ASTM D8006-24
(Guide)Standard Guide for Sampling and Analysis of Residential and Commercial Water Supply Wells in Areas of Exploration and Production (E&P) Operations
Standard Guide for Sampling and Analysis of Residential and Commercial Water Supply Wells in Areas of Exploration and Production (E&P) Operations
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 A supply well provides groundwater for household, domestic, commercial, agricultural, or industrial uses.
4.2 Using a standardized protocol based on an existing industry, domestic or international, standard or approved regulatory methods and procedures to collect water samples from a supply well is essential to obtain representative water quality data. These data can be critical to efforts to protect water uses, human health and safety, and identify changes when they occur. Use of this guide will help the project team to design and execute an effective water supply sampling program.
4.3 It is important to understand the objectives of the sampling program before designing it. Water supplies may be sampled for various reasons including any or all of the following:
(1) identify health and safety risks for potable use prior to exploration in the vicinity,
(2) baseline sampling before an operation of concern,
(3) periodic sampling during such an operation,
(4) investigative responses to initial characterization, perceived changes in water quality, or
(5) ongoing monitoring related to known or potential groundwater constituents of concern in the area.
4.3.1 Baseline Analysis on Water Wells—Select a comprehensive list of inorganic and organic analyses for the initial test on potable water wells for use by the well owner in developing a treatment system, if needed.
4.4 Sampling programs should be based on these objectives and be developed in coordination with the prospective laboratory(ies) to ensure its procedures, capabilities, and limitations can be executed safely, meet the needs of the program, protect human health and fulfill regulatory requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide presents a methodology for obtaining representative groundwater samples from domestic or commercial water wells that are in proximity to oil and gas exploration and production (E&P) operations. E&P operations include, but are not necessarily limited to, site preparation, drilling, completion, and well stimulation (including hydraulic fracturing), and production activities. The goal is to obtain representative groundwater samples from domestic or commercial water wells that can be used to identify the baseline groundwater quality and any subsequent changes that may be identified. While this guide focuses on baseline sampling in conjunction with oil and gas E&P activities, the principles and practices recommended for health and safety are based on well-established methods that have been in use for many years in other industrial situations. This guide recommends sampling and analytical testing procedures that can identify various chemical species present including metals, dissolved gases (such as methane and radon), hydrocarbons (and other organic compounds), radioactivity, as well as overall water quality.
1.2 This guide provides information on typical residential and commercial water supply well systems and guidance on developing and implementing a sampling program, including determining sampling locations, suggested purging techniques, selection of potential analyses and laboratory certifications, data management, and integrity. It also includes guidance on personal safety. The information included pertains to baseline sampling before beginning any activities that could present potential risks to local aquifers, periodic sampling during and after such work, and ongoing monitoring relating to known or potential groundwater constituents in the area. This guide does not address policy issues related to frequency or timing of sampling or sampling distances from the wellhead. In addition, it does not address reporting limits, sample preservation, holding times, laboratory quality control, regulatory action levels, or interpretation of analytical results.
1.3 These guidelines are not intended to replace or supersede regulatory requirements and technical methodology or guidance nor are these guidelines...
General Information
- Status
- Published
- Publication Date
- 14-Feb-2024
- Technical Committee
- D18 - Soil and Rock
- Drafting Committee
- D18.26 - Hydraulic Fracturing
Relations
- Effective Date
- 15-Feb-2024
- Effective Date
- 01-Apr-2024
- Effective Date
- 15-Mar-2024
- Effective Date
- 15-Dec-2017
- Effective Date
- 01-Oct-2016
- Effective Date
- 15-Feb-2024
- Effective Date
- 15-Feb-2024
Overview
ASTM D8006-24: Standard Guide for Sampling and Analysis of Residential and Commercial Water Supply Wells in Areas of Exploration and Production (E&P) Operations provides best-practice guidelines for obtaining representative groundwater samples from water supply wells located near oil and gas exploration activities. This guide is critical for projects concerned with water quality monitoring in the vicinity of E&P operations such as site preparation, drilling, completion, hydraulic fracturing, and production.
By following recognized methodologies, the guide assists stakeholders in designing sampling programs that generate reliable water quality data. This information is essential to protect water uses, support human health, satisfy regulatory requirements, and track changes in groundwater quality over time.
Key Topics
- Representative Sampling Procedures: Recommends standardized and consistent methodologies for collecting water samples to ensure the representativeness of data, including selection of sampling locations, required purging techniques, and avoidance of contamination.
- Water Quality Analysis: Suggests a comprehensive suite of analyses for both inorganic and organic compounds, dissolved gases, metals, radioactivity, and general water quality indicators-tailored to site-specific need and potential groundwater constituents.
- Program Design Considerations: Emphasizes the importance of setting clear objectives for water sampling, including baseline characterization, ongoing monitoring, and investigative or regulatory needs.
- Sampling Documentation: Highlights the necessity of thorough record-keeping, including field notes, chain-of-custody, photographic documentation, and sample labeling.
- Laboratory Coordination and Quality Control: Advises coordination with certified laboratories and adherence to quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) procedures to maintain data integrity.
- Health, Safety, and System Integrity: Provides guidance on personal safety protocols, system and equipment evaluation, and prevention of well or property damage during sampling activities.
- Assessment of Water Supply and Treatment Systems: Includes procedures for evaluating the well’s construction and condition, associated treatment systems, and proximity to potential contaminants.
Applications
The ASTM D8006-24 standard is applicable in a variety of contexts where groundwater quality must be assessed or monitored near E&P operations, including:
- Baseline Sampling: Prior to any exploratory or production activity, to establish initial groundwater quality for comparison against future samples.
- Routine and Periodic Monitoring: To track changes that may be attributed to ongoing E&P activities or identify emerging risks to drinking water supplies.
- Investigation of Water Quality Issues: In response to complaints or detection of changes in water quality, to determine potential links to E&P operations.
- Regulatory Compliance and Reporting: For meeting federal, state, or local requirements regarding protection of drinking water sources and environmental monitoring.
- Treatment System Planning: To provide the well owner with data for developing or optimizing filtration and water treatment systems, if issues are detected.
These procedures aid consultants, laboratory personnel, regulators, water system operators, and property owners in obtaining reliable, legally defensible water quality data that supports decision-making and risk management.
Related Standards
ASTM D8006-24 references a variety of related standards and regulatory documents that inform sampling and analytical practices, including but not limited to:
ASTM Standards:
- ASTM D5980: Selection and Documentation of Existing Wells
- ASTM D5072: Radon in Drinking Water
- ASTM D7315: Turbidity Measurement
- ASTM D7678: Total Oil and Grease (TOG) and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH)
EPA Standards and Methods:
- EPA 160.1: Total Dissolved Solids
- EPA 900.0: Gross Alpha and Gross Beta Radioactivity
- SW846 8260C: Volatile Organic Compounds by GC/MS
- EPA 9056A: Inorganic Anions by Ion Chromatography
International and Federal References:
- ISO/IEC 17025: Laboratory Competence
- 40 CFR Part 136: Test Procedures for Pollutant Analysis
Each referenced standard supports specific analytical techniques, quality control procedures, and regulatory frameworks, ensuring the utility and acceptance of the sampling and analysis results.
Keywords: groundwater sampling, water supply wells, oil and gas exploration, water quality analysis, baseline monitoring, residential wells, commercial wells, E&P operations, ASTM D8006-24, regulatory compliance, water contamination, laboratory procedures, well integrity, safety protocols.
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Frequently Asked Questions
ASTM D8006-24 is a guide published by ASTM International. Its full title is "Standard Guide for Sampling and Analysis of Residential and Commercial Water Supply Wells in Areas of Exploration and Production (E&P) Operations". This standard covers: SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 4.1 A supply well provides groundwater for household, domestic, commercial, agricultural, or industrial uses. 4.2 Using a standardized protocol based on an existing industry, domestic or international, standard or approved regulatory methods and procedures to collect water samples from a supply well is essential to obtain representative water quality data. These data can be critical to efforts to protect water uses, human health and safety, and identify changes when they occur. Use of this guide will help the project team to design and execute an effective water supply sampling program. 4.3 It is important to understand the objectives of the sampling program before designing it. Water supplies may be sampled for various reasons including any or all of the following: (1) identify health and safety risks for potable use prior to exploration in the vicinity, (2) baseline sampling before an operation of concern, (3) periodic sampling during such an operation, (4) investigative responses to initial characterization, perceived changes in water quality, or (5) ongoing monitoring related to known or potential groundwater constituents of concern in the area. 4.3.1 Baseline Analysis on Water Wells—Select a comprehensive list of inorganic and organic analyses for the initial test on potable water wells for use by the well owner in developing a treatment system, if needed. 4.4 Sampling programs should be based on these objectives and be developed in coordination with the prospective laboratory(ies) to ensure its procedures, capabilities, and limitations can be executed safely, meet the needs of the program, protect human health and fulfill regulatory requirements. SCOPE 1.1 This guide presents a methodology for obtaining representative groundwater samples from domestic or commercial water wells that are in proximity to oil and gas exploration and production (E&P) operations. E&P operations include, but are not necessarily limited to, site preparation, drilling, completion, and well stimulation (including hydraulic fracturing), and production activities. The goal is to obtain representative groundwater samples from domestic or commercial water wells that can be used to identify the baseline groundwater quality and any subsequent changes that may be identified. While this guide focuses on baseline sampling in conjunction with oil and gas E&P activities, the principles and practices recommended for health and safety are based on well-established methods that have been in use for many years in other industrial situations. This guide recommends sampling and analytical testing procedures that can identify various chemical species present including metals, dissolved gases (such as methane and radon), hydrocarbons (and other organic compounds), radioactivity, as well as overall water quality. 1.2 This guide provides information on typical residential and commercial water supply well systems and guidance on developing and implementing a sampling program, including determining sampling locations, suggested purging techniques, selection of potential analyses and laboratory certifications, data management, and integrity. It also includes guidance on personal safety. The information included pertains to baseline sampling before beginning any activities that could present potential risks to local aquifers, periodic sampling during and after such work, and ongoing monitoring relating to known or potential groundwater constituents in the area. This guide does not address policy issues related to frequency or timing of sampling or sampling distances from the wellhead. In addition, it does not address reporting limits, sample preservation, holding times, laboratory quality control, regulatory action levels, or interpretation of analytical results. 1.3 These guidelines are not intended to replace or supersede regulatory requirements and technical methodology or guidance nor are these guidelines...
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 4.1 A supply well provides groundwater for household, domestic, commercial, agricultural, or industrial uses. 4.2 Using a standardized protocol based on an existing industry, domestic or international, standard or approved regulatory methods and procedures to collect water samples from a supply well is essential to obtain representative water quality data. These data can be critical to efforts to protect water uses, human health and safety, and identify changes when they occur. Use of this guide will help the project team to design and execute an effective water supply sampling program. 4.3 It is important to understand the objectives of the sampling program before designing it. Water supplies may be sampled for various reasons including any or all of the following: (1) identify health and safety risks for potable use prior to exploration in the vicinity, (2) baseline sampling before an operation of concern, (3) periodic sampling during such an operation, (4) investigative responses to initial characterization, perceived changes in water quality, or (5) ongoing monitoring related to known or potential groundwater constituents of concern in the area. 4.3.1 Baseline Analysis on Water Wells—Select a comprehensive list of inorganic and organic analyses for the initial test on potable water wells for use by the well owner in developing a treatment system, if needed. 4.4 Sampling programs should be based on these objectives and be developed in coordination with the prospective laboratory(ies) to ensure its procedures, capabilities, and limitations can be executed safely, meet the needs of the program, protect human health and fulfill regulatory requirements. SCOPE 1.1 This guide presents a methodology for obtaining representative groundwater samples from domestic or commercial water wells that are in proximity to oil and gas exploration and production (E&P) operations. E&P operations include, but are not necessarily limited to, site preparation, drilling, completion, and well stimulation (including hydraulic fracturing), and production activities. The goal is to obtain representative groundwater samples from domestic or commercial water wells that can be used to identify the baseline groundwater quality and any subsequent changes that may be identified. While this guide focuses on baseline sampling in conjunction with oil and gas E&P activities, the principles and practices recommended for health and safety are based on well-established methods that have been in use for many years in other industrial situations. This guide recommends sampling and analytical testing procedures that can identify various chemical species present including metals, dissolved gases (such as methane and radon), hydrocarbons (and other organic compounds), radioactivity, as well as overall water quality. 1.2 This guide provides information on typical residential and commercial water supply well systems and guidance on developing and implementing a sampling program, including determining sampling locations, suggested purging techniques, selection of potential analyses and laboratory certifications, data management, and integrity. It also includes guidance on personal safety. The information included pertains to baseline sampling before beginning any activities that could present potential risks to local aquifers, periodic sampling during and after such work, and ongoing monitoring relating to known or potential groundwater constituents in the area. This guide does not address policy issues related to frequency or timing of sampling or sampling distances from the wellhead. In addition, it does not address reporting limits, sample preservation, holding times, laboratory quality control, regulatory action levels, or interpretation of analytical results. 1.3 These guidelines are not intended to replace or supersede regulatory requirements and technical methodology or guidance nor are these guidelines...
ASTM D8006-24 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 13.060.10 - Water of natural resources; 73.100.30 - Equipment for drilling and mine excavation; 93.025 - External water conveyance systems. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
ASTM D8006-24 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to ASTM D8006-16, ASTM D2908-91(2024), ASTM D5980-16(2024), ASTM D2908-91(2017), ASTM D5980-16, ASTM D8028-17, ASTM D1976-20. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
ASTM D8006-24 is available in PDF format for immediate download after purchase. The document can be added to your cart and obtained through the secure checkout process. Digital delivery ensures instant access to the complete standard document.
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D8006 − 24
Standard Guide for
Sampling and Analysis of Residential and Commercial
Water Supply Wells in Areas of Exploration and Production
(E&P) Operations
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8006; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* holding times, laboratory quality control, regulatory action
levels, or interpretation of analytical results.
1.1 This guide presents a methodology for obtaining repre-
sentative groundwater samples from domestic or commercial
1.3 These guidelines are not intended to replace or super-
water wells that are in proximity to oil and gas exploration and
sede regulatory requirements and technical methodology or
production (E&P) operations. E&P operations include, but are
guidance nor are these guidelines intended for inclusion by
not necessarily limited to, site preparation, drilling,
reference in regulations. Instances where this guide is in
completion, and well stimulation (including hydraulic
conflict with statutory or regulatory requirements, practitioners
fracturing), and production activities. The goal is to obtain
shall defer to the latter. These guidelines are intended to assist
representative groundwater samples from domestic or commer-
in developing sampling programs to meet project goals and
cial water wells that can be used to identify the baseline
objectives. However, site-specific conditions, regulatory
groundwater quality and any subsequent changes that may be
requirements, site-specific health and safety issues, technical
identified. While this guide focuses on baseline sampling in
manuals and directives, and program data quality objectives
conjunction with oil and gas E&P activities, the principles and
should be evaluated and consulted along with the information
practices recommended for health and safety are based on
contained in this guide for each individual site and sampling
well-established methods that have been in use for many years
program.
in other industrial situations. This guide recommends sampling
and analytical testing procedures that can identify various
1.4 This guide offers an organized collection of information
chemical species present including metals, dissolved gases
or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course
(such as methane and radon), hydrocarbons (and other organic
of action. This document cannot replace education or experi-
compounds), radioactivity, as well as overall water quality.
ence and should be used in conjunction with professional
1.2 This guide provides information on typical residential
judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all
and commercial water supply well systems and guidance on
circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-
developing and implementing a sampling program, including
sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of
determining sampling locations, suggested purging techniques,
a given professional service must be judged, nor should this
selection of potential analyses and laboratory certifications,
document be applied without consideration of a project’s many
data management, and integrity. It also includes guidance on
unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this
personal safety. The information included pertains to baseline
document means only that the document has been approved
sampling before beginning any activities that could present
through the ASTM consensus process.
potential risks to local aquifers, periodic sampling during and
1.5 Users are responsible for investigating and identifying
after such work, and ongoing monitoring relating to known or
all the legal and regulatory requirements that are applicable for
potential groundwater constituents in the area. This guide does
the location where the sampling is being performed.
not address policy issues related to frequency or timing of
sampling or sampling distances from the wellhead. In addition,
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
it does not address reporting limits, sample preservation,
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.26 on Hydraulic
Fracturing.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
Current edition approved Feb. 15, 2024. Published March 2024. Originally
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
approved in 2016. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as D8006–16. DOI:
10.1520/D8006–24. ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D8006 − 24
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- D7315 Test Method for Determination of Turbidity Above 1
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Turbidity Unit (TU) in Static Mode
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
D7678 Test Method for Total Oil and Grease (TOG) and
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) in Water and Waste-
2. Referenced Documents
water with Solvent Extraction using Mid-IR Laser Spec-
2.1 ASTM Standards: troscopy
D511 Test Methods for Calcium and Magnesium In Water
D8028 Test Method for Measurement of Dissolved Gases
D512 Test Methods for Chloride Ion In Water Methane, Ethane, Ethylene, and Propane by Static Head-
D516 Test Method for Sulfate Ion in Water
space Sampling and Flame Ionization Detection (GC/FID)
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
2.2 EPA Standards:
Fluids
EPA 160.1 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
D858 Test Methods for Manganese in Water
EPA 300.0 Determination of Inorganic Anions by Ion Chro-
D888 Test Methods for Dissolved Oxygen in Water
matography
D1067 Test Methods for Acidity or Alkalinity of Water
EPA 300.1 Determination of Inorganic Anions in Drinking
D1068 Test Methods for Iron in Water
Water by Ion Chromatography
D1125 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity and Resis-
EPA 310.1 Ortho-Phosphorus, Dissolved Automated, Ascor-
tivity of Water
bic Acid
D1246 Test Method for Bromide Ion in Water
EPA 310.2 Alkalinity (Colorimetric, Automated, Methyl Or-
D1293 Test Methods for pH of Water
ange)
D1687 Test Methods for Chromium in Water
EPA 325.1 Chloride (Colorimetric, Automated Ferricyanide
D1976 Test Method for Elements in Water by Inductively-
AAI)
Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy
EPA 425.1 Methylene Blue Active Substances (MBAS)
D2330 Test Method for Methylene Blue Active Substances
EPA 900.0 Gross Alpha and Beta Activity in Water, Official
D2908 Practice for Measuring Volatile Organic Matter in
Name: Gross Alpha and Gross Beta Radioactivity in
Water by Aqueous-Injection Gas Chromatography
D2972 Test Methods for Arsenic in Water Drinking Water
D3082 Test Method for Boron in Water EPA 903.1 Radium-226 in Drinking Water, Official Name:
D3223 Test Method for Total Mercury in Water
Radium-226 in Drinking Water (Radon Emanation Tech-
D3557 Test Methods for Cadmium in Water
nique)
D3559 Test Methods for Lead in Water (Withdrawn 2024)
EPA 908.0 Uranium in Drinking Water—Radiochemical
D3648 Practices for the Measurement of Radioactivity
Method
D3859 Test Methods for Selenium in Water
EPA 906.0 Tritium in Drinking Water EPA 908.0 Uranium in
D3920 Test Method for Strontium in Water
Drinking Water-Radiochemical Method
D4191 Test Method for Sodium in Water by Atomic Absorp-
EPA 9030B Acid-Soluble and Acid-Insoluble Sulfides: Dis-
tion Spectrophotometry
tillation
D4192 Test Method for Potassium in Water by Atomic
EPA 9034 Titrimetric Procedure for Acid-Soluble and Acid-
Absorption Spectrophotometry
Insoluble Sulfides
D4327 Test Method for Anions in Water by Suppressed Ion
EPA 9056A Determination of Inorganic Anions by Ion
Chromatography
Chromatography
D4382 Test Method for Barium in Water, Atomic Absorption
RSKSOP-175 Sample Preparation and Calculations for Dis-
Spectrophotometry, Graphite Furnace
solved Gas Analysis in Water Samples Using a GC
D4658 Test Method for Sulfide Ion in Water (Withdrawn
Headspace Equilibration Technique (Advisory)
2024)
SW846 8015D Nonhalogenated Organics Using GC/FID
D5072 Test Method for Radon in Drinking Water
SW846 8260C Volatile Organic Compounds by Gas
D5673 Test Method for Elements in Water by Inductively
Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS)
Coupled Plasma—Mass Spectrometry
SW846 8270D Semivolatile Organic Compounds by Gas
D5907 Test Methods for Filterable Matter (Total Dissolved
Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS)
Solids) and Nonfilterable Matter (Total Suspended Solids)
SW846 6010D Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emis-
in Water
sion Spectrometry
D5980 Guide for Selection and Documentation of Existing
SW846 6020B Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrom-
Wells for Use in Environmental Site Characterization and
etry
Monitoring
SW846 7470A Mercury in Liquid Waste (Manual Cold-
Vapor Technique)
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. Available from United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), William
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on Jefferson Clinton Bldg., 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20460,
www.astm.org. http://www.epa.gov.
D8006 − 24
2.3 Federal Standard: resin in the sodium form that removes cations such as calcium
40 CFR Part 136 Guidelines Establishing Test Procedures and magnesium from water and releases another ion such as
for the Analysis of Pollutants sodium.
3.2.7.1 Discussion—Water softeners are also used to re-
2.4 Other:
move iron, manganese, some radiological materials, nitrate,
ISO/IEC 17025 General Requirements for the Competence
arsenic, chromium, selenium, and sulfate.
of Testing and Calibration Laboratories
PA DEP 3686 REV 1 Light Hydrocarbons in Aqueous
4. Significance and Use
Samples via Headspace and Gas Chromatography with
Flame Ionization Detection (GC/FID)
4.1 A supply well provides groundwater for household,
domestic, commercial, agricultural, or industrial uses.
3. Terminology
4.2 Using a standardized protocol based on an existing
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this guide,
industry, domestic or international, standard or approved regu-
refer to Terminology D653.
latory methods and procedures to collect water samples from a
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
supply well is essential to obtain representative water quality
3.2.1 cistern, n—receptacle for the collection or storage of
data. These data can be critical to efforts to protect water uses,
groundwater or rainwater.
human health and safety, and identify changes when they
occur. Use of this guide will help the project team to design and
3.2.2 groundwater spring, n—place where groundwater
execute an effective water supply sampling program.
flows naturally from underground onto the land surface or into
a body of surface water.
4.3 It is important to understand the objectives of the
3.2.2.1 Discussion—The occurrence of a groundwater
sampling program before designing it. Water supplies may be
spring depends on the nature of geologic formations, especially
sampled for various reasons including any or all of the
permeable and impermeable strata, on the position of the water
following:
table, and on topography.
(1) identify health and safety risks for potable use prior to
3.2.3 pitless adaptor, n—device located below the ground exploration in the vicinity,
surface used to connect the submersible pump in a water (2) baseline sampling before an operation of concern,
supply well to a pressure tank or other form of water storage.
(3) periodic sampling during such an operation,
3.2.3.1 Discussion—This device serves to protect the well- (4) investigative responses to initial characterization, per-
head from freezing conditions and may center the submersible
ceived changes in water quality, or
pump in the well. (5) ongoing monitoring related to known or potential
groundwater constituents of concern in the area.
3.2.4 point-of-entry treatment (POET) system, n—or whole
4.3.1 Baseline Analysis on Water Wells—Select a compre-
house or building treatment systems, treats all water entering
hensive list of inorganic and organic analyses for the initial test
the building.
on potable water wells for use by the well owner in developing
3.2.4.1 Discussion—These systems are typically situated in
a treatment system, if needed.
the basement of a home or building or in a vault within
proximity to the home or building.
4.4 Sampling programs should be based on these objectives
and be developed in coordination with the prospective labora-
3.2.5 point-of-use (POU) system, n—treats water at the
tory(ies) to ensure its procedures, capabilities, and limitations
point where it is used.
can be executed safely, meet the needs of the program, protect
3.2.5.1 Discussion—These systems are typically situated
human health and fulfill regulatory requirements.
under kitchen or bathroom sinks or both or in closets/cabinets
in proximity to kitchens or bathrooms.
5. Well Purging and Sampling Requirements
3.2.6 pressure tank, n—closed vessel used to store water
from a supply well or spring under pressure for use within a 5.1 Sampling Equipment:
5.1.1 Gas or multiple meters to provide, at a minimum,
home or building.
3.2.6.1 Discussion—Typically “bladder” pressure tanks are information on lower explosive limits for combustible gases
used in association with supply wells and springs; these tanks and oxygen levels to be used for atmospheric screening;
contain a rubber bladder filled with air that is used in 5.1.2 Sample containers, made of compatible materials,
association with a pressure switch to regulate the pressure of preservatives appropriate for the sampling to be performed,
the water in the tank. labels, and chain-of-custody forms (COCs).
5.1.3 Field notebook, preferably with waterproof, numbered
3.2.7 water softener, n—water treatment system that substi-
pages or electronic equivalent such as a tablet.
tutes sodium ions for ions that cause water to be “hard,” in
5.1.4 Schedule and contact information for the properties
most cases, calcium and magnesium ions and having a cation
(locations) to be sampled and contact information for labora-
tory and carrier/shipping company (if used).
Available from U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent of
5.1.5 Area maps, including GPS coordinates of well(s).
Documents, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Washington, DC 20401-0001, http://
5.1.6 Large cooler and bagged ice for storing all samples
www.access.gpo.gov.
and a mini cooler that can be brought inside the home/building
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org. to put samples directly on ice after collection and gallon and
D8006 − 24
quart size zip-lock bags in which to put sample containers, ice, 5.2.7 Locate the water shutoff valve. It is critical this step is
and COC, and trash bags for site-derived waste. undertaken before starting any purging or sampling to reduce
any potential damage if a leak or break does occur.
5.1.7 Intrinsically safe flashlight or headlamp (sample ports
are commonly located in low light areas).
5.3 Determining Sample Locations—Samples should be col-
5.1.8 Pan or other secondary containment system to catch
lected as close to the water well as possible; however, the
any water that may have dripped during sampling. Make sure
actual water supply well should only be accessed by a licensed
cleanup is performed after sampling is complete.
plumber or similarly qualified individual as contaminants can
5.1.9 Safety equipment including: gloves (work and latex or
be introduced if this work is undertaken by untrained person-
nitrile), safety glasses, shoes with slip resistant soles, clean nel. The sampling team should not remove well caps, plugs, or
rags or towels, pails and buckets, basic tool kit, first aid kit, and
ports from water supply wells, unless permissible by applicable
fire extinguisher. statue or regulations.
5.1.10 Specific health and safety plan. 5.3.1 The sampling team should review the water system
configuration to determine the closest water tap to the water
5.1.11 Watch or wristwatch with second hand, or a digital
source; this is commonly, but not always, a drain port on the
timer, and graduated container to calculate flow rate and
front near the base of the bladder/pressure tank. Care should be
volume.
taken to ensure the valve is operational. Do not force valves
5.1.12 Supplies need to include apparatus used to measure
open. Treatment systems and exact sample locations should be
field parameters such as pH, turbidity, specific conductance,
documented. Samples should be collected before the water
and dissolved oxygen.
reaches any treatment systems. Collecting treated water should
5.1.13 Digital Camera.
be avoided since it will not be representative of actual inflow
5.2 Field Visit and Sample Collection—After arrangements
conditions. Usually, water treatment systems are designed to
with the property owner or responsible party have been made,
allow temporary bypass flow without alteration to the system
the following steps should be taken:
itself. If the sample is collected after treatment, it should be
5.2.1 Confirm location and note time of arrival, weather
noted in the field notebook.
conditions, including barometric pressure, and all onsite per-
5.3.2 Water lines should be traced to determine exactly what
sonnel.
is being sampled (for example, water from pressure tank, water
5.2.2 Provide the property owner/occupant an explanation
treated through a treatment system). The sampling team should
of the work to be undertaken, how long it is expected to take, not alter the piping or water delivery system in any way,
and what the owner/occupant can expect. Provide identification
including turning treatment systems off or removing tubing or
(for example, personal identification badge (with photograph) both; however, if the sampling team needs to take a sample
and a card or letter that can be provided to the property through existing tubing, this should be noted.
owner/occupant with the appropriate contact information).
5.4 Purging and Sampling of Supply Wells—Stagnant, non-
5.2.3 Document information from property owner including
representative water should be purged from the water supply
comments on water quality and water usage the day of the
system before samples are collected to ensure that the sample
sampling.
is representative of actual well conditions. The convention of
5.2.4 Record the well permit number if one has been issued
purging monitoring wells of three well volumes before sam-
(check with local authorities), and refer to D5980 for further
pling is not necessarily applicable to nor practical for supply
information on pulling monitoring well permits that show the
wells. Supply wells may contain hundreds of gallons of water,
depth of the well and the location of the screened interval.
the purging of which would be time-consuming, potentially
5.2.5 Sketch the area including the location of the supply
detrimental to the well pump, may result in short-term deple-
well(s) and photo-document with a digital camera, and sketch
tion of the property owner’s water supply, could overfill septic
location in logbook. Be aware that a property may have more
systems if discharged to a sink, and increase electric utility cost
than one supply well or other water sources. It is important to
to the property owner. Additionally, while monitoring wells
understand and document the uses of these supply sources (for
tend to remain stagnant for long durations, supply wells are
example, drinking and agricultural) and understand and docu- commonly pumped more frequently. Thus, it is important to
ment if they are connected to the system being sampled (into
purge the plumbing system but not necessarily the supply well.
one pressure tank or separate pressure tanks); this will allow An unused or infrequently used supply well may require a
the sampling team to choose the correct sample location(s) and
greater purge volume. The water supply system should be
the source of the sample. purged until two times the holding tank volume is removed or
5.2.6 As appropriate, photograph features on the property field parameter measurements stabilize. This ensures water is
coming from the well and not just residual water in the
(buildings, septic systems, wells, surface water, chemical
storage areas, fuel tanks, vehicle and equipment storage/ plumbing system.
parking areas, visual surface staining, signs of stressed 5.4.1 Holding tank volumes are commonly listed on the side
vegetation, and cracks in foundation) and the water delivery of the pressure tank, or can be determined based on the
system (pressure tank, water treatment equipment, wellhead dimensions of the tank or both. A good rule of thumb is to
and pump, sampling port, and floor drain if present). All listen for the bladder/pressure tank switch to click, which
photographs should have a date/time stamp and be annotated to indicates that the bladder/pressure tank is filling with water
where the photograph was taken. from the well.
D8006 − 24
5.4.2 Field parameters, including temperature, pH, specific and mitigation of interferences may be necessary depending on
conductance, dissolved oxygen, color/appearance, and flow the laboratory analysis to be performed.
rate should be recorded at established sample time intervals
5.4.8 The sampling team should also record a physical
(every 3 to 5 min) during purging with instruments calibrated
description of the water including color, odor, and sediment.
in accordance with manufacturer specifications. This is most
Note that samples that require analysis for dissolved
accurately and efficiently accomplished with flow-through cells
constituents, or that are excessively turbid, may need to be field
equipped with probes for temperature, pH, and specific con-
filtered to obtain representative analytical results for dissolved
ductance. When the field parameters vary less than 610 % in
constituents. Resulting solids should be retained for separate
replicate measurements for dissolved oxygen and specific
analyses. If analysis for total and dissolved constituents is
conductance, 60.2 pH units, and 610 NTUs for turbidity, the
desired, a filtered sample for dissolved analysis and a separate
well is adequately stabilized. Purging may be terminated 30
unfiltered sample for total analysis may be needed for
minutes following removal of two holding tank volumes
digestion, prior to analysis.
should parameter stabilization not be achieved. In this case at
5.4.9 Following sampling, the sampling team must ensure
least one casing volume should be removed. This sample may
the sample point is completely closed and not leaking and the
not reflect groundwater conditions, because it may consist only
area is clean. If the leak cannot be stopped, the sampling team
of water from the well casing, which has been in the well
must notify the owner or the property who should call a
casing for an unknown period of time. Barometric pressure and
plumber to fix the leak at the expense of the responsible party.
field temperature should also be recorded.
The sampling team must document the time of completion and
5.4.3 The sampling team should establish whether the well inform the owner/occupant of task completion. It is recom-
has deliverability problems and if a drawdown would be
mended that the sampling team complete a pre- and post-
objectionable to the well user. In such a case, it may be sampling checklist to document the condition for the water
acceptable to obtain a sample before purging, prior to removal
delivery system before and after sampling.
of two holding tank volumes, or prior to parameter stabilization
and note the exceptionable circumstances.
6. Sampling Team Qualifications
5.4.4 In the event a treatment system must be bypassed, the
6.1 It is strongly recommended that
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D8006 − 16 D8006 − 24
Standard Guide for
Sampling and Analysis of Residential and Commercial
Water Supply Wells in Areas of Exploration and Production
(E&P) Operations
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8006; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 This guide presents a methodology for obtaining representative groundwater samples from domestic or commercial water
wells that are in proximity to oil and gas exploration and production (E&P) operations. E&P operations include, but are not
necessarily limited to, site preparation, drilling, completion, and well stimulation (including hydraulic fracturing), and production
activities. The goal is to obtain representative groundwater samples from domestic or commercial water wells that can be used to
identify the baseline groundwater quality and any subsequent changes that may be identified. While this guide focuses on baseline
sampling in conjunction with oil and gas E&P activities, the principles and practices recommended for health and safety are based
on well-established methods that have been in use for many years in other industrial situations. This guide recommends sampling
and analytical testing procedures that can identify various chemical species present including metals, dissolved gases (such as
methane), methane and radon), hydrocarbons (and other organic compounds), radioactivity, as well as overall water quality.
1.2 This guide provides information on typical residential and commercial water supply well systems and guidance on developing
and implementing a sampling program, including determining sampling locations, suggested purging techniques, selection of
potential analyses and laboratory certifications, data management, and integrity. It also includes guidance on personal safety. The
information included pertains to baseline sampling before beginning any activities that could present potential risks to local
aquifers, periodic sampling during and after such work, and ongoing monitoring relating to known or potential groundwater
constituents in the area. This guide does not address policy issues related to frequency or timing of sampling or sampling distances
from the wellhead. In addition, it does not address reporting limits, sample preservation, holding times, laboratory quality control,
regulatory action levels, or interpretation of analytical results.
1.3 These guidelines are not intended to replace or supersede regulatory requirements and technical methodology or guidance nor
are these guidelines intended for inclusion by reference in regulations. Instances where this guide is in conflict with statutory or
regulatory requirements, practitioners shall defer to the latter. These guidelines are intended to assist in developing sampling
programs to meet project goals and objectives. However, site-specific conditions, regulatory requirements, site-specific health and
safety issues, technical manuals and directives, and program data quality objectives should be evaluated and consulted along with
the information contained in this guide for each individual site and sampling program.
1.4 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of
action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not
all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the
standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.26 on Hydraulic Fracturing.
Current edition approved March 1, 2016Feb. 15, 2024. Published March 2016March 2024. Originally approved in 2016. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as
D8006–16. DOI: 10.1520/D8006–16.10.1520/D8006–24.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D8006 − 24
without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the
document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.
1.5 Users are responsible for investigating and identifying all the legal and regulatory requirements that are applicable for the
location where the sampling is being performed.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthsafety, health, and environmental practices and determine
the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D511 Test Methods for Calcium and Magnesium In Water
D512 Test Methods for Chloride Ion In Water
D516 Test Method for Sulfate Ion in Water
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
D858 Test Methods for Manganese in Water
D888 Test Methods for Dissolved Oxygen in Water
D1067 Test Methods for Acidity or Alkalinity of Water
D1068 Test Methods for Iron in Water
D1125 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity and Resistivity of Water
D1246 Test Method for Bromide Ion in Water
D1293 Test Methods for pH of Water
D1687 Test Methods for Chromium in Water
D1976 Test Method for Elements in Water by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy
D2330 Test Method for Methylene Blue Active Substances
D2908 Practice for Measuring Volatile Organic Matter in Water by Aqueous-Injection Gas Chromatography
D2972 Test Methods for Arsenic in Water
D3082 Test Method for Boron in Water
D3223 Test Method for Total Mercury in Water
D3557 Test Methods for Cadmium in Water
D3559 Test Methods for Lead in Water (Withdrawn 2024)
D3648 Practices for the Measurement of Radioactivity
D3859 Test Methods for Selenium in Water
D3920 Test Method for Strontium in Water
D4191 Test Method for Sodium in Water by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
D4192 Test Method for Potassium in Water by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
D4327 Test Method for Anions in Water by Suppressed Ion Chromatography
D4382 Test Method for Barium in Water, Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry, Graphite Furnace
D4658 Test Method for Sulfide Ion in Water (Withdrawn 2024)
D5072 Test Method for Radon in Drinking Water
D5673 Test Method for Elements in Water by Inductively Coupled Plasma—Mass Spectrometry
D5907 Test Methods for Filterable Matter (Total Dissolved Solids) and Nonfilterable Matter (Total Suspended Solids) in Water
D5980 Guide for Selection and Documentation of Existing Wells for Use in Environmental Site Characterization and Monitoring
D7315 Test Method for Determination of Turbidity Above 1 Turbidity Unit (TU) in Static Mode
D7678 Test Method for Total Oil and Grease (TOG) and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) in Water and Wastewater with
Solvent Extraction using Mid-IR Laser Spectroscopy
D8028 Test Method for Measurement of Dissolved Gases Methane, Ethane, Ethylene, and Propane by Static Headspace
Sampling and Flame Ionization Detection (GC/FID)
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
D8006 − 24
2.2 EPA Standards:
EPA 160.1 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
EPA 300.0 Determination of Inorganic Anions by Ion Chromatography
EPA 300.1 Determination of Inorganic Anions in Drinking Water by Ion Chromatography
EPA 310.1 Ortho-Phosphorus, Dissolved Automated, Ascorbic Acid
EPA 310.2 Alkalinity (Colorimetric, Automated, Methyl Orange)
EPA 325.1 Chloride (Colorimetric, Automated Ferricyanide AAI)
EPA 425.1 Methylene Blue Active Substances (MBAS)
EPA 900.0 Gross Alpha and Beta Activity in Water, Official Name: Gross Alpha and Gross Beta Radioactivity in Drinking Water
EPA 903.1 Radium-226 in Drinking Water, Official Name: Radium-226 in Drinking Water (Radon Emanation Technique)
EPA 908.0 Uranium in Drinking Water—Radiochemical Method
EPA 906.0 Tritium in Drinking Water EPA 908.0 Uranium in Drinking Water-Radiochemical Method
EPA 9030B Acid-Soluble and Acid-Insoluble Sulfides: Distillation
EPA 9034 Titrimetric Procedure for Acid-Soluble and Acid-Insoluble Sulfides
EPA 9056A Determination of Inorganic Anions by Ion Chromatography
RSKSOP-175 Sample Preparation and Calculations for Dissolved Gas Analysis in Water Samples Using a GC Headspace
Equilibration Technique (Advisory)
SW846 8015D Nonhalogenated Organics Using GC/FID
SW846 8260C Volatile Organic Compounds by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS)
SW846 8270D Semivolatile Organic Compounds by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS)
SW846 6010D Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry
SW846 6020B Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry
SW846 7470A Mercury in Liquid Waste (Manual Cold-Vapor Technique)
2.3 Federal Standard:
40 CFR Part 136 Guidelines Establishing Test Procedures for the Analysis of Pollutants
2.4 Other:
ISO/IEC 17025 General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories
PA DEP 3686 REV 1 Light Hydrocarbons in Aqueous Samples via Headspace and Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization
Detection (GC/FID)
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this guide, refer to Terminology D653.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 cistern, n—receptacle for the collection or storage of groundwater or rainwater.
3.2.2 groundwater spring, n—place where groundwater flows naturally from underground onto the land surface or into a body of
surface water.
3.2.2.1 Discussion—
The occurrence of a groundwater spring depends on the nature of geologic formations, especially permeable and impermeable
strata, on the position of the water table, and on topography.
3.2.3 pitless adaptor, n—device located below the ground surface used to connect the submersible pump in a water supply well
to a pressure tank or other form of water storage.
3.2.3.1 Discussion—
This device serves to protect the wellhead from freezing conditions and may center the submersible pump in the well.
3.2.4 point-of-entry treatment (POET) system, n—or whole house or building treatment systems, treats all water entering the
building.
3.2.4.1 Discussion—
These systems are typically situated in the basement of a home or building or in a vault within proximity to the home or building.
Available from United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), William Jefferson Clinton Bldg., 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20460,
http://www.epa.gov.
Available from U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent of Documents, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Washington, DC 20401-0001, http://www.access.gpo.gov.
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
D8006 − 24
3.2.5 point-of-use (POU) system, n—treats water at the point where it is used.
3.2.5.1 Discussion—
These systems are typically situated under kitchen or bathroom sinks or both or in closets/cabinets in proximity to kitchens or
bathrooms.
3.2.6 pressure tank, n—closed vessel used to store water from a supply well or spring under pressure for use within a home or
building.
3.2.6.1 Discussion—
Typically “bladder” pressure tanks are used in association with supply wells and springs; these tanks contain a rubber bladder filled
with air that is used in association with a pressure switch to regulate the pressure of the water in the tank.
3.2.7 water softener, n—water treatment system that substitutes sodium ions for ions that cause water to be “hard,” in most cases,
calcium and magnesium ions and having a cation resin in the sodium form that removes cations such as calcium and magnesium
from water and releases another ion such as sodium.
3.2.7.1 Discussion—
Water softeners are also used to remove iron, manganese, some radiological materials, nitrate, arsenic, chromium, selenium, and
sulfate.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 A supply well provides groundwater for household, domestic, commercial, agricultural, or industrial uses.
4.2 Using a standardized protocol based on an existing industry industry, domestic or international, standard or approved
regulatory methods and procedures to collect water samples from a supply well is essential to obtain representative water quality
data. These data can be critical to efforts to protect water uses, and human health, and health and safety, and identify changes when
they occur. Use of this guide will help the project team to design and execute an effective water supply sampling program.
4.3 It is important to understand the objectives of the sampling program before designing it. Water supplies may be sampled for
various reasons including any or all of the following:
(1) identify health and safety risks for potable use prior to exploration in the vicinity,
(2) baseline sampling before an operation of concern,
(3) periodic sampling during such an operation,
(4) investigative responses to initial characterization, perceived changes in water quality, or
(5) ongoing monitoring related to known or potential groundwater constituents of concern in the area.
Sampling programs should be based on these objectives and be developed in coordination with the prospective laboratory(ies)
to ensure its procedures, capabilities, and limitations meet the needs of the program, protect human health and fulfill regulatory
requirements.
4.3.1 Baseline Analysis on Water Wells—Select a comprehensive list of inorganic and organic analyses for the initial test on
potable water wells for use by the well owner in developing a treatment system, if needed.
4.4 Sampling programs should be based on these objectives and be developed in coordination with the prospective laboratory(ies)
to ensure its procedures, capabilities, and limitations can be executed safely, meet the needs of the program, protect human health
and fulfill regulatory requirements.
5. Well Purging and Sampling Requirements
5.1 Sampling Equipment:
5.1.1 Gas or multiple meters to provide, at a minimum, information on lower explosive limits for combustible gases and oxygen
levels to be used for atmospheric screening;
5.1.2 Sample containers, made of compatible materials, preservatives appropriate for the sampling to be performed, labels, and
chain-of-custody forms (COCs).
5.1.3 Field notebook, preferably with waterproof, numbered pages or electronic equivalent such as a tablet.
D8006 − 24
5.1.4 Schedule and contact information for the properties (locations) to be sampled and contact information for laboratory and
carrier/shipping company (if used).
5.1.5 Area maps, including GPS coordinates of well(s).
5.1.6 Large cooler and bagged ice for storing all samples and a mini cooler that can be brought inside the home/building to put
samples directly on ice after collection and gallon and quart size zip-lock bags in which to put sample containers, ice, and COC,
and trash bags for site-derived waste.
5.1.7 Intrinsically safe flashlight or headlamp (sample ports are commonly located in low light areas).
5.1.8 Pan or other secondary containment system to catch any water that may have dripped during sampling. Make sure cleanup
is performed after sampling is complete.
5.1.9 Safety equipment including: gloves (work and latex or nitrile), safety glasses, shoes with slip resistant soles, clean rags or
towels, pails and buckets, basic tool kit, first aid kit, and fire extinguisher.
5.1.10 Specific health and safety plan.
5.1.11 Watch or wristwatch with second hand, or a digital timer, and graduated container to calculate flow rate and volume.
5.1.12 Supplies need to include apparatus used to measure field parameters such as pH, turbidity, specific conductance, and
dissolved oxygen.
5.1.13 Digital Camera.
5.2 Field Visit and Sample Collection—After arrangements with the property owner or responsible party have been made, the
following steps should be taken:
5.2.1 Confirm location and note time of arrival, weather conditions, including barometric pressure, and all onsite personnel.
5.2.2 Provide the property owner/occupant an explanation of the work to be undertaken, how long it is expected to take, and what
the owner/occupant can expect. Provide identification (for example, personal identification badge (with photograph) and a card or
letter that can be provided to the property owner/occupant with the appropriate contact information).
5.2.3 Document information from property owner including comments on water quality and water usage the day of the sampling.
5.2.4 Record the well permit number if one has been issued (check with local authorities), and refer to D5980 for further
information on pulling monitoring well permits that show the depth of the well and the location of the screened interval.
5.2.5 Sketch the area including the location of the supply well(s) and photo-document with a digital camera, and sketch location
in logbook. Be aware that a property may have more than one supply well or other water sources. It is important to understand
and document the uses of these supply sources (for example, drinking and agricultural) and understand and document if they are
connected to the system being sampled (into one pressure tank or separate pressure tanks); this will allow the sampling team to
choose the correct sample location(s) and the source of the sample.
5.2.6 As appropriate, photograph features on the property (buildings, septic systems, wells, surface water, chemical storage areas,
fuel tanks, vehicle and equipment storage/parking areas, visual surface staining, signs of stressed vegetation, and cracks in
foundation) and the water delivery system (pressure tank, water treatment equipment, wellhead and pump, sampling port, and floor
drain if present). All photographs should have a date/time stamp and be annotated to where the photograph was taken.
5.2.7 Locate the water shutoff valve. It is critical this step is undertaken before starting any purging or sampling to reduce any
potential damage if a leak or break does occur.
5.3 Determining Sample Locations—Samples should be collected as close to the water well as possible; however, the actual water
supply well should only be accessed by a licensed plumber or similarly qualified individual as contaminants can be introduced if
D8006 − 24
this work is undertaken by untrained personnel. The sampling team should not remove well caps, plugs, or ports from water supply
wells, unless permissible by applicable statue or regulations.
5.3.1 The sampling team should review the water system configuration to determine the closest water tap to the water source; this
is commonly, but not always, a drain port on the front near the base of the bladder/pressure tank. Care should be taken to ensure
the valve is operational. Do not force valves open. Treatment systems and exact sample locations should be documented. Samples
should be collected before the water reaches any treatment systems. Collecting treated water should be avoided since it will not
be representative of actual inflow conditions. Usually, water treatment systems are designed to allow temporary bypass flow
without alteration to the system itself. If the sample is collected after treatment, it should be noted in the field notebook.
5.3.2 Water lines should be traced to determine exactly what is being sampled (for example, water from pressure tank, water
treated through a treatment system). The sampling team should not alter the piping or water delivery system in any way, including
turning treatment systems off or removing tubing or both; however, if the sampling team needs to take a sample through existing
tubing, this should be noted.
5.4 Purging and Sampling of Supply Wells—Stagnant, non-representative water should be purged from the water supply system
before samples are collected to ensure that the sample is representative of actual well conditions. The convention of purging
monitoring wells of three well volumes before sampling is not necessarily applicable to nor practical for supply wells. Supply wells
may contain hundreds of gallons of water, the purging of which would be time-consuming, potentially detrimental to the well
pump, may result in short-term depletion of the property owner’s water supply, could overfill septic systems if discharged to a sink,
and increase electric utility cost to the property owner. Additionally, while monitoring wells tend to remain stagnant for long
durations, supply wells are commonly pumped more frequently. Thus, it is important to purge the plumbing system but not
necessarily the supply well. An unused or infrequently used supply well may require a greater purge volume. The water supply
system should be purged until two times the holding tank volume is removed or field parameter measurements stabilize. This
ensures water is coming from the well and not just residual water in the plumbing system.
5.4.1 Holding tank volumes are commonly listed on the side of the pressure tank, or can be determined based on the dimensions
of the tank or both. A good rule of thumb is to listen for the bladder/pressure tank switch to click, which indicates that the
bladder/pressure tank is filling with water from the well.
5.4.2 Field parameters, including temperature, pH, specific conductance, dissolved oxygen, color/appearance, and flow rate should
be recorded at established sample time intervals (every 3 to 5 min) during purging with instruments calibrated in accordance with
manufacturer specifications. This is most accurately and efficiently accomplished with flow-through cells equipped with probes for
temperature, pH, and specific conductance. When the field parameters vary less than 610 % in replicate measurements for
dissolved oxygen and specific conductance, 60.2 pH units, and 610 NTUs for turbidity, the well is adequately stabilized. Purging
may be terminated 30 minutes following removal of two holding tank volumes should parameter stabilization not be achieved. In
this case at least one casing volume should be removed. This sample may not reflect groundwater conditions, because it may
consist only of water from the well casing, which has been in the well casing for an unknown period of time. Barometric pressure
and field temperature should also be recorded.
5.4.3 The sampling team should establish whether the well has deliverability problems and if a drawdown would be objectionable
to the well user. In such a case, it may be acceptable to obtain a sample before purging, prior to removal of two holding tank
volumes, or prior to parameter stabilization and note the exceptionable circumstances.
5.4.4 In the event a treatment system must be bypassed, the sampling team should also take into account the presence of unwanted
residual treated water that will be present in the line that is to be purged. The treatment system shall be returned to its original
working status immediately after the sample is collected. Treatment systems designed for bacteriological decontamination (such
as UV lights or chlorinators) should not be switched off or bypassed.
5.4.5 Typically, purging occurs at a sink connected to the water delivery system and water runs down the drain; however, the
property owner/occupant should be consulted about this in case they would like this water collected for another use. Flow rate shall
be estimated and recorded during purging.
5.4.6 Once purging is complete, the flow rate should be reduced to a steady, non-turbulent stream before collecting the samples
(if possible) to minimize suspended solids and the potential for loss of dissolved gas or other volatile constituents, if present.
5.4.7 The sample should be collected directly from the water delivery system as close to the well as possible into laboratory
supplied sample containers; intermediate collection containers should not be used. There may be times when samples will need
D8006 − 24
to be collected from taps located in other areas. Taps in residential homes are often equipped with screens that may aerate samples
before collection. In those sampling scenarios, and where feasible, screens should be removed before sampling. If samples cannot
be collected without removing screens, it should be documented in the field sampling logbook and included in the notes for the
analytical laboratory. The sampling team should include sampling location, collection date and time, and method and purge details
(for example, field parameters) in the field notebook. Sampling methodology should be documented in such detail that a third party
could duplicate it in the future. Preservatives and mitigation of interferences may be necessary depe
...
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