ASTM D7078/D7078M-12
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Shear Properties of Composite Materials by V-Notched Rail Shear Method
Standard Test Method for Shear Properties of Composite Materials by V-Notched Rail Shear Method
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This shear test is designed to produce shear property data for material specifications, research and development, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. Either in-plane or interlaminar shear properties may be evaluated, depending upon the orientation of the material coordinate system relative to the loading axis. Factors that influence the shear response and should therefore be reported include: material, methods of material preparation and lay-up, specimen stacking sequence, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment and gripping, speed of testing, time at temperature, void content, and volume percent reinforcement.
5.2 In anisotropic materials, properties may be obtained in any of the six possible shear planes by orienting the testing plane of the specimen with the desired material plane (1-2 or 2-1, 1-3 or 3-1, 2-3 or 3-2). Only a single shear plane may be evaluated for any given specimen. Properties, in the test direction, which may be obtained from this test method, include the following:
5.2.1 Shear stress versus engineering shear strain response,
5.2.2 Ultimate shear strength,
5.2.3 Ultimate engineering shear strain,
5.2.4 Shear chord modulus of elasticity,
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the shear properties of high-modulus fiber-reinforced composite materials by clamping the ends of a V-notched specimen between two pairs of loading rails. When loaded in tension, the rails introduce shear forces into the specimen through the specimen faces. In comparison, the specimen of Test Method D5379/D5379M is loaded through its top and bottom edges. Face loading allows higher shear forces to be applied to the specimen, if required. Additionally, the present test method utilizes a specimen with a larger gage section than the V-notched specimen of Test Method D5379/D5379M. In both test methods, the use of a V-notched specimen increases the gage section shear stresses in relation to the shear stresses in the vicinity of the grips, thus localizing the failure within the gage section while causing the shear stress distribution to be more uniform than in a specimen without notches. In comparison, Test Method D4255/D4255M utilizes an unnotched specimen clamped between two pairs of loading rails that are loaded in tension. Also in contrast to Test Method D4255/D4255M, the present test method provides specimen gripping without the need for holes in the specimen.
The composite materials are limited to continuous-fiber or discontinuous-fiber-reinforced composites in the following material forms:
1.1.1 Laminates composed only of unidirectional fibrous laminae, with the fiber direction oriented either parallel or perpendicular to the fixture rails.
1.1.2 Laminates of balanced and symmetric construction, with the 0° direction oriented either parallel or perpendicular to the fixture rails.
1.1.3 Laminates composed of woven, braided, or knitted fabric filamentary laminae.
1.1.4 Short-fiber-reinforced composites with a majority of the fibers being randomly distributed.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text the inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D7078/D7078M − 12
Standard Test Method for
Shear Properties of Composite Materials by V-Notched Rail
1
Shear Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7078/D7078M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text the
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the shear
inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in
properties of high-modulus fiber-reinforced composite materi-
each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system
alsbyclampingtheendsofaV-notchedspecimenbetweentwo
must be used independently of the other. Combining values
pairs of loading rails. When loaded in tension, the rails
from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the
introduce shear forces into the specimen through the specimen
standard.
faces. In comparison, the specimen of Test Method D5379/
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
D5379M is loaded through its top and bottom edges. Face
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
loading allows higher shear forces to be applied to the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
specimen, if required. Additionally, the present test method
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
utilizes a specimen with a larger gage section than the
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
V-notched specimen of Test Method D5379/D5379M. In both
test methods, the use of a V-notched specimen increases the
2. Referenced Documents
gage section shear stresses in relation to the shear stresses in
2
the vicinity of the grips, thus localizing the failure within the
2.1 ASTM Standards:
gage section while causing the shear stress distribution to be
D792Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Rela-
more uniform than in a specimen without notches. In
tive Density) of Plastics by Displacement
comparison, Test Method D4255/D4255M utilizes an un-
D883Terminology Relating to Plastics
notched specimen clamped between two pairs of loading rails
D2584Test Method for Ignition Loss of Cured Reinforced
that are loaded in tension. Also in contrast to Test Method
Resins
D4255/D4255M, the present test method provides specimen
D2734TestMethodsforVoidContentofReinforcedPlastics
gripping without the need for holes in the specimen.
D3171Test Methods for Constituent Content of Composite
The composite materials are limited to continuous-fiber or
Materials
discontinuous-fiber-reinforcedcompositesinthefollowingma-
D3878Terminology for Composite Materials
terial forms:
D4255/D4255MTest Method for In-Plane Shear Properties
1.1.1 Laminates composed only of unidirectional fibrous
of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials by the Rail Shear
laminae, with the fiber direction oriented either parallel or
Method
perpendicular to the fixture rails.
D5229/D5229MTestMethodforMoistureAbsorptionProp-
1.1.2 Laminates of balanced and symmetric construction, erties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer Matrix
withthe0°directionorientedeitherparallelorperpendicularto Composite Materials
the fixture rails. D5379/D5379MTest Method for Shear Properties of Com-
1.1.3 Laminates composed of woven, braided, or knitted posite Materials by the V-Notched Beam Method
D6856Guide for Testing Fabric-Reinforced “Textile” Com-
fabric filamentary laminae.
posite Materials
1.1.4 Short-fiber-reinforced composites with a majority of
E4Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
the fibers being randomly distributed.
E6Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
E111Test Method for Young’s Modulus, Tangent Modulus,
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D30 on
Composite Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.04 on
2
Lamina and Laminate Test Methods. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved July 15, 2012. Published December 2012. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D7078/D7078M-05. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/D7078_D7078M-12. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7078/D7078M − 12
and Chord Modulus
E122PracticeforCalculatingSampleSizetoEstimate,With
Spec
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D7078/D7078M − 05 D7078/D7078M − 12
Standard Test Method for
Shear Properties of Composite Materials by V-Notched Rail
1
Shear Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7078/D7078M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the shear properties of high-modulus fiber-reinforced composite materials by
clamping the ends of a V-notched specimen between two pairs of loading rails. When loaded in tension, the rails introduce shear
forces into the specimen through the specimen faces. In comparison, the specimen of Test Method D5379/D5379M is loaded
through its top and bottom edges. Face loading allows higher shear forces to be applied to the specimen, if required. Additionally,
the present test method utilizes a specimen with a larger gage section than the V-notched specimen of Test Method
D5379/D5379M. In both test methods, the use of a V-notched specimen increases the gage section shear stresses in relation to the
shear stresses in the vicinity of the grips, thus localizing the failure within the gage section while causing the shear stress
distribution to be more uniform than in a specimen without notches. In comparison, Test Method D4255/D4255M utilizes an
unnotched specimen clamped between two pairs of loading rails that are loaded in tension. Also in contrast to Test Method
D4255/D4255M, the present test method provides specimen gripping without the need for holes in the specimen.
The composite materials are limited to continuous-fiber or discontinuous-fiber-reinforced composites in the following material
forms:
1.1.1 Laminates composed only of unidirectional fibrous laminae, with the fiber direction oriented either parallel or
perpendicular to the fixture rails.
1.1.2 Laminates of balanced and symmetric construction, with the 0° direction oriented either parallel or perpendicular to the
fixture rails.
1.1.3 Laminates composed of woven, braided, or knitted fabric filamentary laminae.
1.1.4 Short-fiber-reinforced composites with a majority of the fibers being randomly distributed.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text the
inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must
be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D792 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Relative Density) of Plastics by Displacement
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D2584 Test Method for Ignition Loss of Cured Reinforced Resins
D2734 Test Methods for Void Content of Reinforced Plastics
D3171 Test Methods for Constituent Content of Composite Materials
D3878 Terminology for Composite Materials
D4255/D4255M Test Method for In-Plane Shear Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials by the Rail Shear Method
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D30 on Composite Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.04 on Lamina and
Laminate Test Methods.
Current edition approved May 15, 2005July 15, 2012. Published August 2005December 2012. Originally approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as
D7078/D7078M-05. DOI: 10.1520/D7078_D7078M-05.10.1520/D7078_D7078M-12.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7078/D7078M − 12
D5229/D5229M Test Method for Moisture Absorption Properties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer Matrix Composite
Materials
D5379/D5379M Test Method for Shear Pr
...
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