ASTM E840-95(2005)
(Practice)Standard Practice for Using Flame Photometric Detectors in Gas Chromatography
Standard Practice for Using Flame Photometric Detectors in Gas Chromatography
ABSTRACT
This practice is intended as a guide for the use of a flame photometric detector (FPD) as the detection component of a gas chromatographic system. The different principles of flame photometric detectors, and detector construction are presented in details. The detector sensitivity, minimum detectability, dynamic range, power law of sulphur response, linear range-phosphorus mode, unipower response range, noise and drift, and specificity are presented in details. The photomultiplier dark current is the magnitude of the FPD output signal measured with the FPD flame off. Flame background current is the difference in FPD output signal with the flame on and with the flame off in the absence of phosphorus or sulfur compounds in the flame.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended as a guide for the use of a flame photometric detector (FPD) as the detection component of a gas chromatographic system.
1.2 This practice is directly applicable to an FPD that employs a hydrogen-air flame burner, an optical filter for selective spectral viewing of light emitted by the flame, and a photomultiplier tube for measuring the intensity of light emitted.
1.3 This practice describes the most frequent use of the FPD which is as an element-specific detector for compounds containing sulfur (S) or phosphorus (P) atoms. However, nomenclature described in this practice are also applicable to uses of the FPD other than sulfur or phosphorus specific detection.
1.4 This practice is intended to describe the operation and performance of the FPD itself independently of the chromatographic column. However, the performance of the detector is described in terms which the analyst can use to predict overall system performance when the detector is coupled to the column and other chromatographic system components.
1.5 For general gas chromatographic procedures, Practice E 260 should be followed except where specific changes are recommended herein for use of an FPD.
1.6 &solely-SI-units;
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific safety information, see Section , Hazards.
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Designation: E840 − 95 (Reapproved2005)
Standard Practice for
Using Flame Photometric Detectors in Gas
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Chromatography
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E840; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
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2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 Thispracticeisintendedasaguidefortheuseofaflame
E260Practice for Packed Column Gas Chromatography
photometric detector (FPD) as the detection component of a
E355PracticeforGasChromatographyTermsandRelation-
gas chromatographic system.
ships
1.2 This practice is directly applicable to an FPD that
2.2 CGA Standards:
employs a hydrogen-air flame burner, an optical filter for
CGAP-1 Safe Handling of Compressed Gases in Contain-
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selective spectral viewing of light emitted by the flame, and a
ers
photomultiplier tube for measuring the intensity of light
CGAG-5.4 Standard for Hydrogen Piping Systems at
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emitted.
Consumer Locations
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CGAP-9 The Inert Gases: Argon, Nitrogen and Helium
1.3 ThispracticedescribesthemostfrequentuseoftheFPD
CGAV-7 Standard Method of Determining Cylinder Valve
which is as an element-specific detector for compounds con-
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Outlet Connections for Industrial Gas Mixtures
taining sulfur (S) or phosphorus (P) atoms. However, nomen-
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CGAP-12Safe Handling of Cryogenic Liquids
clature described in this practice are also applicable to uses of
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HB-3Handbook of Compressed Gases
the FPD other than sulfur or phosphorus specific detection.
3. Terminology
1.4 This practice is intended to describe the operation and
performance of the FPD itself independently of the chromato- 3.1 Definitions—For definitions relating to gas
graphic column. However, the performance of the detector is chromatography, refer to Practice E355.
described in terms which the analyst can use to predict overall 3.2 Descriptions of Terms—Descriptions of terms used in
system performance when the detector is coupled to the this practice are included in Sections 7-17.
column and other chromatographic system components.
3.3 Symbols—A list of symbols and associated units of
measurement is included in Annex A1.
1.5 For general gas chromatographic procedures, Practice
E260 should be followed except where specific changes are
4. Hazards
recommended herein for use of an FPD.
4.1 Gas Handling Safety—The safe handling of com-
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as pressed gases and cryogenic liquids for use in chromatography
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this is the responsibility of every laboratory. The Compressed Gas
standard. Association,(CGA),amembergroupofspecialtyandbulkgas
suppliers, publishes the following guidelines to assist the
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
laboratory chemist to establish a safe work environment.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Applicable CG publications include CGAP-1, CGAG-5.4,
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
CGAP-9, CGAV-7, CGAP-12, and HB-3.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific safety
5. Principles of Flame Photometric Detectors
information, see Section 4, Hazards.
5.1 The FPD detects compounds by burning those com-
pounds in a flame and sensing the increase of light emission
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This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E13 on Molecular For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Spectroscopy and Separation Science and is the direct responsibility of Subcom- contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
mittee E13.19 on Separation Science. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2005. Published September 2005. Originally the ASTM website.
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approved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as E840–95(2000). Available from Compressed Gas Association, Inc., 1725 Jefferson Davis
DOI: 10.1520/E0840-95R05. Highway, Arlington, VA 22202-4100.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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E840 − 95 (2005)
from the flame during that combustion process. Therefore, the intense emissions from the HPO and S molecules are the
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FPD is a flame optical emission detector comprised of a result of chemiluminescent reactions in the flame rather than
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hydrogen-air flame, an optical window for viewing emissions thermal excitation of these molecules (1). The intensity of
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