ASTM E1963-09
(Guide)Standard Guide for Conducting Terrestrial Plant Toxicity Tests
Standard Guide for Conducting Terrestrial Plant Toxicity Tests
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Terrestrial phytotoxicity tests are useful in assessing the effects of environmental samples or specific chemicals as a part of an ecological risk assessment (3-6, 12, 13).
Though inferences regarding higher-order ecological effects (population, community, or landscape) may be made from the results, these tests evaluate responses of individuals of one or more plant species to the test substance.
This guide is applicable for: ( a) establishing phytotoxicity of organic and inorganic substances; (b) determining the phytotoxicity of environmental samples; (c) determining the phytotoxicity of sludges and hazardous wastes, (d) assessing the impact of discharge of toxicants to land, and (e) assessing the effectiveness of remediation efforts.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers practices for conducting plant toxicity tests using terrestrial plant species to determine effects of test substances on plant growth and development. Specific test procedures are presented in accompanying annexes.
1.2 Terrestrial plants are vital components of ecological landscapes. The populations and communities of plants influence the distribution and abundance of wildlife. Obviously, plants are the central focus of agriculture, forestry, and rangelands. Toxicity tests conducted under the guidelines and annexes presented herein can provide critical information regarding the effects of chemicals on the establishment and maintenance of terrestrial plant communities.
1.3 Toxic substances that prevent or reduce seed germination can have immediate and large impacts to crops. In natural systems, many desired species may be sensitive, while other species are tolerant. Such selective pressure can result in changes in species diversity, population dynamics, and community structure that may be considered undesirable. Similarly, toxic substances may impair the growth and development of seedlings resulting in decreased plant populations, decreased competitive abilities, reduced reproductive capacity, and lowered crop yield. For the purposes of this guide, test substances include pesticides, industrial chemicals, sludges, metals or metalloids, and hazardous wastes that could be added to soil. It also includes environmental samples that may have had any of these test substances incorporated into soil.
1.4 Terrestrial plants range from annuals, capable of completing a life-cycle in as little as a few weeks, to long-lived perennials that grow and reproduce for several hundreds of years. Procedures to evaluate chemical effects on plants range from short-term measures of physiological responses (for example, chlorophyll fluorescence) to field studies of trees over several years. Research and development of standardized plant tests have emphasized three categories of tests: (1) short-term, physiological endpoints (that is, biomarkers); (2) short-term tests conducted during the early stages of plant growth with several endpoints related to survival, growth, and development; and ( 3) life-cycle toxicity tests that emphasize reproductive success.
1.5 This guide is arranged by sections as follows:
SectionTitle 1Scope 2Referenced Documents 3Terminology 4Summary of Phytotoxicity Tests 5Significance and Use 6Apparatus 7Test Material 8Hazards 9Test Organisms 10Sample Handling and Storage 11Calibration and Standardization 12Test Conditions 13Interference and Limitations 14Quality Assurance and Quality Control 15Calculations and Interpretation of Results 16Precision and Bias
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 8.
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Designation: E1963 − 09
StandardGuide for
1
Conducting Terrestrial Plant Toxicity Tests
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1963; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope tests conducted during the early stages of plant growth with
severalendpointsrelatedtosurvival,growth,anddevelopment;
1.1 Thisguidecoverspracticesforconductingplanttoxicity
and ( 3) life-cycle toxicity tests that emphasize reproductive
tests using terrestrial plant species to determine effects of test
success.
substances on plant growth and development. Specific test
procedures are presented in accompanying annexes. 1.5 This guide is arranged by sections as follows:
Section Title
1.2 Terrestrial plants are vital components of ecological
1 Scope
landscapes. The populations and communities of plants influ-
2 Referenced Documents
ence the distribution and abundance of wildlife. Obviously,
3 Terminology
4 Summary of Phytotoxicity Tests
plants are the central focus of agriculture, forestry, and range-
5 Significance and Use
lands. Toxicity tests conducted under the guidelines and
6 Apparatus
annexes presented herein can provide critical information 7 Test Material
8 Hazards
regarding the effects of chemicals on the establishment and
9 Test Organisms
maintenance of terrestrial plant communities.
10 Sample Handling and Storage
11 Calibration and Standardization
1.3 Toxic substances that prevent or reduce seed germina-
12 Test Conditions
tion can have immediate and large impacts to crops. In natural
13 Interference and Limitations
14 Quality Assurance and Quality Control
systems, many desired species may be sensitive, while other
15 Calculations and Interpretation of Results
species are tolerant. Such selective pressure can result in
16 Precision and Bias
changes in species diversity, population dynamics, and com-
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
munitystructurethatmaybeconsideredundesirable.Similarly,
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
toxic substances may impair the growth and development of
standard.
seedlings resulting in decreased plant populations, decreased
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
competitive abilities, reduced reproductive capacity, and low-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
ered crop yield. For the purposes of this guide, test substances
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
include pesticides, industrial chemicals, sludges, metals or
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
metalloids,andhazardouswastesthatcouldbeaddedtosoil.It
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-
also includes environmental samples that may have had any of
tionary statements are given in Section 8.
these test substances incorporated into soil.
1.4 Terrestrial plants range from annuals, capable of com-
2. Referenced Documents
pleting a life-cycle in as little as a few weeks, to long-lived
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
perennials that grow and reproduce for several hundreds of
D1193Specification for Reagent Water
years. Procedures to evaluate chemical effects on plants range
D4547Guide for Sampling Waste and Soils for Volatile
from short-term measures of physiological responses (for
Organic Compounds
example,chlorophyllfluorescence)tofieldstudiesoftreesover
D5633Practice for Sampling with a Scoop
several years. Research and development of standardized plant
E1598Practice for Conducting Early Seedling GrowthTests
tests have emphasized three categories of tests: (1) short-term,
3
(Withdrawn 2003)
physiological endpoints (that is, biomarkers); (2) short-term
E1733Guide for Use of Lighting in Laboratory Testing
1 2
ThisguideisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE50onEnvironmental For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Assessment, Risk Management and CorrectiveAction and is the direct responsibil- contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
ity of Subcommittee E50.47 on Biological Effects and Environmental Fate. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved March 1, 2009. Published March 2009. Originally the ASTM website.
3
published in 1998. Last previous edition published 2003 as E1963–03. DOI: The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
10.1520/E1963-09. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:E1963–02 Designation: E 1963 – 09
Standard Guide for
1
Conducting Terrestrial Plant Toxicity Tests
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1963; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide covers practices for conducting plant toxicity tests using terrestrial plant species to determine effects of test
substances on plant growth and development. Specific test procedures are presented in accompanying annexes.
1.2 Terrestrial plants are vital components of ecological landscapes. The populations and communities of plants influence the
distributionandabundanceofwildlife.Obviously,plantsarethecentralfocusofagriculture,forestry,andrangelands.Toxicitytests
conducted under the guidelines and annexes presented herein can provide critical information regarding the effects of chemicals
on the establishment and maintenance of terrestrial plant communities.
1.3 Toxicsubstancesthatpreventorreduceseedgerminationcanhaveimmediateandlargeimpactstocrops.Innaturalsystems,
many desired species may be sensitive, while other species are tolerant. Such selective pressure can result in changes in species
diversity, population dynamics, and community structure that may be considered undesirable. Similarly, toxic substances may
impair the growth and development of seedlings resulting in decreased plant populations, decreased competitive abilities, reduced
reproductive capacity, and lowered crop yield. For the purposes of this guide, test substances include pesticides, industrial
chemicals, sludges, metals or metalloids, and hazardous wastes that could be added to soil. It also includes environmental samples
that may have had any of these test substances incorporated into soil.
1.4 Terrestrial plants range from annuals, capable of completing a life-cycle in as little as a few weeks, to long-lived perennials
that grow and reproduce for several hundreds of years. Procedures to evaluate chemical effects on plants range from short-term
measures of physiological responses (for example, chlorophyll fluorescence) to field studies of trees over several years. Research
anddevelopmentofstandardizedplanttestshaveemphasizedthreecategoriesoftests:(1)short-term,physiologicalendpoints(that
is, biomarkers); (2) short-term tests conducted during the early stages of plant growth with several endpoints related to survival,
growth, and development; and ( 3) life-cycle toxicity tests that emphasize reproductive success.
1.5 This guide is arranged by sections as follows:
Section Title
1 Scope
2 Referenced Documents
3 Terminology
4 Summary of Phytotoxicity Tests
5 Significance and Use
6 Apparatus
7 Test Material
8 Hazards
9 Test Organisms
10 Sample Handling and Storage
11 Calibration and Standardization
12 Test Conditions
13 Interference and Limitations
14 Quality Assurance and Quality Control
15 Calculations and Interpretation of Results
16 Precision and Bias
1.6
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 8.
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E47 on Biological Effects and Environmental Fate and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E47.02 on
Terrestrial Assessment and Toxicology.
Current edition approved Dec. 10, 2002. Published April 2003. Originally published 1998. Last previous edition published 1998, as E 1963–98.
Current edition approved March 1, 2009. Published March 2009. Originally published in 1998. Last previous edition published 2003 as E 1963–03.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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E1963–09
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 1193 Specification for Reagent Water
D 4547 PracticeGuide for Sampling Waste and Soils for Volatile Organic Compounds
D 5633 Practice for Sampling with a Scoop
E 1598 Practice for Conducting Early Seedl
...
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