ASTM D6488-04e1
(Terminology)Standard Terminology Relating to Print Problems
Standard Terminology Relating to Print Problems
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology standard gives definitions for problems that develop with printed matter as a result of deficiencies in the ink, substrate, press, or combinations thereof.
1.2 These definitions cover the three major printing processes and are given in the following sequence: lithography, flexography, and gravure. For further information see Refs (1-4) at the end of this standard.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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e1
Designation:D6488–04
Standard Terminology Relating to
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Print Problems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6488; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
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e NOTE—Editorial changes were made throughout in March 2005.
ink film during heatset drying. This condition is more common with
1. Scope*
higher ink coverage and heavier basis weight papers.
1.1 This terminology standard gives definitions for prob-
lems that develop with printed matter as a result of deficiencies blocking, n—an undesired adhesion between sheets of printed
in the ink, substrate, press, or combinations thereof. material that might occur under moderate pressure or in-
1.2 These definitions cover the three major printing pro- creased temperature, or both, while in storage or in use.
cesses and are given in the following sequence: lithography,
DISCUSSION—Damage to one or both surfaces may be visible upon
flexography, and gravure. For further information see Refs
separation and may be due to improperly dried ink or coating.
(1-4) at the end of this standard.
bronzing, n—the metal-like reflectance which sometimes
2. Referenced Documents
appears at the surface of nonmetallic colored materials.
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2.1 ASTM Standards:
DISCUSSION—Bronzing is perceived at the specular angle by observ-
D 4361 Test Method forApparentTack of Printing Inks and
ing the image of a white light source, for example, and is characterized
Vehicles by a Three-Roller Tackmeter by a distinct hue of different dominant wavelengths than the hue of the
color itself. The origin of the selective specular reflectance observed is
F 425 Terminology Relating to Lithographic Copy Prod-
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generally considered to be reflectance from very small particle size
ucts
pigment partially separated from surrounding vehicle at or near the ink
film surface.
3. Significance and Use
3.1 A common set of definitions is essential to improve catch up, n—a condition that occurs when the non-image area
communication and avoid misunderstanding among ink mak- of the plate becomes ink receptive. See scum. [GATF]
ers, substrate makers, and printers.
DISCUSSION—This condition results from the insufficient feeding of
3.2 The term “paper” in this standard also encompasses the
dampening solution.
term “paperboard.”
chalking, n—see powdering.
3.3 Definitions that are verbatim from one of the referenced
coating pick, n—the removal of coating particles from the
sourcesareindicatedbygivingtheacronymoftheorganization
sheetsurfacethatoccurswhenthetackoftheinkexceedsthe
or the author of the book at the end of the definition.
surface strength of the substrate.
4. Terminology
DISCUSSION—A loss in surface strength may occur during printing
4.1 Definitions:
when the coating is resolubilized by the fountain solution.
4.1.1 Lithographic Printing:
dot distortion, n—an undesired change in shape of halftone
blistering, n—the formation of small air pockets under the
dots during plate making or printing operations, or both.
printed paper surface.
dot doubling, n—the unintentional printing of two images
slightly out of register from a single form.
DISCUSSION—It results from moisture being trapped under the dried
DISCUSSION—Dot doublings can be the result of a mechanical
problem due to undesired movement between the plate and the blanket.
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This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint
and Related Coatings, Materials, andApplications and is the direct responsibility of dot gain, n—the increase in halftone dot size in relation to the
Subcommittee D01.56 on Printing Inks.
dots on the lithographic film; it is the arithmetic difference
Current edition approved June 1, 2004. Published June 2004. Originally
between the dot area on the original film and dot area on the
approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as D 6488 – 99.
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printed sheet.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
DISCUSSION—Physical dot gain can be caused by a number of the
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
processing steps in prepress or during actual printing. Factors that
the ASTM website.
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control dot gain on press are ink film thickness, amount of water feed,
Withdrawn.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
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D6488–04
solid print density, ink holdout/absorba
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