ASTM C1027-09(2017)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Determining Visible Abrasion Resistance of Glazed Ceramic Tile
Standard Test Method for Determining Visible Abrasion Resistance of Glazed Ceramic Tile
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The abrasion resistance of tile surfaces is determined by rotation of an abrasive load on the surface and the assessment of the resultant wear by means of visual comparison of the abraded test specimens and nonabraded tiles. A staining agent in light oil may be used to help determine whether abrasion surface is likely to result in mechanical entrapment of dirt particles.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is designed to measure the resistance of tile surfaces to visible surface abrasion. Certain irregular surfaces may not be evaluated properly by this test method because of wear patterns.
1.2 This procedure does not make provisions for the apparent difference in abrasion values between light and dark colored tile.
1.3 This procedure does not optimally evaluate loss of gloss with abrasion.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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Designation: C1027 − 09 (Reapproved 2017)
Standard Test Method for
Determining Visible Abrasion Resistance of Glazed Ceramic
Tile
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1027; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope abraded test specimens and nonabraded tiles. A staining agent
in light oil may be used to help determine whether abrasion
1.1 Thistestmethodisdesignedtomeasuretheresistanceof
surface is likely to result in mechanical entrapment of dirt
tile surfaces to visible surface abrasion. Certain irregular
particles.
surfaces may not be evaluated properly by this test method
because of wear patterns.
4. Abrasive Load
1.2 This procedure does not make provisions for the appar-
4.1 The total load on each test specimen consists of the
ent difference in abrasion values between light and dark
following:
colored tile.
4.1.1 Grade 25 chrome steel balls of various diameters:
1.3 This procedure does not optimally evaluate loss of gloss
4.1.1.1 70.0 g of 5-mm diameter steel balls.
with abrasion.
4.1.1.2 52.5 g of 3-mm diameter steel balls.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
4.1.1.3 43.75 g of 2-mm diameter steel balls.
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
4.1.1.4 8.75 g of 1-mm diameter steel balls.
standard.
4.1.2 3.0 g No. 80 grit aluminum oxide, and
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4.1.3 20 6 0.5-mL demineralized water.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
5. Reagents and Apparatus
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
5.1 AbrasionApparatus—The abrasion apparatus shall con-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
sist of a steel case with a built-in electrical drive to a horizontal
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
supporting plate with positions for a maximum of nine test
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
specimens of dimensions at least 100 by 100 mm (see Fig. 1),
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
but an apparatus with fewer positions may be used. The
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
distance between the center of each position shall be 195 mm.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
There shall be equal distance between each adjacent position.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
The supporting plate rotates at 300 revolutions/min with an
eccentricity of 22.5 mm so that every part of each test
2. Referenced Documents
specimen describes a circular motion of 45-mm diameter. The
2.1 ISO Standard:
test specimens are held down with the aid of metal holders,
ISO 10545–14
which are provided with rubber seals (see Fig. 2). The internal
diameter of the holders is 83 mm, thus providing a test area of
3. Significance and Use
about 54 cm . The thickness of the rubber is 2.5 mm and the
3.1 The abrasion resistance of tile surfaces is determined by
height of the space under the holder is 25.5 mm.The apparatus
rotation of an abrasive load on the surface and the assessment
switches off automatically after completion of a preset number
of the resultant wear by means of visual comparison of the
of revolutions. The supporting plate with holders and test
specimens should have a cover during operation.
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeC21onCeramic
5.2 Apparatus for Visual Assessment—A viewing box (see
Whitewares and Related Productsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
Fig. 3) equipped with fluorescent lighting of color temperature
C21.06 on Ceramic Tile.
5000 to 6500K placed vertically above the surface to be
Currenteditionapproved.PublishedNovember2017.Originallyapproved1984.
Last previous edition approved in 2009 as C1027 – 09. DOI: 10.1520/C1027- observed providing 300-lux illumination. The interior of the
09R17.
box shall be painted a neutral gray.
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org. 5.3 Drying Oven, capable of operation at (110 + 5)°C.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C1027 − 09 (2017)
5.4 10% (v/v) Hydrochloric Acid Solution, prepared by subsequently shall be tested for stain resistance in accordance
adding 263 mL of 38 % hydrochloric acid to 837 mL of with the staining procedure in following section (based on ISO
distilled or demineralized water. 10545-14).
7.1.4 After use, the metal bases and chrome steel ball
bearings should be cleaned with water followed by methylated
6. Test Specimen
spirits and then thoroughly dried to prevent rusting.
6.1 Types of Test Specimens—Test specimens shall be rep-
7.2 Cleaning Procedure—The resistance to staining of the
resentative of the sample. Where tiles have different colors or
decorative effects in parts of the surface, care should be taken abraded tile surfaces is determined by maintaining test solu-
tions and materials in contact with the proper surface of the
to include all distinctive parts.
tilesforasuitablelengthoftime;thesurfacearethensubjected
6.2 The usual facial dimensions of test specimens are 10 cm
to defined cleaning methods, and finally, inspected for visual
by 10 cm, but any size that fits securely in the apparatus shall
change.
suffice (for example, a common “four by four” in. tile shall
7.2.1 Test Specimens—Only one abraded tile is required for
suffice).Testspecimenswithsmallerfacialdimensionsshallbe
each of the abrasion stages to be tested.
fastened close together on a suitable supporting material. Edge
7.2.2 StainingAgents—Greenstainingagentinlightoil and
effects at the narrow joints shall be ignored.
red staining agent in light oil (for green-colored tile only).
6.3 Number of Test Specimens—Eleven test specimens are
7.2.3 Cleaning Agents:
required. Eight test specimens also are required for the visual
7.2.3.1 Hot Water.
assessment. The procedure requires one test specimen for each
7.2.3.2 Weak Cleaning Agent, a commercial agent, not
stage of abrasion, and subsequently, an additional three test
containing abrasive, with a pH of 6.5 to 7.5.
specimens to verify the result at the visual fail point.
7.2.3.3 StrongCleaningAgent,acommercialcleaningagent
6.4 Preparation—The surfaces, of the test specimens to be containing abrasive, with a pH of 9 to 10.
7.2.4 Suggested Solvents:
tested, are to be clean and dry.
7. Procedure
Green staining agent is a paste consisting of 40 % by mass commercial grade
7.1 Abrasion Procedure—Clamp a metal holder on to the
of chrome oxide, Cr O (95 % + chrome oxide) of the following approximate
2 3
glazed surface of each test specimen on the abrasion apparatus.
particle size distribution, suspended in propanetriol monodecanoate dioctanoate
Introduce the abrasive load, as described in Section 4, into the
available as Myritol 318 from Henkel.
holder through the hole in its upper surface. The hole may be
The sole source of supply of Myritol 318 known to the committee at this time is
Henkel Corp., 300 Brookside Ave., Ambler, PA 19002. If you are aware of
sealed to prevent loss from the abrasive load. The number of
alternative suppliers, please pr
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C1027 − 09 C1027 − 09 (Reapproved 2017)
Standard Test Method for
Determining Visible Abrasion Resistance of Glazed Ceramic
Tile
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1027; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method is designed to measure the resistance of tile surfaces to visible surface abrasion. Certain irregular surfaces
may not be evaluated properly by this test method because of wear patterns.
1.2 This procedure does not make provisions for the apparent difference in abrasion values between light and dark colored tile.
1.3 This procedure does not optimally evaluate loss of gloss with abrasion.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ISO Standard:
ISO 10545–14
3. Significance and Use
3.1 The abrasion resistance of tile surfaces is determined by rotation of an abrasive load on the surface and the assessment of
the resultant wear by means of visual comparison of the abraded test specimens and nonabraded tiles. A staining agent in light oil
may be used to help determine whether abrasion surface is likely to result in mechanical entrapment of dirt particles.
4. Abrasive Load
4.1 The total load on each test specimen consists of the following:
4.1.1 Grade 25 chrome steel balls of various diameters:
4.1.1.1 70.0 g of 5-mm diameter steel balls.
4.1.1.2 52.5 g of 3-mm diameter steel balls.
4.1.1.3 43.75 g of 2-mm diameter steel balls.
4.1.1.4 8.75 g of 1-mm diameter steel balls.
4.1.2 3.0 g No. 80 grit aluminum oxide, and
4.1.3 20 6 0.5-mL demineralized water.
5. Reagents and Apparatus
5.1 Abrasion Apparatus—The abrasion apparatus shall consist of a steel case with a built-in electrical drive to a horizontal
supporting plate with positions for a maximum of nine test specimens of dimensions at least 100 by 100 mm (see Fig. 1), but an
apparatus with fewer positions may be used. The distance between the center of each position shall be 195 mm. There shall be
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C21 on Ceramic Whitewares and Related Productsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C21.06
on Ceramic Tile.
Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2009. Published February 2010November 2017. Originally approved 1984. Last previous edition approved in 20042009 as
C1027 – 99C1027 – 09.(2004). DOI: 10.1520/C1027-09.10.1520/C1027-09R17.
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C1027 − 09 (2017)
equal distance between each adjacent position. The supporting plate rotates at 300 revolutions/min with an eccentricity of 22.5 mm
so that every part of each test specimen describes a circular motion of 45-mm diameter. The test specimens are held down with
the aid of metal holders, which are provided with rubber seals (see Fig. 2). The internal diameter of the holders is 83 mm, thus
providing a test area of about 54 cm . The thickness of the rubber is 2.5 mm and the height of the space under the holder is 25.5
mm. The apparatus switches off automatically after completion of a preset number of revolutions. The supporting plate with
holders and test specimens should have a cover during operation.
5.2 Apparatus for Visual Assessment—A viewing box (see Fig. 3) equipped with fluorescent lighting of color temperature 5000
to 6500K placed vertically above the surface to be observed providing 300-lux illumination. The interior of the box shall be painted
a neutral gray.
5.3 Drying Oven, capable of operation at (110 + 5)°C.
5.4 10 % (v/v) Hydrochloric Acid Solution, prepared by adding 263 mL of 38 % hydrochloric acid to 837 mL of distilled or
demineralized water.
6. Test Specimen
6.1 Types of Test Specimens—Test specimens shall be representative of the sample. Where tiles have different colors or
decorative effects in parts of the surface, care should be taken to include all distinctive parts.
6.2 The usual facial dimensions of test specimens are 10 cm by 10 cm, but any size that fits securely in the apparatus shall suffice
(for example, a common “four by four” in. tile shall suffice). Test specimens with smaller facial dimensions shall be fastened close
together on a suitable supporting material. Edge effects at the narrow joints shall be ignored.
6.3 Number of Test Specimens—Eleven test specimens are required. Eight test specimens also are required for the visual
assessment. The procedure requires one test specimen for each stage of abrasion, and subsequently, an additional three test
specimens to verify the result at the visual fail point.
6.4 Preparation—The surfaces, of the test specimens to be tested, are to be clean and dry.
7. Procedure
7.1 Abrasion Procedure—Clamp a metal holder on to the glazed surface of each test specimen on the abrasion apparatus.
Introduce the abrasive load, as described in Section 4, into the holder through the hole in its upper surface. The hole may be sealed
to prevent loss from the abrasive load. The number of revolutions of the preset counter for each abrasion stage of the test is 100,
150, 600, 750, 1500, 2100, 6000, and 12 000.
7.1.1 After abrasion, rinse the test specimens under running water and dry in the oven at (110 + 5)°C. If the test specimens are
stained with iron oxide, they may be cleaned with 10 % (v/v) hydrochloric acid, as described in 5.4, before rinsing under running
water and drying.
7.1.2 Evaluation of Surface Abrasion—For visual comparison, a viewing box, as described in 5.2, shall be used (see Fig. 3). The
eight unabraded tile should be cleaned with a soft damp cloth to remove surface dust and after air drying should be placed in a
hollow square pattern in the viewing box. The abraded tile should be placed in the center of the hollow square and the array of
tile should be directly viewed from approximately 2 m at an angle of approximately 40°. The array should not be viewed for more
than 10 s to avoid a studied observation of the surface. The lowest number of abrading cycles that show an apparent visual
difference between the abrading tile and the unabraded tile shall be recorded.
7.1.3 The result is verified by retesting at the abrasion stage when failure is observed and the next higher and lower abrasion
stages. If the result is not the same, the lower of the two abrasion stages shall be used to decide the classification. Abraded tiles,
which have passed 1500, 2100, and 6000 revolution stages subsequently may be tested for stain resistance in acco
...
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