ASTM F2300-10(2022)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Measuring the Performance of Personal Cooling Systems Using Physiological Testing
Standard Test Method for Measuring the Performance of Personal Cooling Systems Using Physiological Testing
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method can be used to quantify and compare the cooling provided by different personal cooling systems (PCS) worn with a standard outer garment or with a specified protective outer garment.
4.1.1 This test method will assess the performance of PCS based on the physiological measurement of core temperature, mean skin temperature, heart rate, exposure time, oxygen consumption, and whole body sweat rate.
4.2 Evaluating the effectiveness of PCS is an extremely complicated endeavor that involves many factors related to thermal exchange between the PCS, the environment, and the participant. It would not be practical in a test method of this scope to establish details sufficient to cover all contingencies. Therefore, a valid physiological method of measuring core temperature, along with other variables of thermal strain, provides an acceptable means of classifying the performance of PCS. This test method will also measure the amount of time the PCS maintains core temperature within safe limits during a specified condition of thermal stress.
4.3 Departures from the instructions in this test method may lead to significantly different test results. Technical knowledge concerning thermoregulatory responses, the theory of heat transfer, physiological and environmental temperature measurement, and testing practices is needed to evaluate which departures from the instructions given in this test method are significant. All departures must be reported with the results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the physiological measurement of internal body core temperature, skin temperature, thermal exposure time, heart rate response, oxygen consumption, and whole body sweat rate, to assess the effectiveness of personal cooling systems (PCS) in reducing the effects of thermal stress.
1.1.1 To increase safety during physiological testing, this dynamic test requires the use of human participants who exhibit specific health and physical fitness requirements.
1.2 This test incorporates the use of protective clothing ensembles (outer garments) used in conjunction with or worn over top of the PCS. This scope is therefore oriented to industrial rather than athletic applications.
1.2.1 The effectiveness of different PCS will be quantified with the same protective clothing ensemble. Therefore, the physiological values obtained apply only to the cooling systems, the particular protective outer garment, and the specific test conditions.
1.2.2 When a protective outer garment is not provided, this test method requires that PCS shall be tested with the standard outer garment defined within this test method.
1.2.3 The present standard does not attempt to determine important clothing characteristics, such as thermal insulation and evaporative resistance, of the PCS or of the garments worn with the PCS. Test Methods F1291 and F2370 can be referenced for these clothing measurements.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 It is the responsibility of the test laboratory to obtain the necessary and appropriate approval(s) required by their institution for conducting tests using human participants.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: F2300 − 10 (Reapproved 2022)
Standard Test Method for
Measuring the Performance of Personal Cooling Systems
Using Physiological Testing
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2300; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Individuals in various occupations are exposed to high heat stress resulting from increased
metabolism, or the environment, or both. Environmental heat stress can be especially severe when
individuals are required to wear Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), which impairs or prevents
evaporation of sweat from the skin, and thus nullifies the body’s principal means of removing
metabolic heat. Failure to dissipate this heat can dramatically limit work capacity and heat tolerance,
thereby increasing the risk of heat-related illness. To reduce this risk, workers are wearing Personal
Cooling Systems (PCS) to extend their exposure time to thermal stress. These systems are intended
to limit the effects of external environmental heat and the internally generated metabolic heat on the
body. For this purpose, standards that objectively quantify the effectiveness of PCS are essential.
Therefore,teststhatmeasureimportantphysiologicalvariables,suchascoretemperature,areessential
in evaluating PCS applications and increasing worker’s health and safety.
1. Scope systems, the particular protective outer garment, and the
specific test conditions.
1.1 This test method covers the physiological measurement
1.2.2 When a protective outer garment is not provided, this
of internal body core temperature, skin temperature, thermal
test method requires that PCS shall be tested with the standard
exposure time, heart rate response, oxygen consumption, and
outer garment defined within this test method.
whole body sweat rate, to assess the effectiveness of personal
coolingsystems(PCS)inreducingtheeffectsofthermalstress.
1.2.3 The present standard does not attempt to determine
1.1.1 To increase safety during physiological testing, this important clothing characteristics, such as thermal insulation
dynamic test requires the use of human participants who
andevaporativeresistance,ofthePCSorofthegarmentsworn
exhibit specific health and physical fitness requirements. with the PCS. Test Methods F1291 and F2370 can be refer-
enced for these clothing measurements.
1.2 This test incorporates the use of protective clothing
ensembles (outer garments) used in conjunction with or worn
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
over top of the PCS. This scope is therefore oriented to
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
industrial rather than athletic applications.
standard.
1.2.1 The effectiveness of different PCS will be quantified
1.4 Itistheresponsibilityofthetestlaboratorytoobtainthe
with the same protective clothing ensemble. Therefore, the
necessary and appropriate approval(s) required by their insti-
physiological values obtained apply only to the cooling
tution for conducting tests using human participants.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeF23onPersonal
ProtectiveClothingandEquipmentandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommittee
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
F23.60 on Human Factors.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2022. Published February 2022. Originally
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
approved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as F2300–10 (2016).
DOI: 10.1520/F2300-10R22. mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F2300 − 10 (2022)
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor- 3.1.3.1 Discussion—Numerically the clo is equal to 0.155
2 2
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- K·m /W, which is equal to 0.18°C·m ·h/kcal.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
3.1.4 clothing ensemble, n—a group of garments worn
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
together on the body at the same time.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
3.1.5 core temperature, n—the mean temperature of the
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
thermal core.
2. Referenced Documents
3.1.5.1 Discussion—Core temperature is commonly repre-
sentedbyrectaltemperature,orbythemorerapidlyresponding
2.1 ASTM Standards:
esophageal temperature. Core temperature is also measured by
F1291TestMethodforMeasuringtheThermalInsulationof
ingested telemetric thermometers in the form of a capsule.
Clothing Using a Heated Manikin
F1494Terminology Relating to Protective Clothing
3.1.6 garment, n—a single item of clothing (for example,
F2370Test Method for Measuring the Evaporative Resis-
shirt).
tance of Clothing Using a Sweating Manikin
3.1.7 maximum oxygen consumption (VO ), n—the high-
2max
2.2 Other Standards:
est rate at which an organism can take up oxygen during
ISO8996Ergonomics—Determination of Metabolic Heat
aerobic metabolism.
Production
3.1.7.1 Discussion—DeterminationofVO requiresvery
2max
ISO9886Ergonomics—Evaluation of Thermal Strain by
3 high motivation of the individual and is expressed in mL per
Physiological Measurements
min or as a term relative to body mass in mL per kg per min.
The Commission for Thermal Physiology of the Interna-
Maximumoxygenconsumptionisoftenreferredtoasmaximal
tional Union of Physiological Sciences (IUPS Thermal
4 aerobic power (MAP).
Commission)Glossary ofTerms forThermal Physiology
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)Cleared Steri-
3.1.8 metabolic rate, n—the rate of transformation of
lants and High Level Disinfectants with General Claims chemicalenergyintoheatandmechanicalworkbyaerobicand
for Processing Reusable Medical and Dental Devices
anaerobic activities within an organism.
(March 2009)
3.1.8.1 Discussion—Metabolic rate, as with VO ,is
2max
commonly measured by indirect calorimetry, during long-term
3. Terminology
steady-state work, and is typically expressed in Watts (W).
3.1 Definitions: Metabolic rate, also referred to as energy expenditure, is
3.1.1 acclimation, n—physiological adaptations occurring usuallyexpressedintermsofunitareaofthetotalbodysurface
within an organism, which reduces the strain or enhances (W/m ) or of total body mass (W/kg) when comparisons are
endurance of strain, caused by artificially or experimentally made between individuals.
induced stressful changes in particular environmental condi-
3.1.9 thermal core, n—the deep tissues of the brain, neck,
tions.
and torso whose temperatures are not changed in their rela-
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Acclimation describes the adaptive
tionship to each other by circulatory adjustments.
changes that occur within an organism in response to artifi-
3.1.9.1 Discussion—These deep tissues comprise the most
cially induced changes in particular climatic factors such as
thermally protected tissues of the body and are most critical to
ambienttemperatureandhumidityinacontrolledenvironment.
temperature regulation. The thermal core is distinct from
3.1.2 acclimatization, n—physiological adaptations occur-
changes in heat transfer to the environment that affects the
ring within an organism, which reduces the strain or enhances
appendages and other tissues of the body.
endurance of strain, caused by stressful changes in the natural
3.1.10 thermal insulation, n—the resistance to dry heat
environment.
transfer by way of conduction, convection, and radiation.
3.1.3 clo, n—unit of thermal resistance defined as the
3.1.11 thermal strain, n—anydeviationofbodytemperature
insulationrequiredtokeeparestingman(producingheatatthe
induced by sustained thermal stress that cannot be fully
rate of 58 W/m ) comfortable in an environment at 21°C, air
compensated by temperature regulation.
velocity 0.1 m/s, or roughly the insulation value of typical
indoor clothing.
3.1.11.1 Discussion—Thermalstrainresultsintheactivation
ofthermoeffectoractivitiesthatcausessustainedchangesinthe
state of non-thermal regulatory systems. Thermal strain is
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
measurable by an increased heart rate and whole body sweat
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
rate, as determined by pre and post nude mass loss.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
3.1.12 thermal stress, n—any thermal change between a
Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
temperature regulator and its environment, which if uncom-
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Available from Physiology & Biophysics School of Medicine, Case Western pensated by temperature regulation, would result in hyperther-
Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue Cleveland, OH 44106-4970, http://
mia.
www.iups.org.
3.1.12.1 Discussion—Thermal stress is often referred to as
Available from U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 10903 New
Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD 20993, http://www.fda.gov. heat stress.
F2300 − 10 (2022)
3.2 IUPS Thermal Commission document was referenced humidity and a repeatability of 63% is acceptable (for
forthemodifieddefinitionsrelatedtothermalphysiologylisted example, wet bulb/dry bulb, dew point hygrometer). Only one
above. For terms related to protective clothing used in this test location needs to be monitored during a test to ensure that the
method, refer to Terminology F1494. temporal uniformity requirements are met.
5.1.4 Air Temperature Sensors—Shielded air temperature
4. Significance and Use
sensors shall be used. Any sensor with an overall accuracy of
4.1 This test method can be used to quantify and compare 60.15°C is acceptable (for example, RTD, thermocouple,
the cooling provided by different personal cooling systems thermistor). The sensor shall have a time constant not exceed-
(PCS) worn with a standard outer garment or with a specified ing 1 min. The sensor(s) shall be 0.5 to 1.0 m in front of the
subject. If a single sensor is used it shall be 1.0 m above the
protective outer garment.
4.1.1 This test method will assess the performance of PCS floor.Ifmultiplesensorsareused,theyshallbespacedatequal
height intervals and their readings averaged.
based on the physiological measurement of core temperature,
mean skin temperature, heart rate, exposure time, oxygen
5.1.5 Air Velocity Indicator—An omnidirectional anemom-
consumption, and whole body sweat rate.
eter with 60.05 m/s accuracy shall be used. Measurements
shall be averaged for at least 1 min at each location. If it is
4.2 Evaluating the effectiveness of PCS is an extremely
demonstrated that velocity does not vary temporally by more
complicated endeavor that involves many factors related to
than 60.05m/s,thenitisnotnecessarytomonitorairvelocity
thermal exchange between the PCS, the environment, and the
during the test. The value of the mean air velocity must be
participant. It would not be practical in a test method of this
reported, however. If air velocity is monitored, then measure-
scope to establish details sufficient to cover all contingencies.
mentlocationrequirementsarethesameasforairtemperature.
Therefore, a valid physiological method of measuring core
temperature, along with other variables of thermal strain,
5.2 Treadmill—An adequately sized treadmill shall be used
providesanacceptablemeansofclassifyingtheperformanceof
withaphysicalstructurethatmustbeabletoaccommodatethe
PCS.Thistestmethodwillalsomeasuretheamountoftimethe
smallest and the largest participant safely and comfortably.
PCS maintains core temperature within safe limits during a
5.2.1 Treadmill Characteristics—Thetreadmillrunningsur-
specified condition of thermal stress.
face shall be not less than 1.8 m by 0.6 m. The treadmill must
4.3 Departuresfromtheinstructionsinthistestmethodmay
have a calibrated analog scale or digital indicator of speed and
lead to significantly different test results.Technical knowledge
angle of inclination (degrees or % grade). Elevation shall be
concerning thermoregulatory responses, the theory of heat
variable over a range of at least 0 to 25% grade. The speed
transfer, physiological and environmental temperature
shall be variable from 2 to 20 km/h in increments of 0.2 km/h.
measurement,andtestingpracticesisneededtoevaluatewhich
Calibrate treadmills for speed and grade. The control mecha-
departures from the instructions given in this test method are
nism must provide for error of less than 1.0% of the testing
significant. All departures must be reported with the results.
load both during the test and between tests (that is, 0.15%
grade at 15% treadmill grade).
5. Materials
5.3 Equipment for Measuring Body Temperature—The core
5.1 Controlled Environmental Chamber—Testing will take
and skin temperatures shall be measured with temperature
place within a chamber that is large enough to accommodate a
transducers(thatis,pointsensors)thatmustbecalibratedprior
treadmill, the test participant, and at least two people at the
to testing.
same time. Also, the chamber must provide uniform
5.3.1 Temperature Transducers—The temperature measure-
conditions, both spatially and temporally.
ments may be carried out with liquid thermometers,
5.1.1 Spatial Variations—Spatialvariationsshallnotexceed
thermocouples, resistance temperature devices (RTD), or
the following: air temperature 61.0°C, relative humidity
thermistors. The transducers shall provide an accuracy of
65%, and air velocity 650% of the mean value. In addition
60.1°Cbetweentherangeof30to42°Cforcoretemperature
the mean radiant temperature shall not be more than 1.0°C
and 25 to 40°C for skin temperature. The transducers shall be
differentfromthemeanairtemperature.Thespatialuniformity
of low thermal capacity. Their response time to 90% of the
shall be verified at least annually or after any significant
value must be the lowest possible and less than 30 s. Skin
modificationsaremadetothechamber.Spatialuniformityshall
temperature measurements can be taken at four, eight, or 14
be verified by recording values for the conditions stated above
different locations
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