ASTM F1291-99
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Measuring the Thermal Insulation of Clothing Using a Heated Manikin
Standard Test Method for Measuring the Thermal Insulation of Clothing Using a Heated Manikin
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the insulation value of a single garment or a clothing ensemble. It describes measurement of the resistance to dry heat transfer from a constant skin temperature manikin (with a human skin temperature pattern) to a relatively calm, cool environment.
1.1.1 This is a static test that provides a baseline clothing measurement on a standing manikin.
1.1.2 The effects of body position and movement are not addressed in this test method.
1.2 The insulation values obtained apply only to the particular garments, as tested, and for the specified thermal and environmental conditions of each test, particularly with respect to air movement, are not addressed in this test method.
1.2.1 the insulation values obtained apply only to the particular ensembles evaluated and for the specified thermal and environmental conditions of each test, particularly with respect to air movement past the manikin.
1.3 The values stated ineither clo or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the test method.
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Designation:F1291–99
Standard Test Method for
Measuring the Thermal Insulation of Clothing Using a
Heated Manikin
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1291; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Thetypeofclothingwornbypeopledirectlyaffectstheheatexchangebetweenthehumanbodyand
the environment. The insulation provided by a clothing ensemble is dependent upon the designs and
fabrics used in the component garments, the amount of body surface area covered by clothing,
distribution of the fabric layers over the body, looseness or tightness of fit, and the increased surface
area for heat loss. Insulation measurements made on fabrics alone do not take these factors into
account. Measurements of the resistance to dry heat loss provided by clothing can be used to
determine the thermal comfort or stress of people in cold to comfortable environments. However, the
moisture permeability of clothing is more important in environmental conditions where heat balance
can only be achieved by the evaporation of sweat.
1. Scope pendentlyoftheother.Combiningvaluesfromthetwosystems
may result in nonconformance with the test method.
1.1 This test method covers determination of the insulation
value of a single garment or a clothing ensemble. It describes
2. Referenced Documents
measurement of the resistance to dry heat transfer from a
2.1 ASTM Standards:
constant skin temperature manikin (with a human skin tem-
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
perature pattern) to a relatively calm, cool environment.
D 1518 Test Method for Thermal Transmittance of Textile
1.1.1 This is a static test that provides a baseline clothing
Material
measurement on a standing manikin.
2.2 ASHRAE Standards:
1.1.2 The effects of body position and movement are not
ASHRAE 55-1981 Thermal Environmental Conditions for
addressed in this test method.
Human Occupancy
1.2 The insulation values obtained apply only to the par-
Handbook of Fundamentals, Chapter 8 on Physiological
ticular garments, as tested, and for the specified thermal and
Principles, Comfort and Health
environmental conditions of each test, particularly with respect
2.3 ISO Standards:
to air movement, are not addressed in this test method.
ISO 7730 1994 Moderate Thermal Environments—
1.2.1 The insulation values obtained apply only to the
Determination of the PMV and PPD Indices and Specifi-
particular ensembles evaluated and for the specified thermal
cation of the Conditions for Thermal Comfort
and environmental conditions of each test, particularly with
ISO 9920 1995 Ergonomics of the Thermal Environment—
respect to air movement past the manikin.
Estimation of the Thermal Insulation and Evaporation
1.3 The values stated in either clo or SI units are to be
Resistance of a Clothing Ensemble
regardedseparatelyasstandard.Withinthetext,theSIunitsare
shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not
3. Terminology
exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used inde-
3.1 Definitions:
1 2
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F-23 on Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01.
Protective Clothing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F23.60 on Available from American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-
Human Factors. Conditioning Engineers, 1791 Tullie Circle, N.E. Atlanta, GA 30329.
Current edition approved June 10, 1999. Published August 1999. Originally Available from American National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd St., 13th
published as F1291-90. Last previous edition F 1291-96. Floor, New York, NY 10036.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
F1291–99
3.1.1 clo, n—unit of thermal resistance defined as the 5. Apparatus
insulation required to keep a resting man (producing heat at the 6
5.1 Manikin —A standing manikin shall be used that is
rate of 58 W/m ) comfortable in an environment at 21°C, air
formed in the shape and size of an adult male or female and
movement 0.1 m/s, or roughly the insulation value of typical
heated to a constant, average skin temperature, with a skin
indoor clothing.
temperature distribution similar to that of a human being.
3.1.1.1 total clo, n—clo plus the thermal resistance from the
5.1.1 Size and Shape—The manikin shall be constructed to
air boundary layer, (clo).
t
simulate the body of a human being; that is, it shall consist of
3.1.1.2 Discussion—Numerically, one clo is equal to 0.155
a head, chest/back, abdomen/buttocks, arms, hands (preferably
Km /W.
with fingers extended to allow gloves to be worn), legs, and
3.1.2 clothing ensemble, n—a group of garments worn
feet. Total surface area shall be 1.8 6 0.3 m , and height shall
together on the body at the same time.
be 180 6 10 cm.The manikin’s dimensions should correspond
3.1.3 garment, n—a single item of clothing (for example,
to those required for standard sizes of garments because
shirt).
deviations in fit will affect the results.
3.1.4 thermal insulation, n—the resistance to dry heat
5.1.2 Surface Temperature—The manikin shall be con-
transfer by way of conduction, convection, and radiation.
structed so as to maintain a constant temperature distribution
3.1.5 total insulation (I ), n—the total resistance to dry heat
T
overthenudebodysurface,withnolocalhotorcoldspots.The
loss from the manikin, that includes the resistance provided by
mean skin temperature of the manikin shall be between 32 and
the clothing and the air layer around the clothed manikin.
35°C (89.6 and 95°F). It is recommended that the average
3.1.5.1 Discussion—Total insulation (I ) values are mea-
T
temperature of the hands and feet be lower in studies of
sured directly with a manikin. They can be used to compare
clothing for cold or comfortable conditions. Local deviations
different clothing ensembles as long as each test is conducted
from the mean skin temperature shall not exceed 6 3°C.
using the same experimental procedures and test conditions.
Temperature uniformity of the nude manikin shall be evaluated
Intrinsic clothing insulation values (I ) are determined by
cl
at least once annually using an infrared thermal imaging
subtracting the air layer resistance around the clothed manikin
system or equivalent method. This procedure should also be
from the I value for the ensemble. Intrinsic clothing insulation
T
repeated after repairs or alterations are completed that could
(I ) values are used in several thermal comfort and clothing
cl
affect temperature uniformity, for example, replacement of a
standards (see 2.2 and 2.3). Information on determining I
cl
heating element.
from measured I values is given in ISO Standard 9920 and
T
5.2 Power-Measuring Instruments—Power to the manikin
ASHRAE Transactions.
shall be measured so as to give an accurate average over the
period of a test. If time proportioning or phase proportioning is
4. Significance and Use
used for power control, then devices that are capable of
4.1 This test method can be used to quantify and compare
averaging over the control cycle are required. Integrating
the insulation provided by different garments and clothing
devices (watt-hour meters) are preferred over instantaneous
systems. For example, variations in the design and fabric used
devices (watt meters). Overall accuracy of the power monitor-
in garments can be evaluated. The effects of garment layering,
ing equipment must be within 6 2 % of the reading for the
closure, and fit can be measured for clothing ensembles. The
average power for the test period. Since there are a variety of
insulation values for ensembles can be used in models that
devices and techniques used for power measurement, no
predict the physiological responses of people in different
specified calibration procedures shall be given. However, an
environmental conditions.
appropriate power calibration procedure is to be developed and
4.2 The measurement of the insulation provided by clothing
documented.
is complex and dependent on the apparatus and techniques
5.3 Equipment for Measuring the Manikin’s Skin
used. It is not practical in a test method of this scope to
Temperature—The mean skin temperature may be measured
establish details sufficient to cover all contingencies. Depar-
with point sensors or distributed temperature sensors.
tures from the instructions in this test method may lead to
5.3.1 Point Sensors—Point sensors may be thermocouples,
significantly different test results. Technical knowledge con-
resistancetemperaturedevices(RTD’s),thermistors,orequiva-
cerning the theory of heat transfer, temperature, and air motion
lent sensors. They shall be no more than 3 mm thick and shall
measurement, and testing practices is needed to evaluate which
be well bonded, both mechanically and thermally, to the
departures from the instructions given in this test method are
manikin’s surface. Lead wires shall be bonded to the surface or
significant.Standardizationofthemethodreduces,butdoesnot
pass through the interior of the manikin, or both. The sensors
eliminate, the need for such technical knowledge. Any depar-
shallbedistributedsothateachonerepresentsthesamesurface
tures should be reported with the results.
area or each sensor temperature should be area-weighted when
4.3 Theinsulationvaluesshouldbereportedinclounitsand
calculating the mean skin temperature for the body. A mini-
SI units as standard procedure. Conversion factors to other
mum of 15 point sensors are required. It is recommended that
units are given in Test Method D 1518.
Information on laboratories with heated manikins can be obtained from the
McCullough, E.A., Jones, B. W., and Huck, J., ASHRAE Transactions, Vol 91, Institute for Environmental Research, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
Part 2, 1985, pp. 29–47. 66506.
F1291–99
asensorbeplacedonthehead,chest,back,abdomen,buttocks, available (that is often the case with prototype garments),
and both the right and left upper arm, lower arm, hand, thigh, replicate measurements can be made on one garment or
calf, and foot. ensemble.
5.3.2 Distributed Sensors—If distributed sensors are used
7. Preparation of Test Garments
(for example, resistance wire), then the sensors must be
7.1 Select the size of garments that fit the manikin properly;
d
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