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ASTM D1441-12

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Sampling Cotton Fibers for Testing

Standard Practice for Sampling Cotton Fibers for Testing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The reliability of the results of any test method depends primarily upon how well the specimens tested represent the original source material or lot. Failure to provide a test specimen which accurately represents the lot from which it is drawn will produce misleading test results regardless of the accuracy and precision of the test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for taking a lot sample of cotton fibers, from a designated source (lot), and reducing the lot sample through a series of steps to produce test specimens that are representative of the source and suitable for the determination of fiber properties according to established procedures.
1.2 This practice has been used extensively for commercial acceptance testing of cotton fibers as well as for arbitration testing and research.
Note 1—This practice is used in taking samples of cotton for testing by Test Methods D1440, D1442, D1445, D1447, D1448, D1464, , D2812, D5866 and D5867.
1.3 The procedures do not cover the selection of samples for the determination of moisture. Special handling and protection of the sample from the prevailing atmosphere required for samples taken for the determination of moisture are not provided for in this practice. See Test Method D2495.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measure are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Jun-2012
ICS
59.060.10 - Natural fibres
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.11 - Cotton Fibers
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D1441-06 - Standard Practice for Sampling Cotton Fibers for Testing
Effective Date
01-Jul-2012
Replaced By
ASTM D1441-12(2020) - Standard Practice for Sampling Cotton Fibers for Testing
Effective Date
01-Jul-2020
Referred By
ASTM D7025-09(2021)e1 - Standard Test Method for Assessing Clean Flax Fiber Fineness
Effective Date
01-Jul-2012
Referred By
ASTM D1445/D1445M-12(2021) - Standard Test Method for Breaking Strength and Elongation of Cotton Fibers (Flat Bundle Method)
Effective Date
01-Jul-2012
Referred By
ASTM D1447-07(2021) - Standard Test Method for Length and Length Uniformity of Cotton Fibers by Photoelectric Measurement
Effective Date
01-Jul-2012
Referred By
ASTM D1464-12(2019) - Standard Practice for Differential Dyeing Behavior of Cotton
Effective Date
01-Jul-2012
Referred By
ASTM D8394-21 - Standard Test Method for Automated Measurement of Maturity, Fineness, Ribbon Width, and Micronaire of Cotton Fibers
Effective Date
01-Jul-2012
Referred By
ASTM D2654-22 - Standard Test Methods for Moisture in Textiles
Effective Date
01-Jul-2012
Referred By
ASTM D5866-12(2020) - Standard Test Method for Neps in Cotton Fibers
Effective Date
01-Jul-2012
Referred By
ASTM D1440-07(2019) - Standard Test Method for Length and Length Distribution of Cotton Fibers (Array Method)
Effective Date
01-Jul-2012
Referred By
ASTM D2495-07(2019) - Standard Test Method for Moisture in Cotton by Oven-Drying
Effective Date
01-Jul-2012
Referred By
ASTM D7785-21 - Standard Practice for Water in Lint Cotton by Oven Evaporation Combined with Volumetric Karl Fischer Titration
Effective Date
01-Jul-2012
Referred By
ASTM D2812-07(2021) - Standard Test Method for Non-Lint Content of Cotton
Effective Date
01-Jul-2012

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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D1441 − 12
Standard Practice for
1
Sampling Cotton Fibers for Testing
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1441; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D1445 TestMethodforBreakingStrengthandElongationof
Cotton Fibers (Flat Bundle Method)
1.1 This practice covers procedures for taking a lot sample
D1447 Test Method for Length and Length Uniformity of
of cotton fibers, from a designated source (lot), and reducing
Cotton Fibers by Photoelectric Measurement
the lot sample through a series of steps to produce test
D1448 Test Method for Micronaire Reading of Cotton Fi-
specimens that are representative of the source and suitable for
bers
the determination of fiber properties according to established
D1464 Practice for Differential Dyeing Behavior of Cotton
procedures.
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
1.2 This practice has been used extensively for commercial
D2480 Test Method for Maturity Index and Linear Density
acceptance testing of cotton fibers as well as for arbitration
of Cotton Fibers by the Causticaire Method (Withdrawn
testing and research. 3
1992)
NOTE 1—This practice is used in taking samples of cotton for testing by
D2495 Test Method for Moisture in Cotton by Oven-Drying
Test Methods D1440, D1442, D1445, D1447, D1448, D1464, D2480,
D2812 Test Method for Non-Lint Content of Cotton
D2812, D5866 and D5867.
D5866 Test Method for Neps in Cotton Fibers (AFIS-N
1.3 Theproceduresdonotcovertheselectionofsamplesfor
Instrument)
the determination of moisture. Special handling and protection
D5867 Test Methods for Measurement of Physical Proper-
of the sample from the prevailing atmosphere required for
ties of Raw Cotton by Cotton Classification Instruments
samples taken for the determination of moisture are not
D7139 Terminology for Cotton Fibers
provided for in this practice. See Test Method D2495.
3. Terminology
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. No other units of measure are included in this
3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.11, Cotton Fibers,
standard.
refer to Terminology D7139.
3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
laboratory sample, lot, in acceptance sampling of cotton, lot
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
sample, in cotton, and specimen.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, refer to
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Terminology D123.
2. Referenced Documents 4. Summary of Practice
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4.1 Sampling procedures for obtaining samples from the lot
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles and for the reduction of the lot samples to the size required for
D1440 Test Method for Length and Length Distribution of
fiber test specimens are presented. Steps are outlined to secure
Cotton Fibers (Array Method) reduction of the amount of cotton fibers to be handled at
D1442 Test Method for Maturity of Cotton Fibers (Sodium
various stages, so that the reduced sample continues to be
Hydroxide Swelling and Polarized Light Procedures) representative of the lot. Provision is made for the omission of
intermediate steps in the reduction of the lot sample in cases
where this is desirable or necessary (see 13.1).
1
ThispracticeisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD13onTextilesand
is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.11 on Cotton Fibers.
5. Significance and Use
Current edition approved July 1, 2012. Published August 2012. Originally
5.1 The reliability of the results of any test method depends
approved in 1952. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D1441 – 06. DOI:
10.1520/D1441-12.
primarily upon how well the specimens tested represent the
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1441 − 12
original source material or lot. Failure to provide a test 10.1.2 For sliver, beginning with the first material from the
specimen which accurately represents the lot from which it is lead end of the p
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D1441–06 Designation: D1441 – 12
Standard Practice for
1
Sampling Cotton Fibers for Testing
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1441; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1This practice covers procedures for taking a lot sample, at the source, of cotton fibers and reducing this sample through a
series of steps to provide a relatively small test specimen of loose cotton fibers, representative of the source material and suitable
for the determination of a single property, or a series of fiber properties, according to established procedures.
1.1 This practice covers procedures for taking a lot sample of cotton fibers, from a designated source (lot), and reducing the lot
sample through a series of steps to produce test specimens that are representative of the source and suitable for the determination
of fiber properties according to established procedures.
1.2 This practice has been used extensively for commercial acceptance testing of cotton fibers as well as for arbitration testing
and research.
1.3The procedures do not cover the selection of samples for the determination of moisture. Special handling and protection of
the sample from the prevailing atmosphere required for samples taken for the determination of moisture are not provided for in
this practice. See Test Method D2495.
NOTE 1—This practice is used in taking samples of cotton for testing by Test Methods D1440, D1442, D1445, D1447, D1448, D1464, D2480, D2496,
and , D2480, D2812, D5866 and D5867.
1.3 The procedures do not cover the selection of samples for the determination of moisture. Special handling and protection of
the sample from the prevailing atmosphere required for samples taken for the determination of moisture are not provided for in
this practice. See Test Method D2495.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measure are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D1440 Test Method for Length and Length Distribution of Cotton Fibers (Array Method)
D1442 Test Method for Maturity of Cotton Fibers (Sodium Hydroxide Swelling and Polarized Light Procedures)
D1445 Test Method for Breaking Strength and Elongation of Cotton Fibers (Flat Bundle Method)
D1447 Test Method for Length and Length Uniformity of Cotton Fibers by Photoelectric Measurement
D1448 Test Method for Micronaire Reading of Cotton Fibers
D1464 Practice for Differential Dyeing Behavior of Cotton
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
D2480
3
D2480 Test Method for Maturity Index and Linear Density of Cotton Fibers by the Causticaire Method
D2495 Test Method for Moisture in Cotton by Oven-Drying
D2812 Test Method for Non-Lint Content of Cotton
D5866 Test Method for Neps in Cotton Fibers (AFIS-N Instrument)
D5867 Test Methods for Measurement of Physical Properties of Cotton Fibers by High Volume Instruments
D7139 Terminology for Cotton Fibers
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.11 on Cotton Fibers.
Current edition approved JuneJuly 1, 2006.2012. Published July 2006.August 2012. Originally approved in 1952. Last previous edition approved in 20002006 as
D1441 – 006. DOI: 10.1520/D1441-06.10.1520/D1441-12.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book ofASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1441 – 12
3. Terminology
3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.11, Cotton Fibers, refer to Terminology D7139.
3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to
...

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ASTM D2524-22(Test Method)
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D2524 for testing wool fibers for tenacity is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing when the participating laboratories, using a reference wool, have shown acceptable between-laboratory precision. It is recommended that any program of acceptance testing be preceded by an interlaboratory check in the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of the seller on replicate specimens of samples of the material to be evaluated. In cases of dispute, the statistical bias, if any, between the laboratory of the purchaser and the seller should be determined with each comparison being based on testing randomized specimens from one sample of material of the type being evaluated.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D2462 for the determination of the moisture in wool by distillation with toluene is the preferred method for testing wool for moisture for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments. If, however, the purchaser and the supplier agree, Test Method D1576 for the determination of the moisture in wool by oven drying may be used instead. Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1, may be advisable.  
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ASTM D2462-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Moisture in Wool by Distillation With Toluene

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D2462 for testing for moisture in wool is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D2462 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative testing to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of the bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogenous as possible and that are from a lot of the type material in question. The test specimens should be assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-Test for unpaired data and an acceptance probability level chosen by the two parties before the test is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.  
5.2 This test method is the preferred method for all suitable samples of wool where it is important to obtain a result free from the possible biases, introduced by the conditions discussed in 5.3 and 5.4.  
5.3 This test method is free from the interferences caused by different conditions of ambient atmosphere such as might affect the results of oven-drying. A slight amount of residual moisture may be retained in a specimen subjected to oven-drying because of the relative humidity of the ambient air; however, the amount of moisture retained may be estimated from published data.3  
5.4 This test method is free from the interference caused by nonaqueous volatile material. Such material, when present, is erroneously measured as moisture by oven-drying methods, the extent of the error depending u...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of moisture present in grease wool, scoured wool, carded wool, garnetted wool, wool top and intermediate wool products, and rovings, by distillation with toluene.  
1.2 Equations are given for calculating the amount of water present as moisture content (as-received basis) and moisture regain (dry fiber) basis. The term that corresponds to the basis used in the calculation and report must always be stated.  
1.3 This test method is not applicable to material known to contain any steam-distillable, water-soluble matter. If it is suspected that such matter is present, the method should be used with caution.  
1.4 Xylene or other solvents should not be substituted for toluene as no other solvents have been evaluated for use in this standard.  
Note 1: The determination of moisture in wool by oven-drying is covered in Test Method D1576 and for textile materials in general in Test Methods D2654. A method for sampling wool for the determination of moisture in wool is covered in Practice D2525.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.For specific safety hazard statements, see Section 8.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D2968-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Med and Kemp Fibers in Wool and Other Animal Fibers by Microprojection

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D2968 for the determination of med and kemp fibers by microprojection may be used for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of wool and other animal fibers, but caution is advised since only a few types of animal fibers have been subjected to interlaboratory tests to ascertain the precision of tests for med and kemp fibers by this test method. Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1 may be advisable.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D2968 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in view of the known bias.  
5.2 Knowledge of the incidence of med fibers and kemp fibers in wool and other animal fibers is of importance to manufacturers of woven or knitted fabrics because of the apparent dye resistance and light reflectance qualities of these fibers. This is not to imply that all kemp fibers will resist dye and all med fibers will accept dye normally. In practice, a proportion of kemp fibers will appear normal after dyeing and a proportion of med fibers will appear chalky white after dyeing. From the perspective of visual and aesthetic problems, medullated fibers hav...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination by microprojection of the percentage of medullated fibers (med and kemp fibers) in wool or other animal fibers such as mohair, cashmere, alpaca, or camel's hair in their various forms.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D6961/D6961M-09(2021)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Color Measurement of Flax Fiber

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Few standards exist to objectively judge flax quality. Color is an important factor in the quality of flax fiber. Natural variations in raw flax fiber, various processing steps, fiber blending, and a wide range of end uses contribute to the need for a standard method of objectively measuring the color of flax fiber. Spectrophotometic data provide an accurate, precise determination of the color of flax fiber. Colorimetric data are obtained through specimen measurement by combining specimen spectral data with data representing a CIE standard observer and a CIE standard illuminant, as described in Practice E308.  
5.2 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two (or more) laboratories, comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative test that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that fiber sample type must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the instrumental color measurement of flax fiber.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8394-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Automated Measurement of Maturity, Fineness, Ribbon Width, and Micronaire of Cotton Fibers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Cotton fiber that is on average finer and more mature is more desirable than coarse or immature fiber, although distinction between these qualities cannot be made quickly and accurately using current test methods. Immature fibers break more easily during processing and have a tendency to form into neps (small entanglements) during processing in the spinning mill. These consequences adversely affect yarn and fabric quality and appearance. Yarn and fabric produced from immature fiber is typically also less lustrous and does not take up dye consistently so yarn and fabric appearance may be different after dyeing.  
5.2 Maturity has a high positive correlation with fiber length and strength but genetic differences and differences in fiber wall thickness caused by plant diseases, soil, and water conditions during the growing season interfere with this relationship.  
5.2.1 Fine fibers are required for fine count yarn manufacture and fiber fineness affects yarn count, evenness and strength. Both fineness and ribbon width are strong genetic traits evident between species and affected by growing conditions within species.  
5.2.2 Micronaire has traditionally been used as a measure of fiber fineness although the value actually measures fiber specific surface area or surface area per unit weight. As a result, micronaire varies concomitantly with both maturity and fineness (see Fig. 2). Maturity and fineness are related to micronaire via Lord’s equation.4
FIG. 2 Relationship Between Micronaire (X), Fineness (H), and Maturity (M)  
5.3 Cottonscope values have been judged against fineness, maturity and ribbon width values produced by examination of thousands of individual, magnified fiber cross-sections. Relationships with equivalent values by these and other older test methods are highly significant5,6 particularly if the number of cross-sections analyzed is high (>3000) and the cross-sections are carefully prepared and measured. Cottonscope measures approximately 20,...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of linear density (gravimetric fineness hereafter stated as fineness), maturity, micronaire, and ribbon width of cotton fibers from a loose, chemically untreated sample taken before harvest, during ginning, during mill processing or unraveled from raw (undyed) yarn or fabric.  
1.2 This test method requires the use of an integrated instrument, for example, the Cottonscope (see Fig. 1), that measures the maturity, fineness, ribbon width, and micronaire of cotton fiber.2
FIG. 1 Cottonscope Instrument
Note 1: For another test method to determine the maturity of cotton fibers, refer to Test Method D1442.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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