ASTM A231/A231M-96

Standard Specification for Chromium-Vanadium Alloy Steel Spring Wire

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers round chromium-vanadium alloy steel spring wire having properties and quality intended for the manufacture of springs used at moderately elevated temperatures. This wire shall be either in the annealed and cold-drawn or oil-tempered condition as specified by the purchaser.
1.2 The values stated in either SI (metric) units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independent of the other.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 09-Mar-1996
• Technical Committee: A01 - Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys
• Drafting Committee: A01.03 - Steel Rod and Wire

Relations

• Replaced By: ASTM A231/A231M-96(2002) - Standard Specification for Chromium-Vanadium Alloy Steel Spring Wire
• Effective Date: 10-Mar-1996
• Referred By: ASTM F1508-96(2021) - Standard Specification for Angle Style, Pressure Relief Valves for Steam, Gas, and Liquid Services
• Effective Date: 10-Mar-1996
• Referred By: ASTM F1370-92(2019)e1 - Standard Specification for Pressure-Reducing Valves for Water Systems, Shipboard
• Effective Date: 10-Mar-1996
• Referred By: ASTM A1000/A1000M-17(2023) - Standard Specification for Steel Wire, Carbon and Alloy Specialty Spring Quality
• Effective Date: 10-Mar-1996

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
An American National Standard
Designation: A 231/A231M – 96
Standard Specification for
Chromium-Vanadium Alloy Steel Spring Wire
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A 231/A231M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 2.5 AIAG Standard:
AIAGB-5 02.00 Primary Metals Identification Tag Applica-
1.1 This specification covers round chromium-vanadium
tion Standard
alloy steel spring wire having properties and quality intended
for the manufacture of springs used at moderately elevated
3. Ordering Information
temperatures. This wire shall be either in the annealed and
3.1 Orders for material under this specification should
cold-drawn or oil-tempered condition as specified by the
include the following information for each ordered item:
purchaser.
3.1.1 Quantity (mass),
1.2 The values stated in either SI (metric) units or inch-
3.1.2 Name of material (chromium-vanadium alloy steel
pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The
wire),
values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; there-
3.1.3 Wire diameter (Table 1 and Table 2),
fore, each system must be used independent of the other.
3.1.4 Packaging (Section 14),
2. Referenced Documents 3.1.5 Cast or heat analysis report (if requested) (5.2),
3.1.6 Certification or test report, or both, if specified (Sec-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
tion 13), and
A 370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing
2 3.1.7 ASTM designation and date of issue.
of Steel Products
A 700 Practices for Packaging, Marking, and Loading
NOTE 1—A typical ordering description is as follows: 20 000 kg
Methods for Steel Products for Domestic Shipment
oil-tempered chromium-vanadium alloy steel wire, size 6.00 mm in
150-kg coils to ASTM A 231M dated_______ , or for inch-pound units,
A 751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for
40 000 lb oil-tempered chromium-vanadium alloy steel spring wire, size
Chemical Analysis of Steel Products
0.250 in. in 350-lb coils to ASTM A 231 dated_______.
A 752 Specification for General Requirements for Wire
Rods and Coarse Round Wire, Alloy Steel
4. Materials and Manufacture
E 29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
4.1 The steel may be made by any commercially accepted
Determine Conformance with Specifications
steel–making process. The steel may be either ingot cast or
2.2 ANSI Standard:
strand cast.
B 32.4M Preferred Metric Sizes for Round, Square, Rect-
4.2 The finished wire shall be free from detrimental pipe
angle, and Hexagon Metal Products
and undue segregation.
2.3 Military Standard:
MIL-STD-163 Steel Mill Products, Preparation for Ship-
5. Chemical Composition
ment and Storage
5.1 The steel shall conform to the requirements as to
2.4 Federal Standard:
chemical composition specified in Table 3.
Fed. Std. No. 123 Marking for Shipment (Civil Agencies)
5.2 Cast or Heat Analysis—Each cast or heat of steel shall
be analyzed by the manufacturer to determine the percentage of
1 elements prescribed in Table 3. This analysis shall be made
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A-1 on Steel,
from a test specimen preferably taken during the pouring of the
Stainless Steel, and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
A01.03 on Steel Rod and Wire.
cast or heat. When requested, this shall be reported to the
Current edition approved March 10, 1996. Published May 1996. Originally
purchaser and shall conform to the requirements of Table 3.
published as A 230 – 39 T. Last previous edition A 231/A 231M – 93.
5.3 Product Analysis ( formerly Check Analysis)—An
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.03.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.05. analysis may be made by the purchaser from finished wire
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
Available from American National Standards Institute, 11 West 42nd Street,
13th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
6 7
Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700 Available from the Automotive Industry Action Group, 26200 Lahser, Suite
Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS. 200, Southfield, MI 48034.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
A 231/A231M
A
TABLE 1 Tensile Requirements, SI Units TABLE 3 Chemical Requirements
Tensile Strength, MPa Reduction of Areas, Element Analysis, %
B
Diameter, mm
min, %
min max Carbon 0.48–0.53
Manganese 0.70–0.90
C
0.50 2060 2260
Phosphorus 0.040 max
C
0.55 2050 2240
Sulfur 0.040 max
C
0.60 2030 2220
Silicon 0.15–0.35
C
0.65 2010 2200
Chromium 0.80–1.10
C
0.70 2000 2160
Vanadium 0.15 min
C
0.80 1980 2140
C
0.90 1960 2120
C
1.00 1940 2100
6. Mechanical Properties
C
1.10 1920 2080
C
1.20 1900 2060
6.1 Annealed and Cold Drawn—When purchased in the
C
1.40 1860 2020
C annealed and cold-drawn condition, the wire shall have been
1.60 1820 1980
C
given a sufficient amount of cold working to meet the purchas-
1.80 1800 1960
C
2.00 1780 1930
er’s coiling requirements and shall be in a suitable condition to
C
2.20 1750 1900
respond properly to heat treatment. In special cases the
2.50 1720 1860 45
2.80 1680 1830 45 hardness, if desired, shall be stated in the purchase order.
3.00 1660 1800 45
6.2 Oil Tempered—When purchased in the oil-tempered
3.50 1620 1760 45
condition, the tensile strength and minimum percent reduction
4.00 1580 1720 40
4.50 1560 1680 40 of area, sizes 2.50 mm or 0.105 in. and coarser, of the wire
5.00 1520 1640 40
shall conform to the requirements as shown in Table 1 or Table
5.50 1480 1620 40
2.
6.00 1460 1600 40
6.50 1440 1580 40
6.2.1 Number of Tests—One test specimen shall be taken for
7.00 1420 1560 40
each ten coils, or fraction thereof, in a lot. Each cast or heat in
8.00 1400 1540 40
a given lot shall be tested.
9.00 1380 1520 40
10.00 1360 1500 40 6.2.2 Location of Tests—Test specimens shall be taken from
11.00 1340 1480 40
either end of the coil.
12.00 1320 1460 40
6.2.3 Test Method—The tension test shall be made in
A
Tensile strength values for intermediate diameters may be interpolated.
B accordance with Test Methods and Definitions A 370.
Preferred sizes. For a complete list, refer to ANSI B 32.4M, Preferred Metric
Sizes for Round, Square, Rectangle, and Hexagon Metal Products. 6.3 Wrap Test:
C
The reduction of area test is not applicable to wire diameters under 2.34 mm.
6.3.1 Oil tempered or cold drawn wire 4.00 mm or 0.162 in.
and smaller in diameter shall wind on itself as an arbor without
breakage. Larger diameter wire up to and including 8.00 mm or
A
TABLE 2 Tensile Requirements, Inch-Pound Units
0.312 in. in diameter shall wrap without breakage on a mandrel
Tensile Strength, ksi Reduction of Area,
B twice the wire diameter. The wrap test is not applicable to wire
Diameter, in.
min, %
min max
over 8.00 mm or 0.312 in. in diameter.
C
0.020 300 325
6.3.2 Number of Tests—One test specimen shall be taken for
C
0.032 290 315
each ten coils, or fraction thereof, in a lot. Each cast or heat in
C
0.041 280 305
C
a given lot shall be tested.
0.054 270 295
C
0.062 265 290
6.3.3 Location of Test—Test specimens shall be taken from
C
0.080 255 275
either end of the coil.
0.105 245 265 45
6.3.4 Test Method—The wrap test shall be made in accor-
0.135 235 255 45
0.162 225 245 40
dance with Supplement IV of Test Methods and Definitions
0.192 220 240 40
A 370.
0.244 210 230 40
0.283 205 225 40
7. Metallurgical Properties
0.312 203 223 40
0.375 200 220 40
7.1 Surface Condition:
...