ASTM D7148-13
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Determining the Ionic Resistivity (ER) of Alkaline Battery Separator Using a Carbon Electrode in an Electrolyte Bath Measuring System
Standard Test Method for Determining the Ionic Resistivity (ER) of Alkaline Battery Separator Using a Carbon Electrode in an Electrolyte Bath Measuring System
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The ER of a battery separator is a standard measurement used by separator and battery manufacturers for quality control purposes and separator selection.
5.2 Separator ER and the separator's interaction with the electrolyte, that is resistance to wetting or flow, will contribute to the internal resistance of the battery and this can potentially limit the electrical output of a battery. The ER determination is a tool for battery manufacturers to use in design, material selection, and performance specifications.
5.3 The change in the bath electrical resistance imparted by a separator is affected by the porosity, thickness, and tortuousity of the pore structure of the separator, the wettability of the separator to the electrolyte, and the temperature and concentration of the electrolyte.
5.4 Incomplete wetting or saturation of the pore structure limits the lowest ER value obtainable from a separator structure. Separators are pretreated to assure that the specimen being tested has been adequately wetted out. A separator that is not fully wetted out (saturated) will give a higher ER.
5.5 This test method is intended to give a rapid and repeatable measurement that approximates the change in ER that could happen when the separator is used in a battery.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the pretreatment, test conditions, apparatus, and procedure to determine the ionic resistivity, commonly referred to in the battery industry as electrical resistance (ER) of an alkaline battery separator immersed in an electrolyte of 40 % potassium hydroxide (KOH).
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D7148 − 13 An American National Standard
Standard Test Method for
Determining the Ionic Resistivity (ER) of Alkaline Battery
Separator Using a Carbon Electrode in an Electrolyte Bath
1
Measuring System
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7148; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.1 barrier resistance (RB), n—the resistance of the bath
with a solid, nonporous sheet of alkaline resistant, electrical
1.1 This test method covers the pretreatment, test
insulation that separates the electrodes.
conditions, apparatus, and procedure to determine the ionic
3.1.2 bath resistance (RC), n—the resistance of the bath
resistivity, commonly referred to in the battery industry as
without the specimen (separator).
electrical resistance (ER) of an alkaline battery separator
immersed in an electrolyte of 40% potassium hydroxide
3.1.3 bath resistance (RT), n—the total electrical resistance
(KOH).
of the bath and a separator specimen.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
3.1.4 battery separator, n—an ion-permeable, nonconduc-
standard. tivematerialthatpreventselectricalcontactbetweenelectrodes
of opposite polarity.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.5 electrolyte, n—a 40% potassium hydroxide solution.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.6 ionic resisitivity (ER), n—the product of a change in
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
electrical resistance times an area.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.6.1 Discussion—Theareaistheapertureareadividedby
thenumberofseparatorsbetweentheelectrodes.Thechangein
2. Referenced Documents
resistanceisthedifference,inohms,oftheelectricalresistance
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
with and without the seperator(s). The SI units for ER are
2
D1711Terminology Relating to Electrical Insulation
ohms-metre but the customary practice in the battery industry
2
2.2 Battery Council International:
istoreporttheERinunitsofohms-cm .Itshouldbenotedthat
Standard Test Method for Determining the Electrical Resis-
this terminology is not in conflict with Terminology D1711.
tance of a Battery Separator Using a Palico Measuring
3.2 Symbols:
3
System,Section 3.3b
3.2.1 ER—a symbol, peculiar to the battery industry, denot-
ing that characteristic of a sheet material that is related to the
3. Terminology
rate of transfer of ions through the interstices of a porous sheet
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
immersed between two carbon electrodes in an aqueous
electroyte.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D09 on
4. Summary of Test Method
Electrical and Electronic Insulating Materials and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D09.01 on Electrical Insulating Products.
4.1 This test method detects small changes in ohmic resis-
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2013. Published January 2014. Last previous
tance between carbon electrodes immersed in an alkaline
edition approved in 2011 as D7148–07(2011). DOI: 10.1520/D7148-13.
2
electrolyte with and without separator material between the
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
carbon electrodes. This change is related to the rate of transfer
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
ofionsthroughaseparatormaterial.TheERiscalculatedfrom
the ASTM website.
3 the fixed aperture area. The sensitivity and resolution of the
Available from Battery Council International, 330 N. WabashAve., Ste. 2000,
Chicago, IL 60611. apparatus detects electrical resistance changes of 60.1%.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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D7148 − 13
5. Significance and Use tions. Enclose the glass-mixing bottle in a plastic container of
sufficient capacity to contain the solution in case of bottle
5.1 TheERofabatteryseparatorisastandardmeasurement
breakage.Topreventexcessiveheating,addconcentratedKOH
usedbyseparatorandbatterymanufacturersforqualitycontrol
slowly to water with adequate agitation to produce thorough
purposes and separator selection.
mixing. The diluted KOH is sufficiently corrosive at both
5.2 Separator ER and the separator’s interaction with the
ambient and elevated temperatures that careful handling is
electrolyte, that is resistance to wetting o
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D7148 − 07 (Reapproved 2011) D7148 − 13 An American National Standard
Standard Test Method for
Determining the Ionic Resistivity (ER) of Alkaline Battery
Separator Using a Carbon Electrode in an Electrolyte Bath
1
Measuring System
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7148; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the pretreatment, test conditions, apparatus, and procedure to determine the ionic resistivity,
commonly referred to in the battery industry as electrical resistance (ER) of an alkaline battery separator immersed in an electrolyte
of 40 % potassium hydroxide (KOH).
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1711 Terminology Relating to Electrical Insulation
2.2 Battery Council International:
Standard Test Method for Determining the Electrical Resistance of a Battery Separator Using a Palico Measuring
3
System, Section 3.3b
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 barrier resistance (RB), n—the resistance of the bath with a solid, nonporous sheet of alkaline resistant, electrical
insulation that separates the electrodes.
3.1.2 bath resistance (RC), n—the resistance of the bath without the specimen (separator).
3.1.3 bath resistance (RT), n—the total electrical resistance of the bath and a separator specimen.
3.1.4 battery separator, n—an ion-permeable, nonconductive material that prevents electrical contact between electrodes of
opposite polarity.
3.1.5 electrolyte, n—a 40 % potassium hydroxide solution.
3.1.6 ionic resisitivity (ER), n—the product of a change in electrical resistance times an area.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D09 on Electrical and Electronic Insulating Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D09.19 on Dielectric Sheet and Roll Products.
Current edition approved April 1, 2011Nov. 1, 2013. Published April 2011January 2014. Last previous edition approved in 20072011 as D7148D7148–07(2011).–07. DOI:
10.1520/D7148-07R11.10.1520/D7148-13.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3 th
Available from Battery Council International, 401330 N. MichiganWabash Ave., 24Ste. Floor,2000, Chicago, IL 60611-4267.60611.
3.1.6.1 Discussion—
The area is the aperture area divided by the number of separators between the electrodes. The change in resistance is the difference,
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7148 − 13
2
in ohms, of the electrical resistance with and without the seperator(s). The SI units for ER are ohms-metre but the customary
2
practice in the battery industry is to report the ER in units of ohms-cm . It should be noted that this terminology is not in conflict
with Terminology D1711.
3.2 Symbols:
3.2.1 ER—a symbol, peculiar to the battery industry, denoting that characteristic of a sheet material that is related to the rate
of transfer of ions through the interstices of a porous sheet immersed between two carbon electrodes in an aqueous electroyte.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 This test method detects small changes in ohmic resistance between carbon electrodes immersed in an alkaline electrolyte
with and without separator material between the carbon electrodes. This change is related to the rate of transfer of ions through
a separator material. The ER is calculated from the fixed aperture area. The sensitivity and resolution of the apparatus detects
electrical resistance changes of 60.1 %.
2
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D7148 − 13
5. Significance and Use
5.1 The ER of a battery separator is a standard measurement used by separato
...
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