ASTM D1217-93(2003)e1
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Liquids by Bingham Pycnometer
Standard Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Liquids by Bingham Pycnometer
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Density is a fundamental physical property which can be used in conjunction with other properties to characterize pure hydrocarbons and their mixtures.
This test method was originally developed for the determination of the density of the ASTM Knock Test Reference Fuels n-heptane and isooctane, with an accuracy of 0.00003 g/mL. Although it is no longer employed extensively for this purpose, this test method is useful whenever accurate densities of pure hydrocarbons or petroleum fractions with boiling points between 90 and 110°C are required.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the density of pure hydrocarbons or petroleum distillates boiling between 90 and 110°C that can be handled in a normal fashion as a liquid at the specified test temperatures of 20 and 25°C.
1.2 This test method provides a calculation procedure for the conversion of density to relative density (specific gravity).
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are given in Section 7.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
An American National Standard
e1
Designation: D 1217 – 93 (Reapproved 2003)
Standard Test Method for
Density and Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Liquids by
Bingham Pycnometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1217; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
e NOTE—Warning notes were editorially moved into the standard text in November 2003.
1. Scope density of water is unity, relative density (specific gravity) and
density are numerically equal.
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the density
of pure hydrocarbons or petroleum distillates boiling between
4. Summary of Test Method
90 and 110°C that can be handled in a normal fashion as a
4.1 The liquid sample is introduced into a pycnometer,
liquid at the specified test temperatures of 20 and 25°C.
equilibrated to the desired temperature, and weighed. The
1.2 This test method provides a calculation procedure for
relative density (specific gravity) or density is then calculated
the conversion of density to relative density (specific gravity).
from this weight and the previously determined weight of
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
water that is required to fill the pycnometer at the same
standard.
temperature, both weights being corrected for the buoyancy of
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
air.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
5. Significance and Use
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
5.1 Densityisafundamentalphysicalpropertywhichcanbe
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning
used in conjunction with other properties to characterize pure
statements are given in Section 7.
hydrocarbons and their mixtures.
2. Referenced Documents 5.2 This test method was originally developed for the
2 determination of the density of the ASTM Knock Test Refer-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
ence Fuels n-heptane and isooctane, with an accuracy of
E 1 Specification for ASTM Thermometers
0.00003 g/mL. Although it is no longer employed extensively
3. Terminology for this purpose, this test method is useful whenever accurate
densities of pure hydrocarbons or petroleum fractions with
3.1 Definitions:
boiling points between 90 and 110°C are required.
3.1.1 density—the weight in vacuo, (that is, the mass) of a
unit volume of the material at any given temperature.
6. Apparatus
3.1.2 relative density (specific gravity)—the ratio of the
6.1 Pycnometer, Bingham-type, conforming to the dimen-
mass (weight in vacuo) of a given volume of material at a
sions given in Fig. 1, constructed of borosilicate glass, and
temperature, t , to the mass of an equal volume of water at a
having a total weight not exceeding 30 g.
reference temperature, t ; or it is the ratio of the density of the
6.2 Constant-Temperature Bath, provided with suitable py-
material at t to the density of water at t . When the reference
1 2
cnometer holders or clips and means for maintaining tempera-
temperature is 4.00°C, the temperature at which the relative
tures constant to 60.01°C in the desired range.
6.3 Bath Thermometer, graduated in 0.1°C subdivisions and
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on standardizedfortheicepointandtherangeofusetothenearest
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.04 on Hydrocarbon Analysis.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2003. Published November 2003. Originally
approved in 1952. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as D 1217–93 (1998). The sole source of supply of the pycnometer known to the committee at this
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or time is Reliance Glass Co., 220 Gateway Rd., Bensenville, IL 60106-0825. If you
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a
the ASTM website. meeting of the responsible technical committee, which you may attend.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
e1
D 1217 – 93 (2003)
calibrated weights and pycnometer are alternately weighed on
the same balance pan. The same balance shall be used for all
related weighings.
6.9 Weights, whose relative values are known to the nearest
0.05 mg or better.The same set of weights shall be used for the
calibration of the pycnometer and the determination of densi-
ties.
7. Reagents and Materials
7.1 Acetone—(Warning—Extremely flammable. Use ad-
equate ventilation.)
7.2 Isopentane—(Warning—Extremely flammable. Avoid
buildupofvaporsandremoveallsourcesofignition,especially
non-explosion proof electrical apparatus.)
7.3 Chromic Acid (Potassium Dichromate/Conc. Sulfuric
Acid)—(Warning—Causes severe burns. A recognized car-
cinogen. Do not get in eyes, or on skin or clothing.)
8. Preparation of Apparatus
8.1 Thoroughly clean the pycnometer with hot chromic acid
cleaning solution by means of the assembly shown in Fig. 4.
Chromic acid solution (Warning—See 7.3) is the most effec-
tive cleaning agent. However, surfactant cleaning fluids have
also been used successfully. Mount the apparatus firmly and
connect the trap to the vacuum.Warm the necessary amount of
cleaning acid in the beaker, place the pycnometer on the
groundjoint,andevacuatebyopeningthestopcocktovacuum.
Fill the pycnometer with acid by turning the stopcock, repeat
FIG. 1 Bingham-Type Pycnometer, 25 mL several times or remove the filled pycnometer, and allow it to
standforseveralhoursat50to60°C.Removetheacidfromthe
pycnometer by evacuation, empty the acid from the trap, and
flush the pycnometer with water. Cleaning should be made in
0.01°C. ASTM Saybolt Viscosity Thermometer 17C as pre-
this manner whenever the pycnometer is to be calibrated or
scribed in Specification E 1, designed for tests at 21.1°C and
whenever liquid fails to drain cleanly from the walls of the
25°C, is recommended. A standardized platinum resistance
pycnometer or its capillary. Ordinarily, the pycnometer may be
thermometer may also be used, and offers the best means for
cleaned between determinations by washing with a suitable
observing minute temperature changes in the bath. Whichever
solvent,rinsingwithpure,dryacetone,followedbyisopentane,
means are available, it must be realized that for most hydro-
and vacuum drying.
carbons the density coefficient is about 0.0008 units/°C, and
8.2 Transfer the pycnometer to the cleaner assembly shown
therefore an error of 60.013°C would cause an error of
60.00001 in density. in Fig. 3, with vacuum line and trap attached to the side tube
as indicated. Place the pycnometer on the cleaner with the
6.4 Hypodermic Syringe, 30-mL capacity, of chemically
upper hypodermic needle extending upward into the pycnom-
resistant glass, equipped with a 152-mm (6-in.) needle made of
eter, and press the edge of the ground joint on the rubber
stainless steel tubing as shown in Fig. 2.
stopper until the vacuum holds it in place. Draw out all the
6.5 Draw-Off Needle, made of stainless steel tubing as
liquid or sample. Immerse the lower end of the hypodermic
shown in Fig. 2.
tube in a suitable solvent and draw 20 to 25 mL through the
6.6 Solvent-Cleaning Assembly, as shown in Fig. 3.
pycnometer.Leavingthepycnometerinplace,drawairthrough
6.7 Chromic Acid Cleaning Apparatus, similar to that
it until it is dry. Clean the hypodermic syringe with the same
shown in Fig. 4.
apparatus.
6.8 Balance, capable of reproducing weighings within 0.1
mg. Mechanical balances should have sensitivity which causes
9. Calibration of Pycnometer
the pointer to be deflected 2 or 3 scale divisions per 1 mg when
carrying a load of 30 g or less on each pan.The balance should 9.1 Proceeding as directed in Section 10, determine the
be located in a room shielded from drafts and fumes and in weight of freshly-boiled and cooled distilled water (distilled
which the temperature changes between related weighings from alkaline permanganate through a tin condenser) held by
(empty and filled pycnometer) do not cause a significant the pycnometer when equilibrated to volume at the bath
change in the ratio of the balance arms. Otherwise weighings temperature to be used in the determination. Repeat until at
shall be made by the method of substitution, in which the least three values agree to 60.2 mg.
e1
D 1217 – 93 (2003)
FIG. 2 Accessories for Bingham-Type Pycnometer
FIG. 3 Cleaner Assembly for Bingham-Type Pycnometer
10. Procedure 10.2 Cool the sample to 5 to 10°C below the test tempera-
ture, and fill the clean 30-mLhypodermic syringe.Transfer the
10.1 Using another 25-m
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.