrix composites, as well as to tridirectional composites with weak reinforcement in the third direction.

This part of EN 658 specifies the conditions for the determination of the flexural strength of ceramic matrix composite materials with continuous fibre reinforcement, under three-point or four-point bending at ambient temperature. This standard applies to all ceramic matrix composites with a continuous fibre reinforcement, unidirectional (1D), bidirectional (2D), and tridirectional xD with (2 < x <= 3), loaded along one principal axis of reinforcement.

This Part of this European Standard specifies a method of determining the three-point or four-point flexural strength of advanced monolithic technical ceramics at elevated temperatures as agreed between parties to the test. The test can be performed in any appropriate atmosphere.

This part of EN 658 specifies the conditions for the determination of the interlaminar shear strength matrix composite materials with continuous fibre reinforcement at ambient temperature, by subjecting a test specimen to a short-span, three points, bend test. The method applies to unidirectionally and bidirectionally reinforced ceramic matrix composites, as well as to tridirectional composites with weak reinforcement in the third direction.

This part of EN 1007 specifies a method for the determination of the linear density (mass per unit length) of ceramic fibres, including silicon carbide, silicon nitride, silicon carbon-nitride, alumino-silicate, alumina or silicon oxide fibres. The linear density is determined on unsized ceramic yarn.

This part of EN 1007 specifies three methods for the determination of the diameter and cross-section area of ceramic single filament, as used in fibre reinforcement of ceramic composites. Note: The cross-sectional area of filaments from different suppliers will vary significantly. The term "diameter" applies both to circular cross-section ("true diameter") and non-circular cross-sections ("apparent diameter").

This part of EN 1007 specifies a method for the determination of the size content of ceramic fibres, including silicon carbide, silicon nitride, silicon carbon-nitride, alumino-silicate, alumina or silicon oxide fibres.

This Part of EN 1159 describes methods for the determination of linear thermal expansion characteristics of ceramic matrix composite materials up to 2 300 K, and is applicable to 10, 2D and nD materials.
The method describes general principles of construction calibration and operation of the equipment.

This part of EN 1159 describes the laser flash method for the determination of thermal diffusivity of ceramic matrix composites with continuous reinforcements (1D, 2D, 3D). The experimental conditions are such that the material behaves in an homogeneous manner for each of its axes of anisotropy and that the heat transfer occurs only by thermal conduction. The method is applicable to materials which are physically and chemically stable during the measurement, and covers the range of temperature between 100 K and 2 800 K.

This European Standard describes two methods for determination of the bulk density and apparent porosity of ceramic matrix composites with fibrous continuous reinforcement (1D, 2D, 3D). Two methods are described and are designated as Methods A and B, as follows : - Method A: Determination of bulk density only, by measurement of dimensions and mass ; - Method B: Determination of bulk density and apparent porosity by liquid displacement.

This part of EN 1159 describes the laser flash method for the determination of thermal diffusivity of ceramic matrix composites with continuous reinforcements (1D, 2D, 3D). The experimental conditions are such that the material behaves in an homogeneous manner for each of its axes of anisotropy and that the heat transfer occurs only by thermal conduction. The method is applicable to materials which are physically and chemically stable during the measurement, and covers the range of temperature between 100 K and 2 800 K.

This Part of EN 1159 describes methods for the determination of linear thermal expansion characteristics of ceramic matrix composite materials up to 2 300 K, and is applicable to 10, 2D and nD materials.
The method describes general principles of construction calibration and operation of the equipment.

This European Standard specifies a method for the determination of the temperature at which the self-loaded deformation of a ceramic test piece commences and the extent of this deformation.

This part of EN 658 specifies the conditions for the determination of the interlaminar shear strength matrix composite materials with continuous fibre reinforcement at ambient temperature, by loading a notched specimen in compression. The method applies to unidirectionally and bidirectionally reinforced ceramic matrix composites, as well as to tridirectional composites with weak reinforcement in the third direction.

This part of EN 658 specifies the conditions for the determination of the interlaminar shear strength matrix composite materials with continuous fibre reinforcement at ambient temperature, by subjecting a test specimen to a short-span, three points, bend test. The method applies to unidirectionally and bidirectionally reinforced ceramic matrix composites, as well as to tridirectional composites with weak reinforcement in the third direction.

This Part of this European Standard specifies a method of determining the three-point or four-point flexural strength of advanced monolithic technical ceramics at elevated temperatures as agreed between parties to the test. The test can be performed in any appropriate atmosphere.