ASTM D7659-21

Standard Guide for Strategies for Surface Sampling of Metals and Metalloids for Worker Protection

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide describes approaches which can be used to determine surface sampling strategies before any actual surface sampling occurs. The strategy selection process needs to consider a number of factors, including, but not limited to, purpose for sampling, fitness of the sampling strategy for that purpose, data quality objectives and how the data will be used, ability to execute the selected strategy, and ability of the analytical laboratory (fixed-site or in-field) to analyze the samples once they are collected.  
4.2 For the purposes of sampling, and for the materials sampled, surface sampling strategies are matters of choice. Workplace sampling may be performed for single or multiple purposes. Conflicts may arise when a single sampling strategy is expected to satisfy multiple purposes.  
4.2.1 Limitations of cost, space, power requirements, equipment, personnel, and analytical methods need to be considered to arrive at an optimum strategy for each purpose.  
4.2.2 A strategy intended to satisfy multiple purposes will typically be a compromise among several alternatives, and will typically not be optimal for any one purpose.  
4.2.3 The purpose or purposes for sampling should be explicitly stated before a sampling strategy is selected. Good practice, regulatory and legal requirements, cost of the sampling program, and the usefulness of the results may be markedly different for different purposes of sampling.  
4.3 This guide is intended for those who are preparing to evaluate a workplace environment by collecting samples of metals or metalloids on surfaces, or who wish to obtain an understanding of what information can be obtained by such sampling.  
4.4 This guide cannot take the place of sound professional judgment in development and execution of any sampling strategy. In most instances, a strategy based on a standard practice or method will need to be adjusted due to conditions encountered in the field. Documentation of any professional judgments appl...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides criteria to be used in defining strategies for sampling for metals and metalloids on surfaces for workplace health and safety monitoring or evaluation.  
1.2 Guidance provided by this standard is intended for sampling of metals and metalloids on surfaces for subsequent analysis using methods such as atomic spectrometry, mass spectrometry, X-ray fluorescence, or molecular fluorescence. Guidance for evaluation of data after sample analysis is included.  
1.3 Sampling for volatile organometallic species (for example, trimethyl tin) is not within the scope of this guide.  
1.4 Sampling to determine levels of metals or metalloids on the skin is not within the scope of this guide.  
1.5 Sampling for airborne particulate matter is not within the scope of this guide. Guide E1370 provides information on air sampling strategies.  
1.6 Where surface sampling is prescribed by law or regulation, this guide is not intended to take the place of any requirements that may be specified in such law or regulation.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 31-Aug-2021
• ICS: 13.040.30 - Workplace atmospheres
• Technical Committee: D22 - Air Quality
• Drafting Committee: D22.04 - Workplace Air Quality

Relations

• Refers: ASTM E1792-24 - Standard Specification for Wipe Sampling Materials for Lead in Surface Dust
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2024
• Refers: ASTM E1728/E1728M-24 - Standard Practice for Collection of Settled Dust Samples Using Wipe Sampling Methods for Subsequent Lead Determination
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2024
• Refers: ASTM E3193-23 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Lead (Pb) by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (FAAS)
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2023
• Refers: ASTM E1402-13(2023) - Standard Guide for Sampling Design
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2023
• Refers: ASTM D5438-23 - Standard Practice for Collection of Floor Dust for Chemical Analysis
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2023
• Refers: ASTM D7440-23 - Standard Practice for Characterizing Uncertainty in Air Quality Measurements
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2023
• Refers: ASTM D1356-20a - Standard Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2020
• Refers: ASTM D1356-20 - Standard Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
• Effective Date: 15-Mar-2020
• Refers: ASTM E1542-20 - Standard Terminology Relating to Occupational Health and Safety
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2020
• Refers: ASTM E1728/E1728M-20 - Standard Practice for Collection of Settled Dust Samples Using Wipe Sampling Methods for Subsequent Lead Determination
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2020
• Refers: ASTM E3203-19 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Lead in Dried Paint, Soil, and Wipe Samples by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES)
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2019
• Refers: ASTM D6620-19 - Standard Practice for Asbestos Detection Limit Based on Counts
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2019
• Refers: ASTM E3193-19 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Lead (Pb) in Dust by Wipe, Paint, and Soil by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (FAAS)
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2019
• Refers: ASTM D7822-18 - Standard Practice for Dermal Wipe Sampling for the Subsequent Determination of Metals and Metalloids
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2018
• Refers: ASTM D6966-18 - Standard Practice for Collection of Settled Dust Samples Using Wipe Sampling Methods for Subsequent Determination of Metals
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2018

Overview

ASTM D7659-21 is a comprehensive standard guide developed by ASTM International that outlines strategies for surface sampling of metals and metalloids to support worker protection. This guide is crucial for professionals engaged in workplace health and safety, providing criteria for planning and executing surface sampling to evaluate environmental conditions. By defining appropriate sampling strategies before conducting actual sampling, the standard ensures that collected data is both reliable and actionable, ultimately supporting exposure assessment, compliance, and risk management in occupational settings.

Key Topics

• Developing Sampling Strategies: Selection of surface sampling approaches should consider objectives, data quality needs, resource availability, and laboratory capabilities. The explicit purpose of sampling must be stated to choose a suitable strategy.
• Purposes of Surface Sampling: Sampling may address hazard identification, epidemiological assessment, facility characterization, housekeeping effectiveness, engineering control evaluation, regulatory compliance, and more. Often, a compromise is necessary when a single strategy is intended to meet multiple objectives.
• Sampling Plan Considerations: Effective planning involves weighing cost, equipment, personnel, and analytical method constraints. A well-documented plan with clear quality assurance measures is vital for successful data collection and later evaluation.
• Sample Collection and Analysis: The guide addresses choosing suitable surface types, sample media, and analytical techniques (such as atomic spectrometry, mass spectrometry, or X-ray fluorescence), ensuring compatibility between sampling media and analytical methods.
• Data Evaluation: It provides guidance for evaluating sample data, touching on data quality indicators like representativeness, precision, and completeness, as well as the need for both descriptive and inferential statistical analysis to drive decision-making.

Applications

ASTM D7659-21 applies across a range of industries and workplace environments where hazards from deposited metals and metalloids exist. Its uses include:

• Occupational Hygiene and Worker Protection: Establishing surface contamination levels to inform risk assessments, drive targeted health interventions, and improve workplace processes.
• Industrial Hygiene Surveys: Planning routine or incident-driven surface sampling campaigns to assess potential worker exposure to hazardous metals and metalloids in manufacturing, mining, and processing facilities.
• Compliance with Health Regulations: Supporting efforts to meet OSHA, EPA, or other regional requirements for controlling worker exposure to hazardous substances.
• Quality Assurance in Safety Programs: Documenting surface cleanliness and verifying the effectiveness of engineering controls, housekeeping practices, and decontamination processes.
• Training and Education: Demonstrating safe practices, emphasizing the significance of exposure control measures, and responding to stakeholder concerns or complaints.

Related Standards

Professionals referencing ASTM D7659-21 will benefit from familiarity with related standards and practices used in workplace safety and analytical testing:

• ASTM D1356 - Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
• ASTM D5438 - Practice for Collection of Floor Dust for Chemical Analysis
• ASTM D6966 - Practice for Collection of Settled Dust Samples Using Wipe Sampling Methods
• ASTM D7144 - Practice for Collection of Surface Dust by Micro-vacuum Sampling
• ASTM E1370 - Guide for Air Sampling Strategies for Worker and Workplace Protection
• ISO/IEC 17025 - General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories

This network of standards supports robust, integrated programs for workplace health, safety, and compliance. For those tasked with occupational exposure assessment, understanding and using these linked documents ensures the highest levels of data integrity and worker protection.

Keywords: ASTM D7659-21, workplace health and safety, surface sampling, metals and metalloids, worker protection, occupational hygiene, exposure assessment, industrial hygiene, contamination control, analytical methods, compliance standards.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D7659 − 21
Standard Guide for
Strategies for Surface Sampling of Metals and Metalloids for
Worker Protection
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7659; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This guide provides criteria to be used in defining 2.1 ASTM Standards:
strategies for sampling for metals and metalloids on surfaces D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of
for workplace health and safety monitoring or evaluation. Atmospheres
D3670 Guide for Determination of Precision and Bias of
1.2 Guidance provided by this standard is intended for
Methods of Committee D22
sampling of metals and metalloids on surfaces for subsequent
D5438 Practice for Collection of Floor Dust for Chemical
analysis using methods such as atomic spectrometry, mass
Analysis
spectrometry, X-ray fluorescence, or molecular fluorescence.
D6399 Guide for Selecting Instruments and Methods for
Guidance for evaluation of data after sample analysis is
Measuring Air Quality in Aircraft Cabins
included.
D6620 Practice for Asbestos Detection Limit Based on
1.3 Sampling for volatile organometallic species (for
Counts
example, trimethyl tin) is not within the scope of this guide.
D6966 Practice for Collection of Settled Dust Samples
Using Wipe Sampling Methods for Subsequent Determi-
1.4 Sampling to determine levels of metals or metalloids on
the skin is not within the scope of this guide. nation of Metals
D7035 Test Method for Determination of Metals and Met-
1.5 Sampling for airborne particulate matter is not within
alloids in Airborne Particulate Matter by Inductively
the scope of this guide. Guide E1370 provides information on
Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-
air sampling strategies.
AES)
1.6 Where surface sampling is prescribed by law or
D7144 Practice for Collection of Surface Dust by Micro-
regulation, this guide is not intended to take the place of any
vacuum Sampling for Subsequent Determination of Met-
requirements that may be specified in such law or regulation.
als and Metalloids
D7202 Test Method for Determination of Beryllium in the
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
Workplace by Extraction and Optical Fluorescence Detec-
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
tion
standard.
D7296 Practice for Collection of Settled Dust Samples
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Using Dry Wipe Sampling Methods for Subsequent De-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
termination of Beryllium and Compounds
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
D7439 Test Method for Determination of Elements in Air-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
borne Particulate Matter by Inductively Coupled Plasma-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
–Mass Spectrometry
1.9 This international standard was developed in accor-
D7440 Practice for Characterizing Uncertainty in Air Qual-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ity Measurements
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
D7822 Practice for Dermal Wipe Sampling for the Subse-
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
quent Determination of Metals and Metalloids
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
E1216 Practice for Sampling for Particulate Contamination
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
by Tape Lift
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air Quality
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.04 on WorkplaceAir Quality. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2021. Published October 2021. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2010. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D7659 – 10 (2015). Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/D7659-21. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D7659 − 21
E1370 Guide for Air Sampling Strategies for Worker and to measure accurately an analyte, both qualitatively and
Workplace Protection quantitatively. (1)
E1402 Guide for Sampling Design 3.3.3.1 Discussion—Important factors in determining ana-
E1542 Terminology Relating to Occupational Health and lytical specificity include freedom from interference by other
Safety components, and good precision and accuracy.
E1613 Test Method for Determination of Lead by Induc-
3.3.4 confidence interval—range of values that has a speci-
tively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry
fied probability of including the true value of the parameter(s)
(ICP-AES), Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
of an underlying distribution. (2)
(FAAS), or Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spec-
3.3.5 data quality objectives (DQOs)—qualitativeandquan-
trometry (GFAAS) Techniques (Withdrawn 2021)
titative statements of the overall level of uncertainty that a
E1728/E1728M Practice for Collection of Settled Dust
decision maker is willing to accept in results or decisions
Samples Using Wipe Sampling Methods for Subsequent
derived from environmental data. D6399
Lead Determination
3.3.5.1 Discussion—Minimum DQOs include method de-
E1792 Specification for Wipe Sampling Materials for Lead
tection limit, precision, and bias.
in Surface Dust
3.3.6 decision value—a numerical value used as a boundary
E2271 Practice for Clearance Examinations Following Lead
in a statistical test to decide between the null hypothesis and
Hazard Reduction Activities in Multifamily Dwellings
the alternative hypothesis. D6620
E3193 Test Method for Measurement of Lead (Pb) in Dust
by Wipe, Paint, and Soil by Flame Atomic Absorption
3.3.7 descriptive statistics—simple metrics of a sample
Spectrophotometry (FAAS)
distribution’s characteristics such as central tendency (for
E3203 Test Method for Determination of Lead in Dried
example, mean, median) and dispersion (for example, standard
Paint, Soil, and Wipe Samples by Inductively Coupled
2)
deviation, variance, range). (
Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES)
3.3.7.1 Discussion—Additional examples are the number of
samples and the actual fraction of samples above a decision
2.2 ISO and European Standards:
value or an OELV.
ISO TR 14294 Workplace atmospheres — Measurement of
dermal exposure — Principles and methods
3.3.8 inferential statistics—parameters used to make esti-
ISO/IEC 17025 General requirements for the competence of
mates about a distribution and underlying population. (2)
testing and calibration laboratories
3.3.9 occupational exposure limit value (OELV)—limit of
ISO 18158 Workplace air — Terminology
the time-weighted average of the concentration of a chemical
2.3 Other Documents: agent in the air within the breathing zone of a worker in
40 CFR 745 Lead-Based Paint Poisoning Prevention in Cer- relation to a specified reference period. ISO 18158
tain Residential Structures 3.3.9.1 Discussion—The term “limit value” is often used as
a synonym for “occupational exposure limit value” but the
3. Terminology term “occupational exposure limit value” is preferred because
thereismorethanonelimitvalue(forexample,biologicallimit
3.1 For definitions of terms relating to occupational health
value and occupational exposure limit value).
and safety, see Terminology E1542.
3.3.9.2 Discussion—As used in this guide, examples of
3.2 For definitions of terms relating to sampling and analy-
OELVs include occupational exposure limits established by
sis of atmospheres, see Terminology D1356.
regulation, or Threshold Limit Values established by the
3.3 Definitions: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
(3). This should not be confused with analytical limits, such as
3.3.1 analyte—designated chemical species to be measured
by a monitor or to be identified and quantified by an analyzer. method detection limit, as defined in Terminology D1356.
D6399
3.3.10 non-parametric statistical inference—evaluation of a
3.3.2 analytical sensitivity—ability of an analytical method data set using statistical procedures whose validity do not
to detect small amounts of, or small changes in the amount of, depend on assuming a specified underlying distribution.
the analyte of interest. (1)
3.3.11 parametric statistical inference—evaluation of a data
3.3.3 analytical specificity—ability of an analytical method
set based on assuming a specified underlying statistical model,
to respond uniquely to the analyte of interest; that is, its ability such as normal or lognormal distributions.
3.3.12 professional judgment—application and appropriate
use of knowledge gained from formal education, experience,
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on experimentation, inference, and analogy. The capacity of an
www.astm.org.
experienced professional to draw correct inferences from
Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
incomplete quantitative data, frequently on the basis of
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
observations, analogy, and intuition. (2)
AvailablefromU.S.GovernmentPrintingOfficeSuperintendentofDocuments,
732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http://
3.3.13 reporting limit—value at which reported data are
www.access.gpo.gov.
6 censored.
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of
this standard. 3.3.13.1 Discussion—Values below the reporting limit are
D7659 − 21
typicallyreportedasbeinglessthanthereportinglimit,suchas Workplace sampling may be performed for single or multiple
“ such as “RL (U)”. (4) is expected to satisfy multiple purposes.
4.2.1 Limitations of cost, space, power requirements,
3.3.14 representative surface—a surface that is taken to be
equipment, personnel, and analytical methods need to be
typical of surface(s) at a given sampling location.
considered to arrive at an optimum strategy for each purpose.
3.3.14.1 Discussion—A representative surface may be es-
4.2.2 A strategy intended to satisfy multiple purposes will
tablished as a result of directed sampling (see 7.3.1) or random
typically be a compromise among several alternatives, and will
sampling (see 7.3.2). Thus, “representative” should not be
typically not be optimal for any one purpose.
confused with “random.”
4.2.3 The purpose or purposes for sampling should be
3.3.15 sampling location—a specific area within a sampling
explicitly stated before a sampling strategy is selected. Good
site that is subjected to sample collection.
practice, regulatory and legal requirements, cost of the sam-
E1728/E1728M/D6966
pling program, and the usefulness of the results may be
3.3.15.1 Discussion—Multiple sampling locations are com-
markedly different for different purposes of sampling.
monly designated for a single sampling site (see 3.3.16).
4.3 This guide is intended for those who are preparing to
3.3.16 sampling site—a local geographic area that contains
evaluate a workplace environment by collecting samples of
the sampling locations (see 3.3.16). E1728/E1728M/D6966
metals or metalloids on surfaces, or who wish to obtain an
3.3.16.1 Discussion—Asampling site is generally limited to
understanding of what information can be obtained by such
an area that is easily covered by walking.
sampling.
3.3.17 stratified sampling—sampling in which the popula-
4.4 This guide cannot take the place of sound professional
tion to be sampled is first divided into mutually exclusive
judgment in development and execution of any sampling
subsets or strata, and independent samples taken within each
strategy. In most instances, a strategy based on a standard
stratum. E1402
practice or method will need to be adjusted due to conditions
3.3.18 Type I error—selection, based on a statistical test, of
encountered in the field. Documentation of any professional
the alternative hypothesis over the null hypothesis when the
judgments applied to development or execution of a sampling
null hypothesis is, in fact, true; a false positive outcome of a
strategy is essential.
statistical test. D6620
4.5 This guide should not be used as a stand-alone docu-
3.3.19 Type II error—selection, based on a statistical test, of
ment to evaluate any given contaminant or chemical species.
the null hypothesis over the alternative hypothesis when the
4.6 The surface sampling techniques described in this guide
alternative hypothesis is, in fact, true; a false negative outcome
are intended for the determination of metals and metalloids on
of a statistical test. D6620
surfaces, or for the determination of loadings of embedded
3.3.20 upper tolerance limit (UTL)—– upper confidence
metallic residues in surface coverings. These techniques may
limit (with specified confidence level) for a percentile of a
not accurately reflect the transferability or bioavailability of
distribution. (2)
such residues by way of dermal contact or inhalation of
3.3.20.1 Discussion—The UTL is the value below which a
resuspended respirable dust.
specified fraction of the population will be found, with a
specifiedlevelofconfidence.Forexample,theUTL is
5. Surface Sampling—General
95 %, 95 %
thevalueforwhichonewouldhave95 %confidencethat95 %
5.1 Surface sampling results are one of many sources of
of the population is below the UTL.
information about health and safety conditions in a workplace.
3.3.21 wipe sample—sample collected by wiping a repre-
Informationobtainedfromsurfacesamplingshouldnotbeused
sentative surface of known area, as determined by Practice
to the exclusion of other information. Additional sources of
E1728/E1728M, or equivalent method, with an acceptable
information may, as applicable, include air sampling, bioassay
wipe material as defined in Specification E1792.
and biomonitoring results, clinical observations, quality and
40 CFR 745.63, (5)
process control data, records of facility operations, and mate-
rial balance studies.
4. Significance and Use
5.2 Agreement among separately obtained sources of infor-
4.1 This guide describes approaches which can be used to
mation should increase confidence in the interpretation of
determinesurfacesamplingstrategiesbeforeanyactualsurface
workplace hazard assessments. Disagreement should be cause
sampling occurs. The strategy selection process needs to
for concern, and should result in efforts to determine why the
consider a number of factors, including, but not limited to,
disagreement occurred.
purpose for sampling, fitness of the sampling strategy for that
5.3 The factors discussed in Sections 6 through 10 of this
purpose, data quality objectives and how the data will be used,
guide are interdependent and may need to be applied in an
ability to execute the selected strategy, and ability of the
iterative fashion to develop an optimum strategy.
analytical laboratory (fixed-site or in-field) to analyze the
samples once they are collected. 6. Purposes for Surface Sampling
4.2 For the purposes of sampling, and for the materials 6.1 GeneralConsiderations—Purposesforsurfacesampling
sampled, surface sampling strategies are matters of choice. are based on the following general considerations:
D7659 − 21
6.1.1 Drivers for sampling; that is, the “why” for perform- 6.2.9 Compliance with Regulations and Standards—
ing the sampling campaign. Generally, the “why” should fall Measurements required to satisfy regulatory or legal
into one of the following three areas: requirements,suchas40CFR745,ortodetermineifexposures
6.1.1.1 Health impact, or evaluation of the potential health in the workplace are below occupational exposure limits.
risk from the contaminant or chemical species. 6.2.10 Source Identification—Determination of the contri-
6.1.1.2 Hazard management, or evaluation of the source of bution from each of many potential sources to the presence of
analyte(s) of interest, based on the unique characteristics of
the contaminant or chemical species, extent of exposure area,
and effectiveness of controls. each of the analyte(s).
6.1.1.3 Hazard compliance, or evaluation of compliance 6.2.11 Education and Training—Sampling used to educate
workers in the importance of sound control practices (for
against regulations or policies.
6.1.2 Goals for the sampling campaign, which are based on example, engineering controls, personal protective equipment,
good housekeeping).
how the data will be used.
6.2.12 Investigation of Complaints—Resolution of concerns
6.1.3 Data quality objectives, which define how well the
expressed by workers, management, or other stakeholders.
collection and analysis of the samples must be performed.
6.1.4 Available resources to conduct the sampling
7. Development of Surface Sampling Plans
campaign, laboratory analyses, and data evaluation.
6.2 Examples—The following are examples of purposes for 7.1 General Considerations:
surface sampling based on the general considerations in 6.1: 7.1.1 Sampling plans should be fit for the intended purpose
or purposes. In general, this means that the outcome of the
6.2.1 Hazard Identification and Evaluation—Estimation of
one or both of the expected, or maximum, concentrations of sampling campaign will be a set of data that meets data quality
objectives and can be evaluated to provide the intended
analyte(s) of interest in the workplace. The information ob-
information. The intended purpose or purposes should be
tained is used to evaluate risk, recommend worker protection
explicitly stated before evaluating sampling options or select-
requirements and to assess the probability of sensitization or
ing a sampling strategy.
hypersensitivity reactions.
7.1.2 Consideration should be given to the expected means
6.2.2 Exposure Assessment for Epidemiology—Collection
of a data base for performing epidemiological studies, when by which the material being sampled was deposited on the
surface or surfaces being sampled, as this can impact the
the existence of a health hazard is known or postulated. It is
focused on categories of workers, rather than on an individual selected sampling strategy and methods. Conversely, the dis-
tribution and level of a material on surfaces may provide
worker,andrequires,withinlimitationssuchasthosedescribed
in 7.1.4, the use of instruments and methods that offer the information on how the material deposition occurred. Addi-
tional guidance on surface deposition mechanisms is provided
lowest available analytical reporting limits.
in Appendix X2.
6.2.3 Facility Characterization—Determination of the lev-
7.1.3 Principles of good practice, as well as applicable
els of one or more analyte(s) of interest within a facility at an
regulatory or legal requirements, should be considered and
initial or baseline point, during or after process operations, or
addressed during development of the sampling plan.
as part of facility decommissioning.
7.1.4 Limitations of the sampling plan should be considered
6.2.4 Housekeeping—Determination of the effectiveness of
housekeeping actions. Typically, wipe samples are collected and addressed. These include, but may not be limited to, the
following:
bothbeforeandafterthecleaningprocedureusedwaseffective
in removing the analyte(s) of interest. 7.1.4.1 ability to collect samples at desired sampling loca-
6.2.5 Selection of Engineering controls—Determination, for tions;
7.1.4.2 resource limitations such as time, cost, equipment,
analyte(s) of interest that are not totally contained, the collec-
tion or capture efficiencies of control devices necessary to or trained personnel;
bring specific contaminant concentrations below applicable 7.1.4.3 ability of the analytical laboratory to detect and
limits at specific sampling locations, and evaluation of spill report the analyte(s) of interest in the given sample matrix,
clean-up procedure effectiveness. with the required data quality objectives at the anticipated
analyte concentration(s); and
6.2.6 Evaluation of Engineering Controls—Measurement of
the quantities of analyte(s) of interest passing or escaping from 7.1.4.4 ability to evaluate the data, especially from a statis-
a control device due to leaks, wear, damage, inadequate tical perspective.
maintenance, overloading, or accidents. 7.1.5 Due to one or more of the limitations described in
6.2.7 Evaluation of Exposure Pathways—Measurements 7.1.4, it may be necessary to develop a single sampling plan
used as part of an evaluation of the potential contribution of an intended to accomplish multiple purposes (see 6.2). When this
analyte of interest on surfaces to worker exposure. Appendix is the case, conflicts may emerge with one or more of the
X1 contains additional information on exposure pathways and criteria given in 7.2 through 7.5, and compromises will
mass transport processes. typically be required to optimize the overall sampling strategy.
When this occurs, the resulting strategy may not be optimal for
6.2.8 Selection of Personal Protective Equipment—
Determination of equirements for personal protective equip- any one purpose.
ment in order for a worker to safely inhabit a contaminated or 7.1.6 Whethertocollectasinglesample,orasetofsamples,
potentially contaminated area for a specific period of time. is a key decision. Collection of a set of samples, rather than a
D7659 − 21
single sample, is normally recommended for proper data the need to sample at the sampling locations likely to have the
evaluation. A set of samples, rather than a single sample, is highest levels of the analyte(s) of interest.
normally required in the following instances:
7.3.2 Random sampling is most appropriate when perform-
ing initial evaluations of analyte(s) of interest in an area or
7.1.6.1 When a comparison of “hot spots” to background
locations is needed; building, or when performing basic research. Use of commer-
cially available software may provide valuable assistance in
7.1.6.2 When required to meet regulatory requirements, for
establishing random sampling locations. Additional guidance
example, surface cleanliness;
on random sampling is found in Practice E2271.
7.1.6.3 When a statistical evaluation of the data is needed.
7.3.3 A combination of directed and random approaches,
7.1.7 The following are examples of when a single sample
such as stratified sampling, may be appropriate in some
may be appropriate:
instances, based on prior knowledge and professional judg-
7.1.7.1 When physical limitations, such as collecting a
ment.
sample on a small item or accessibility limitations, prevent the
7.3.4 Samples taken for the purpose of regulatory compli-
collection of multiple samples.
ance should use the rules of good practice to the maximum
7.1.7.2 When multiple operations are being performed si-
extent possible while complying with all applicable regulatory
multaneously; in this instance, it may not be possible to collect
requirements.
more than one sample per operation.
7.1.8 In cases where sampling is performed in response to
7.4 What to Sample:
an emergency or other urgent situation, the sampling plan
7.4.1 For most purposes, sampling should be performed for
typically will be based primarily on professional judgment,
the analyte(s) of interest.
since planning time is at a minimum.
7.4.2 In some cases, such as source identification, selection
7.1.9 The sampling plan should include appropriate quality
ofengineeringcontrols,andevaluationofengineeringcontrols,
assurance measures that will provide documentation, through- a marker material other than the analyte(s) of interest may be
out the sampling event and subsequent collection and evalua-
sampled with greater ease or sensitivity, or both, as long as the
tion of data from the samples, that appropriate quality stan- marker material concentration is proportional to the source
dards have been met.
strength of the analyte(s) of interest.
7.1.10 Documentation of how the sampling plan was devel-
7.5 When to Sample:
oped is of great benefit in the event that issues arise in
7.5.1 Sampling should be performed when required by
collecting or analyzing the samples, or in evaluating the data.
applicable regulations or policies.
Considerations include, for example, whether the sampling
7.5.2 Sampling should be performed when there is a prob-
plan was statistically based, and whether sampling was
ability that one or more individuals may be exposed to
random, stratified, or a combination of both. Additional guid-
significant concentrations of a hazardous material in the settled
ance is provided in Appendix X3.
particulate matter.
7.2 Number of Samples to Collect:
7.5.3 Sampling should be performed when it is desired to
7.2.1 When collecting a set of samples, the number of determine the effectiveness of housekeeping practices; that is,
samples to collect is critical. The limitations cited in 7.1.2
whether cleaning processes are effective. In this instance,
through 7.1.5 often affect the number of samples collected. sampling both before and after the cleaning activities would
However, these limitations must be balanced against the need
normally be performed.
to collect a statistically valid number of samples. The number
7.5.4 Frequency of sampling should consider the type of
of samples to be collected should typically be the minimum
operation involved. This may include one or more of the
number required to accomplish the intended purpose(s) for
following:
sampling.
7.5.4.1 Repetitive Operations, such as production lines,
7.2.2 In general, use of a parametric statistical inference is
where the same, or very similar, operation or cycle of opera-
preferred over a non-parametric statistical inference. However,
tions is carried out day after day.
when a large proportion of the samples are expected to be
7.5.4.2 Non-repetitive or Irregular Operations, such as
below the laboratory’s reporting limit, a non-parametric statis-
maintenance or research, where each operation is essentially
tical inference, which typically calls for larger sample sets,
unique.
may be required (6).
7.5.4.3 Enclosed Operations or Processes, whether routine
7.2.3 Forsituationswhereonlyalimitednumberofsamples
or unusual, where there is little or no human contact with the
can be collected, and there is some prior knowledge to which
analyte(s) of interest unless a leak or spill occurs.
professional judgment can be applied, techniques such as
Bayesian Decision Analysis (2) may be considered.
8. Selection of Surface Sampling Methods
7.2.4 Additional guidance is provided in Guide E1402.
8.1 The following factors must be considered in the selec-
7.3 Where to Sample:
tion of an appropriate surface sampling method:
7.3.1 Directed sampling is most appropriate for situations 8.1.1 Nature of surface being sampled, including whether
such as, for example, exposure estimation or selection of the surface is smooth, rough, porous, fragile, or hard. Some
engineering controls. Such sampling may be based on profes- surfaces, such as carpets and cloth upholstery, cannot be
sional judgment, the need for a representative sampling set, or properly sampled using wipe sampling techniques.
D7659 − 21
8.1.2 Amount of settled dust on the surface. Substantial should not be allowed to spill onto, or contaminate, a
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D7659 − 10 (Reapproved 2015) D7659 − 21
Standard Guide for
Strategies for Surface Sampling of Metals and Metalloids for
Worker Protection
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7659; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide provides criteria to be used in defining strategies for sampling for metals and metalloids on surfaces for workplace
health and safety monitoring or evaluation.
1.2 Guidance provided by this standard is intended for sampling of metals and metalloids on surfaces for subsequent analysis using
methods such as atomic spectrometry, mass spectrometry, X-ray fluorescence, or molecular fluorescence. Guidance for evaluation
of data after sample analysis is included.
1.3 Sampling for volatile organometallic species (for example, trimethyl tin) is not within the scope of this guide.
1.4 Sampling to determine levels of metals or metalloids on the skin is not within the scope of this guide.
1.5 Sampling for airborne particulate matter is not within the scope of this guide. Guide E1370 provides information on air
sampling strategies.
1.6 Where surface sampling is prescribed by law or regulation, this guide is not intended to take the place of any requirements
that may be specified in such law or regulation.
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air Quality and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.04 on Workplace Air Quality.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2015Sept. 1, 2021. Published October 2015October 2021. Originally approved in 2010. Last previous edition approved in 20102015 as
D7659 – 10. 10 (2015). DOI: 10.1520/D7659-10R15.10.1520/D7659-21.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D7659 − 21
D3670 Guide for Determination of Precision and Bias of Methods of Committee D22
D5438 Practice for Collection of Floor Dust for Chemical Analysis
D6399 Guide for Selecting Instruments and Methods for Measuring Air Quality in Aircraft Cabins
D6620 Practice for Asbestos Detection Limit Based on Counts
D6966 Practice for Collection of Settled Dust Samples Using Wipe Sampling Methods for Subsequent Determination of Metals
D7035 Test Method for Determination of Metals and Metalloids in Airborne Particulate Matter by Inductively Coupled Plasma
Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES)
D7144 Practice for Collection of Surface Dust by Micro-vacuum Sampling for Subsequent Determination of Metals and
Metalloids
D7202 Test Method for Determination of Beryllium in the Workplace by Extraction and Optical Fluorescence Detection
D7296 Practice for Collection of Settled Dust Samples Using Dry Wipe Sampling Methods for Subsequent Determination of
Beryllium and Compounds
D7439 Test Method for Determination of Elements in Airborne Particulate Matter by Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass
Spectrometry
D7440 Practice for Characterizing Uncertainty in Air Quality Measurements
D7822 Practice for Dermal Wipe Sampling for the Subsequent Determination of Metals and Metalloids
E1216 Practice for Sampling for Particulate Contamination by Tape Lift
E1370 Guide for Air Sampling Strategies for Worker and Workplace Protection
E1402 Guide for Sampling Design
E1542 Terminology Relating to Occupational Health and Safety
E1605 Terminology Relating to Lead in Buildings
E1613 Test Method for Determination of Lead by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES),
Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS), or Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GFAAS) Techniques
(Withdrawn 2021)
E1728E1728/E1728M Practice for Collection of Settled Dust Samples Using Wipe Sampling Methods for Subsequent Lead
Determination
E1792 Specification for Wipe Sampling Materials for Lead in Surface Dust
E2271 Practice for Clearance Examinations Following Lead Hazard Reduction Activities in Multifamily Dwellings
E3193 Test Method for Measurement of Lead (Pb) in Dust by Wipe, Paint, and Soil by Flame Atomic Absorption
Spectrophotometry (FAAS)
E3203 Test Method for Determination of Lead in Dried Paint, Soil, and Wipe Samples by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical
Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES)
2.2 ISO and European Standards:
EN 1540ISO TR 14294 Workplace Atmospheres—Terminology Flasksatmospheres — Measurement of dermal exposure —
Principles and methods
ISO/IEC 17025 General Requirementsrequirements for the Competencecompetence of Testingtesting and Calibration Labora-
toriescalibration laboratories
ISO TR 14294ISO 18158 Workplace Atmospheres—Measurement of dermal exposure–Principles and methodsair — Terminol-
ogy
2.3 Other Documents:
40 CFR 745 Lead-Based Paint Poisoning Prevention in Certain Residential Structures
3. Terminology
3.1 For definitions of terms relating to occupational health and safety, see Terminology E1542.
3.2 For definitions of terms relating to sampling and analysis of atmospheres, see Terminology D1356.
3.3 Definitions:
3.3.1 analyte—designated chemical species to be measured by a monitor or to be identified and quantified by an analyzer. D6399
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http://
www.access.gpo.gov.
D7659 − 21
3.3.2 analytical sensitivity—ability of an analytical method to detect small amounts of, or small changes in the amount of, the
analyte of interest. (1)
3.3.3 analytical specificity—ability of an analytical method to respond uniquely to the analyte of interest; that is, its ability to
measure accurately an analyte, both qualitatively and quantitatively. (1)
3.3.3.1 Discussion—
Important factors in determining analytical specificity include freedom from interference by other components, and good precision
and accuracy.
3.3.4 confidence interval—range of values that has a specified probability of including the true value of the parameter(s) of an
underlying distribution. (2)
3.3.5 data quality objectives (DQOs)—qualitative and quantitative statements of the overall level of uncertainty that a decision
maker is willing to accept in results or decisions derived from environmental data. D6399
3.3.5.1 Discussion—
Minimum DQOs include method detection limit, precision, and bias.
3.3.6 decision value—a numerical value used as a boundary in a statistical test to decide between the null hypothesis and the
alternative hypothesis. D6620
3.3.7 descriptive statistics—simple metrics of a sample distribution’s characteristics such as central tendency (for example, mean,
median) and dispersion (for example, standard deviation, variance, range). (2)
3.3.7.1 Discussion—
Additional examples are the number of samples and the actual fraction of samples above a decision value or a limit value.an OELV.
3.3.8 inferential statistics—parameters used to make estimates about a distribution and underlying population. (2)
3.3.9 limit value—occupational exposure limit value (OELV)—reference figure for the limit of the time-weighted average of the
concentration of a chemical or biological agent.agent in the air within the breathing zone of a worker in relation to a specified
reference period. EN 1540ISO 18158
3.3.9.1 Discussion—
The term “limit value” is often used as a synonym for “occupational exposure limit value” but the term “occupational exposure
limit value” is preferred because there is more than one limit value (for example, biological limit value and occupational exposure
limit value).
3.3.9.2 Discussion—
As used in this guide, examples of limit values OELVs include occupational exposure limits established by regulation, or Threshold
Limit Values established by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (3). This should not be confused with
analytical limits, such as method detection limit, as defined in Terminology D1356.
3.3.10 non-parametric statistical inference—evaluation of a data set using statistical procedures whose validity do not depend on
assuming a specified underlying distribution.
3.3.11 parametric statistical inference—evaluation of a data set based on assuming a specified underlying statistical model, such
as normal or lognormal distributions.
3.3.12 professional judgment—application and appropriate use of knowledge gained from formal education, experience,
experimentation, inference, and analogy. The capacity of an experienced professional to draw correct inferences from incomplete
quantitative data, frequently on the basis of observations, analogy, and intuition. (2)
3.3.13 reporting limit—value at which reported data are censored.
3.3.13.1 Discussion—
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of this standard.
D7659 − 21
Values below the reporting limit are typically reported as being less than the reporting limit, such as “ reporting limit with a qualifier, such as “RL (U)”. (4)
3.3.14 representative surface—a surface that is taken to be typical of surface(s) at a given sampling location.
3.3.14.1 Discussion—
A representative surface may be established as a result of directed sampling (see 7.3.1) or random sampling (see 7.3.2). Thus,
“representative” should not be confused with “random.”
3.3.15 sampling location—a specific area within a sampling site that is subjected to sample collection.
E1728E1728/E1728M/D6966
3.3.15.1 Discussion—
Multiple sampling locations are commonly designated for a single sampling site (see 3.3.16).
3.3.16 sampling site—a local geographic area that contains the sampling locations (see 3.3.16). E1728E1728/E1728M/D6966
3.3.16.1 Discussion—
A sampling site is generally limited to an area that is easily covered by walking.
3.3.17 stratified sampling—sampling in which the population to be sampled is first divided into mutually exclusive subsets or
strata, and independent samples taken within each stratum. E1402
3.3.18 Type I error—selection, based on a statistical test, of the alternative hypothesis over the null hypothesis when the null
hypothesis is, in fact, true; a false positive outcome of a statistical test. D6620
3.3.19 Type II error—selection, based on a statistical test, of the null hypothesis over the alternative hypothesis when the
alternative hypothesis is, in fact, true; a false negative outcome of a statistical test. D6620
3.3.20 upper tolerance limit (UTL)—– upper confidence limit (with specified confidence level) for a percentile of a distribution.
(2)
3.3.20.1 Discussion—
The UTL is the value below which a specified fraction of the population will be found, with a specified level of confidence. For
example, the UTL is the value for which one would have 95 % confidence that 95 % of the population is below the UTL.
95 %, 95 %
3.3.21 wipe sample—sample collected by wiping a representative surface of known area, as determined by Practice E1728E1728/
E1728M, or equivalent method, with an acceptable wipe material as defined in PracticeSpecification E1792. 40 CFR 745.63, (5)
4. Significance and Use
4.1 This guide describes approaches which can be used to determine surface sampling strategies before any actual surface
sampling occurs. The strategy selection process needs to consider a number of factors, including, but not limited to, purpose for
sampling, fitness of the sampling strategy for that purpose, data quality objectives and how the data will be used, ability to execute
the selected strategy, and ability of the analytical laboratory (fixed-site or in-field) to analyze the samples once they are collected.
4.2 For the purposes of sampling, and for the materials sampled, surface sampling strategies are matters of choice. Workplace
sampling may be performed for single or multiple purposes. Conflicts may arise when a single sampling strategy is expected to
satisfy multiple purposes.
4.2.1 Limitations of cost, space, power requirements, equipment, personnel, and analytical methods need to be considered to arrive
at an optimum strategy for each purpose.
4.2.2 A strategy intended to satisfy multiple purposes will typically be a compromise among several alternatives, and will typically
not be optimal for any one purpose.
4.2.3 The purpose or purposes for sampling should be explicitly stated before a sampling strategy is selected. Good practice,
regulatory and legal requirements, cost of the sampling program, and the usefulness of the results may be markedly different for
different purposes of sampling.
D7659 − 21
4.3 This guide is intended for those who are preparing to evaluate a workplace environment by collecting samples of metals or
metalloids on surfaces, or who wish to obtain an understanding of what information can be obtained by such sampling.
4.4 This guide cannot take the place of sound professional judgment in development and execution of any sampling strategy. In
most instances, a strategy based on a standard practice or method will need to be adjusted due to conditions encountered in the
field. Documentation of any professional judgments applied to development or execution of a sampling strategy is essential.
4.5 This guide should not be used as a stand-alone document to evaluate any given contaminant or chemical species.
4.6 The surface sampling techniques described in this guide are intended for the determination of metals and metalloids on
surfaces, or for the determination of loadings of embedded metallic residues in surface coverings. These techniques may not
accurately reflect the transferability or bioavailability of such residues by way of dermal contact or inhalation of resuspended
respirable dust.
5. Surface Sampling—General
5.1 Surface sampling results are one of many sources of information about health and safety conditions in a workplace.
Information obtained from surface sampling should not be used to the exclusion of other information. Additional sources of
information may, as applicable, include air sampling, bioassay and biomonitoring results, clinical observations, quality and process
control data, records of facility operations, and material balance studies.
5.2 Agreement among separately obtained sources of information should increase confidence in the interpretation of workplace
hazard assessments. Disagreement should be cause for concern, and should result in efforts to determine why the disagreement
occurred.
5.3 The factors discussed in Sections 6 through 10 of this guide are interdependent and may need to be applied in an iterative
fashion to develop an optimum strategy.
6. Purposes for Surface Sampling
6.1 General Considerations—Purposes for surface sampling are based on the following general considerations:
6.1.1 Drivers for sampling; that is, the “why” for performing the sampling campaign. Generally, the “why” should fall into one
of the following three areas:
6.1.1.1 Health impact, or evaluation of the potential health risk from the contaminant or chemical species.
6.1.1.2 Hazard management, or evaluation of the source of the contaminant or chemical species, extent of exposure area, and
effectiveness of controls.
6.1.1.3 Hazard compliance, or evaluation of compliance against regulations or policies.
6.1.2 Goals for the sampling campaign, which are based on how the data will be used.
6.1.3 Data quality objectives, which define how well the collection and analysis of the samples must be performed.
6.1.4 Available resources to conduct the sampling campaign, laboratory analyses, and data evaluation.
6.2 Examples—The following are examples of purposes for surface sampling based on the general considerations in 6.1:
6.2.1 Hazard Identification and Evaluation—Estimation of one or both of the expected, or maximum, concentrations of analyte(s)
of interest in the workplace. The information obtained is used to evaluate risk, recommend worker protection requirements and to
assess the probability of sensitization or hypersensitivity reactions.
6.2.2 Exposure Assessment for Epidemiology—Collection of a data base for performing epidemiological studies, when the
D7659 − 21
existence of a health hazard is known or postulated. It is focused on categories of workers, rather than on an individual worker,
and requires, within limitations such as those described in 7.1.4, the use of instruments and methods that offer the lowest available
analytical reporting limits.
6.2.3 Facility Characterization—Determination of the levels of one or more analyte(s) of interest within a facility at an initial or
baseline point, during or after process operations, or as part of facility decommissioning.
6.2.4 Housekeeping—Determination of the effectiveness of housekeeping actions. Typically, wipe samples are collected both
before and after the cleaning procedure used was effective in removing the analyte(s) of interest.
6.2.5 Selection of Engineering controls—Determination, for analyte(s) of interest that are not totally contained, the collection or
capture efficiencies of control devices necessary to bring specific contaminant concentrations below applicable limits at specific
sampling locations, and evaluation of spill clean-up procedure effectiveness.
6.2.6 Evaluation of Engineering Controls—Measurement of the quantities of analyte(s) of interest passing or escaping from a
control device due to leaks, wear, damage, inadequate maintenance, overloading, or accidents.
6.2.7 Evaluation of Exposure Pathways—Measurements used as part of an evaluation of the potential contribution of an analyte
of interest on surfaces to worker exposure. Appendix X1 contains additional information on exposure pathways and mass transport
processes.
6.2.8 Selection of Personal Protective Equipment—Determination of equirements for personal protective equipment in order for
a worker to safely inhabit a contaminated or potentially contaminated area for a specific period of time.
6.2.9 Compliance with Regulations and Standards—Measurements required to satisfy regulatory or legal requirements, such as 40
CFR 745, or to determine if exposures in the workplace are below occupational exposure limits.
6.2.10 Source Identification—Determination of the contribution from each of many potential sources to the presence of analyte(s)
of interest, based on the unique characteristics of each of the analyte(s).
6.2.11 Education and Training—Sampling used to educate workers in the importance of sound control practices (for example,
engineering controls, personal protective equipment, good housekeeping).
6.2.12 Investigation of Complaints—Resolution of concerns expressed by workers, management, or other stakeholders.
D7659 − 21
7. Development of Surface Sampling Plans
7.1 General Considerations:
7.1.1 Sampling plans should be fit for the intended purpose or purposes. In general, this means that the outcome of the sampling
campaign will be a set of data that meets data quality objectives and can be evaluated to provide the intended information. The
intended purpose or purposes should be explicitly stated before evaluating sampling options or selecting a sampling strategy.
7.1.2 Consideration should be given to the expected means by which the material being sampled was deposited on the surface or
surfaces being sampled, as this can impact the selected sampling strategy and methods. Conversely, the distribution and level of
a material on surfaces may provide information on how the material deposition occurred. Additional guidance on surface
deposition mechanisms is provided in Appendix X2.
7.1.3 Principles of good practice, as well as applicable regulatory or legal requirements, should be considered and addressed
during development of the sampling plan.
7.1.4 Limitations of the sampling plan should be considered and addressed. These include, but may not be limited to, the
following:
7.1.4.1 ability to collect samples at desired sampling locations;
7.1.4.2 resource limitations such as time, cost, equipment, or trained personnel;
7.1.4.3 ability of the analytical laboratory to detect and report the analyte(s) of interest in the given sample matrix, with the
required data quality objectives at the anticipated analyte concentration(s); and
7.1.4.4 ability to evaluate the data, especially from a statistical perspective.
7.1.5 Due to one or more of the limitations described in 7.1.4, it may be necessary to develop a single sampling plan intended to
accomplish multiple purposes (see 6.2). When this is the case, conflicts may emerge with one or more of the criteria given in 7.2
through 7.5, and compromises will typically be required to optimize the overall sampling strategy. When this occurs, the resulting
strategy may not be optimal for any one purpose.
7.1.6 Whether to collect a single sample, or a set of samples, is a key decision. Collection of a set of samples, rather than a single
sample, is normally recommended for proper data evaluation. A set of samples, rather than a single sample, is normally required
in the following instances:
7.1.6.1 When a comparison of “hot spots” to background locations is needed;
7.1.6.2 When required to meet regulatory requirements, for example, surface cleanliness;
7.1.6.3 When a statistical evaluation of the data is needed.
7.1.7 The following are examples of when a single sample may be appropriate:
7.1.7.1 When physical limitations, such as collecting a sample on a small item or accessibility limitations, prevent the collection
of multiple samples.
7.1.7.2 When multiple operations are being performed simultaneously; in this instance, it may not be possible to collect more than
one sample per operation.
7.1.8 In cases where sampling is performed in response to an emergency or other urgent situation, the sampling plan typically will
be based primarily on professional judgment, since planning time is at a minimum.
7.1.9 The sampling plan should include appropriate quality assurance measures that will provide documentation, throughout the
sampling event and subsequent collection and evaluation of data from the samples, that appropriate quality standards have been
met.
D7659 − 21
7.1.10 Documentation of how the sampling plan was developed is of great benefit in the event that issues arise in collecting or
analyzing the samples, or in evaluating the data. Considerations include, for example, whether the sampling plan was statistically
based, and whether sampling was random, stratified, or a combination of both. Additional guidance is provided in Appendix X3.
7.2 Number of Samples to Collect:
7.2.1 When collecting a set of samples, the number of samples to collect is critical. The limitations cited in 7.1.2 through 7.1.5
often affect the number of samples collected. However, these limitations must be balanced against the need to collect a statistically
valid number of samples. The number of samples to be collected should typically be the minimum number required to accomplish
the intended purpose(s) for sampling.
7.2.2 In general, use of a parametric statistical inference is preferred over a non-parametric statistical inference. However, when
a large proportion of the samples are expected to be below the laboratory’s reporting limit, a non-parametric statistical inference,
which typically calls for larger sample sets, may be required (6).
7.2.3 For situations where only a limited number of samples can be collected, and there is some prior knowledge to which
professional judgment can be applied, techniques such as Bayesian Decision Analysis (2) may be considered.
7.2.4 Additional guidance is provided in Guide E1402.
7.3 Where to Sample:
7.3.1 Directed sampling is most appropriate for situations such as, for example, exposure estimation or selection of engineering
controls. Such sampling may be based on professional judgment, the need for a representative sampling set, or the need to sample
at the sampling locations likely to have the highest levels of the analyte(s) of interest.
7.3.2 Random sampling is most appropriate when performing initial evaluations of analyte(s) of interest in an area or building,
or when performing basic research. Use of commercially available software may provide valuable assistance in establishing
random sampling locations. Additional guidance on random sampling is found in Practice E2271.
7.3.3 A combination of directed and random approaches, such as stratified sampling, may be appropriate in some instances, based
on prior knowledge and professional judgment.
7.3.4 Samples taken for the purpose of regulatory compliance should use the rules of good practice to the maximum extent
possible while complying with all applicable regulatory requirements.
7.4 What to Sample:
7.4.1 For most purposes, sampling should be performed for the analyte(s) of interest.
7.4.2 In some cases, such as source identification, selection of engineering controls, and evaluation of engineering controls, a
marker material other than the analyte(s) of interest may be sampled with greater ease or sensitivity, or both, as long as the marker
material concentration is proportional to the source strength of the analyte(s) of interest.
7.5 When to Sample:
7.5.1 Sampling should be performed when required by applicable regulations or policies.
7.5.2 Sampling should be performed when there is a probability that one or more individuals may be exposed to significant
concentrations of a hazardous material in the settled particulate matter.
7.5.3 Sampling should be performed when it is desired to determine the effectiveness of housekeeping practices; that is, whether
cleaning processes are effective. In this instance, sampling both before and after the cleaning activities would normally be
performed.
7.5.4 Frequency of sampling should consider the type of operation involved. This may include one or more of the following:
D7659 − 21
7.5.4.1 Repetitive Operations, such as production lines, where the same, or very similar, operation or cycle of operations is carried
out day after day.
7.5.4.2 Non-repetitive or Irregular Operations, such as maintenance or research, where each operation is essentially unique.
7.5.4.3 Enclosed Operations or Processes, whether routine or unusual, where there is little or no human contact with the analyte(s)
of interest unless a leak or spill occurs.
8. Selection of Surface Sampling Methods
8.1 The following factors must be considered in the selection of an appropriate surface sampling method:
8.1.1 Nature of surface being sampled, including whether the surface is smooth, rough, porous, fragile, or hard. Some surfaces,
such as carpets and cloth upholstery, cannot be properly sampled using wipe sampling techniques.
8.1.2 Amount of settled dust on the surface. S
...