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ASTM E3235-21

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Latent Print Evidence Imaging Resolution

Standard Practice for Latent Print Evidence Imaging Resolution

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The procedure described in this document is in accordance with current SWGFAST guidelines (6), as well as National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) standard (7), which specify 1000 pixels per inch (ppi) at 1:1 as the minimum scanning resolution for latent print evidence. This standard appears primarily to be historical and directed towards scanners, rather than cameras, though recent studies suggest that it is suitable for capturing Level 3 detail (8).  
5.2 While the 1000 ppi resolution standard permits the capture of level three detail in latent prints, it does not mean that any image recorded at a lower resolution would necessarily be of no value for comparison purposes. Such an image could have captured level two details sufficiently for comparison. However, there are some latent print impressions that are so degraded or contain such limited quantity of information that at least 1000 ppi resolution is required to conduct an accurate examination. Some automated fingerprint identification systems require 1000 ppi for submission purposes. The relationship between machine (optical) resolution and achievable resolution (sometimes called resolving power) can vary greatly by manufacturer (8).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides recommendations on the resolving power that enables recording of Level 3 details of latent print evidence that are suitable for comparison purposes using a digital camera, a flatbed scanner, or other image capture device. These recommendations take into consideration the minimum resolution requirements for utilizing the photographs for comparison.  
1.2 This practice describes procedures that can be used to verify the resolving power of such imaging systems and recommends equipment to be used.  
1.3 Certain commercial equipment, instruments, or materials are used in this document as representative examples to more clearly explain the procedures. Such use does not imply a recommendation or endorsement.  
1.4 This standard is intended for use by competent forensic science practitioners with the requisite formal education, discipline-specific training (see Practice E2917), and demonstrated proficiency to perform forensic casework.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-Aug-2021
ICS
35.240.15 - Identification cards. Chip cards. Biometrics
37.040.99 - Other standards related to photography
Technical Committee
E30 - Forensic Sciences
Drafting Committee
E30.12 - Digital and Multimedia Evidence
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM E3235-21 - Standard Practice for Latent Print Evidence Imaging ResolutionASTM E3235-21 - Standard Practice for Latent Print Evidence Imaging Resolution
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ASTM E3235-21 - Standard Practice for Latent Print Evidence Imaging Resolution
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E3235 − 21 An American National Standard
Standard Practice for
1
Latent Print Evidence Imaging Resolution
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E3235; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E2916Terminology for Digital and Multimedia Evidence
Examination
1.1 This practice provides recommendations on the resolv-
E2917Practice for Forensic Science Practitioner Training,
ing power that enables recording of Level 3 details of latent
Continuing Education, and Professional Development
print evidence that are suitable for comparison purposes using
Programs
a digital camera, a flatbed scanner, or other image capture
2.2 Other Documents:
device. These recommendations take into consideration the
3
ISO-16067-1Reflective Scanner Test Chart
minimumresolutionrequirementsforutilizingthephotographs
ISO/IEC17020Conformityassessment—Requirementsfor
for comparison.
the operation of various types of bodies performing
1.2 This practice describes procedures that can be used to
3
inspection
verify the resolving power of such imaging systems and
3
ISO/IEC 17025 Testing and calibration laboratories
recommends equipment to be used.
4
T-90-N-CGUltra High Resolution Target
1.3 Certain commercial equipment, instruments, or materi-
als are used in this document as representative examples to
3. Terminology
more clearly explain the procedures. Such use does not imply
3.1 Definitions—Refer to Terminologies E1732 and E2916
a recommendation or endorsement.
for terms not defined in this practice.
1.4 This standard is intended for use by competent forensic
3.1.1 achievable resolution, resolving power, n—the mea-
science practitioners with the requisite formal education,
sure of imaging system’s practical limit to distinguish between
discipline-specific training (see Practice E2917), and demon-
separate adjacent elements, typically by imaging a known
strated proficiency to perform forensic casework.
reference standard. E2916
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.2 bit depth, n—thenumberofbits(binarydigits)usedto
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
specify the brightness or color range of each pixel in an image
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
sensor.
5
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
Photo Review Magazine Digital Imaging Glossary (1)
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.3 Dmax, n—an abbreviation for maximum density. The
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
abbreviationisusedindescribingboththecharacteristicsofan
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
image and/or an imaging device such as a scanner.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Federal Agencies Digital Guidelines Initiative Glossary
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
(2)
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
3.1.4 dynamic range, n—the difference between the bright-
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
est highlight and darkest value that a sensor can detect and
record in a single image. E2916
2. Referenced Documents
2
3.1.5 focal length, n—thedistancefromtheopticalcenterof
2.1 ASTM Standards:
a lens to its point of focus at the sensor or image plane when
E1732Terminology Relating to Forensic Science
focused at infinity. E2916
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30 on Forensic
Sciences and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.12 on Digital and
3
Multimedia Evidence. Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2021. Published October 2021. DOI: 10.1520/ Central Secretariat, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier, Geneva,
E3235-21. Switzerland, https://www.iso.org.
2 4
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Available from Applied Image, Inc., Rochester, NY, https://
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM www.appliedimage.com.
5
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of
the ASTM website. this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

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SCOPE
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SCOPE
1.1 This guide establishes the means and frequency of monitoring the neutron exposure of the LWR reactor pressure vessel throughout its operating life.  
1.2 The physics-dosimetry relationships determined from this guide may be used to estimate reactor pressure vessel damage through the application of Practice E693 and Guide E900, using fast neutron fluence (E > 1.0 MeV and E > 0.1 MeV), displacements per atom (dpa), or damage-function-correlated exposure parameters as independent exposure variables. Supporting the application of these standards are the E853, E944, E1005, and E1018 standards, identified in 2.1.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Guide
    12 pages
    English language
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  • Guide
    12 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off