ASTM E1402-13
(Guide)Standard Guide for Sampling Design
Standard Guide for Sampling Design
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide describes the principal types of sampling designs and provides formulas for estimating population means and standard errors of the estimates. Practice E105 provides principles for designing probability sampling plans in relation to the objectives of study, costs, and practical constraints. Practice E122 aids in specifying the required sample size. Practice E141 describes conditions to ensure validity of the results of sampling. Further description of the designs and formulas in this guide, and beyond it, can be found in textbooks (1-10).3
4.2 Sampling, both discrete and bulk, is a clerical and physical operation. It generally involves training enumerators and technicians to use maps, directories and stop watches so as to locate designated sampling units. Once a sampling unit is located at its address, discrete sampling and area sampling enumeration proceeds to a measurement. For bulk sampling, material is extracted into a composite.
4.3 A sampling plan consists of instructions telling how to list addresses and how to select the addresses to be measured or extracted. A frame is a listing of addresses each of which is indexed by a single integer or by an n-tuple (several integer) number. The sampled population consists of all addresses in the frame that can actually be selected and measured. It is sometimes different from a targeted population that the user would have preferred to be covered.
4.4 A selection scheme designates which indexes constitute the sample. If certified random numbers completely control the selection scheme the sample is called a probability sample. Certified random numbers are those generated either from a table (for example, Ref (11)) that has been tested for equal digit frequencies and for serial independence, from a computer program that was checked to have a long cycle length, or from a random physical method such as tossing of a coin or a casino-quality spinner.
4.5 The objective of sampling is often to estimate...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide defines terms and introduces basic methods for probability sampling of discrete populations, areas, and bulk materials. It provides an overview of common probability sampling methods employed by users of ASTM standards.
1.2 Sampling may be done for the purpose of estimation, of comparison between parts of a sampled population, or for acceptance of lots. Sampling is also used for the purpose of auditing information obtained from complete enumeration of the population.
1.3 No system of units is specified in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E1402 − 13 An American National Standard
Standard Guide for
1
Sampling Design
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1402; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope actual delineation on the ground so that only the randomly
selected ones need to be exactly identified.
1.1 This guide defines terms and introduces basic methods
3.1.2 bulk sampling, n—sampling to prepare a portion of a
for probability sampling of discrete populations, areas, and
mass of material that is representative of the whole.
bulk materials. It provides an overview of common probability
sampling methods employed by users of ASTM standards.
3.1.3 cluster sampling, n—sampling in which the sampling
unit consists of a group of subunits, all of which are measured
1.2 Sampling may be done for the purpose of estimation, of
for sampled clusters.
comparison between parts of a sampled population, or for
acceptance of lots. Sampling is also used for the purpose of
3.1.4 frame, n—a list, compiled for sampling purposes,
auditing information obtained from complete enumeration of which designates all of the sampling units (items or groups) of
the population.
a population or universe to be considered in a specific study.
3.1.5 multi-stage sampling, n—sampling in which the
1.3 No system of units is specified in this standard.
sample is selected by stages, the sampling units at each stage
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
being selected from subunits of the larger sampling units
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use.
chosen at the previous stage.
3.1.5.1 Discussion—The sampling unit for the first stage is
2. Referenced Documents
the primary sampling unit. In multi-stage sampling, this unit is
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
further subdivided. The second stage unit is called the second-
D7430 Practice for Mechanical Sampling of Coal
ary sampling unit. A third stage unit is called a tertiary
E105 Practice for Probability Sampling of Materials
sampling unit. The final sample is the set of all last stage
E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,With
sampling units that are obtained.As an example of sampling a
Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a
lot of packaged product, the cartons of a lot could be the
Lot or Process
primary units, packages within the carton could be secondary
E141 Practice for Acceptance of Evidence Based on the
units, and items within the packages could be the third-stage
Results of Probability Sampling
units.
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
3.1.6 nested sampling, n—same as multi-stage sampling.
3. Terminology
3.1.7 primary sampling unit, PSU, n—the item, element,
increment, segment or cluster selected at the first stage of the
3.1 Definitions—For a more extensive list of statistical
selection procedure from a population or universe.
terms, refer to Terminology E456.
3.1.1 area sampling, n—probability sampling in which a
3.1.8 probability proportional to size sampling, PPS,
map, rather than a tabulation of sampling units, serves as the n—probability sampling in which the probabilities of selection
sampling frame.
of sampling units are proportional, or nearly proportional, to a
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Area sampling units are segments of quantity (the “size”) that is known for all sampling units.
land area and are listed by addresses on the frame prior to their
3.1.9 probability sample, n—a sample in which the sam-
pling units are selected by a chance process such that a
specified probability of selection can be attached to each
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E11 on Quality and
possible sample that can be selected.
Statistics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E11.10 on Sampling /
Statistics.
3.1.10 proportional sampling, n—a method of selection in
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2013. Published August 2013. Originally
ε1 stratified sampling such that the proportions of the sampling
approved in 2008. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as E1402 – 08 . DOI:
units(usually,PSUs)selectedforthesamplefromeachstratum
10.1520/E1402-13.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
are equal.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3.1.11 quota sampling, n—a method of selection similar to
Standards volumeinformation,refertothestandard’sDocumentSummarypageon
the ASTM website. stratified sampling in which the numbers of units to be selected
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: E1402 − 08 E1402 − 13 An American National Standard
Standard Guide for
1
Sampling Design
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1402; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
ε NOTE—Section 1.4 was editorially corrected in July 2010.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide defines terms and introduces basic methods for probability sampling of discrete populations, areas, and bulk
materials. It provides an overview of common probability sampling methods employed by users of ASTM standards.
1.2 Sampling may be done for the purpose of estimation, of comparison between parts of a sampled population, or for
acceptance of lots. Sampling is also used for the purpose of auditing information obtained from complete enumeration of the
population.
1.3 No system of units is specified in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D7430 Practice for Mechanical Sampling of Coal
E105 Practice for Probability Sampling of Materials
E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a Lot or
Process
E141 Practice for Acceptance of Evidence Based on the Results of Probability Sampling
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:Definitions
3.1.1 Terminology E456 contains a more extensive list of statistical terms.—For a more extensive list of statistical terms, refer
to Terminology E456.
3.1.1 area sampling, n—probability sampling in which a map, rather than a tabulation of sampling units, serves as the sampling
frame.
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E11 on Quality and Statistics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E11.10 on Sampling / Statistics.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2008Aug. 1, 2013. Published January 2009August 2013. Originally approved in 2008. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as E1402
ε1
– 08 . DOI: 10.1520/E1402-08.10.1520/E1402-13.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—
Area sampling units are segments of land area and are listed by addresses on the frame prior to their actual delineation on the
ground so that only the randomly selected ones need to be exactly identified.
3.1.2 bulk sampling, n—sampling to prepare a portion of a mass of material that is representative of the whole.
3.1.3 cluster sampling, n—sampling in which the sampling unit consists of a group of subunits, all of which are measured for
sampled clusters.
3.1.4 frame, n—a list, compiled for sampling purposes, which designates all of the sampling units (items or groups) of a
population or universe to be considered in a specific study.
3.1.5 multi-stage sampling, n—sampling in which the sample is selected by stages, the sampling units at each stage being
selected from subunits of the larger sampling units chosen at the previous stage.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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E1402 − 13
3.1.5.1 Discussion—
The sampling unit for the first stage is the primary sampling unit. In multi-stage sampling, this unit is further subdivided. The
second stage unit is called the secondary sampling unit. A third stage unit is called a tertiary sampling unit. The final sample is
the set of all last stage sampling units that are obtained. As an example of sampling a lot of packaged product, the cartons of a
lot could be the primary units, packages within the carton could be secondary units, and items within the packages could be the
third-stage units.
3.1.6 nested sampling, n—same as multi-stage sampling.
3.1.7 primary sampling unit, PSU, n—the item, element, increment, segment or cluster selected at the first stage of the selection
procedure from a population or universe.
3.1.8 probability proportional to size sampling, PPS, n—probability sampling in which the probabilities of selection of sampling
units are proportional, or nearly proportion
...
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