ASTM E2693-09
(Practice)Standard Practice for Prevention of Dermatitis in the Wet Metal Removal Fluid Environment
Standard Practice for Prevention of Dermatitis in the Wet Metal Removal Fluid Environment
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Use of this practice is intended to reduce occupational dermatitis caused by exposure to the wet metal removal environment.
Complaints of dermatitis conditions are often associated with exposures to metal removal fluid.
Implementation of this practice and incorporation of metal removal fluid management program has the potential to reduce complaints of occupational dermatitis. Elements of an effective program include: understanding dermatitis and associated causes; prevention of dermatitis and exposure to metal removal fluids; appropriate product selection; good management of additives, microorganisms, and fluids; appropriate additive (including antimicrobial pesticides) selection and additive control; appropriate tool design and assessment and control of metal removal fluid exposures including aerosols.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice sets forth guidelines for reducing dermatitis caused by exposure to the wet metal removal environment. The scope of this practice does not include exposure to chemicals that enter the body through intact skin (cutaneous route), which has the potential to cause other toxic effects.
1.2 This practice incorporates means and mechanisms to reduce dermal exposure to the wet metal removal environment and to control factors in the wet metal removal environment that have the potential to cause dermatitis.
1.3 This practice focuses on employee exposure to the skin via contact and exposure to metal removal fluid (MRF).
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E2693 − 09 AnAmerican National Standard
Standard Practice for
Prevention of Dermatitis in the Wet Metal Removal Fluid
Environment
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2693; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E2144 Practice for Personal Sampling and Analysis of En-
dotoxin in Metalworking Fluid Aerosols in Workplace
1.1 This practice sets forth guidelines for reducing derma-
Atmospheres
titiscausedbyexposuretothewetmetalremovalenvironment.
E2148 GuideforUsingDocumentsRelatedtoMetalworking
The scope of this practice does not include exposure to
or Metal Removal Fluid Health and Safety
chemicals that enter the body through intact skin (cutaneous
E2169 Practice for Selecting Antimicrobial Pesticides for
route), which has the potential to cause other toxic effects.
Use in Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids
1.2 This practice incorporates means and mechanisms to
E2250 Method for Determination of Endotoxin Concentra-
reduce dermal exposure to the wet metal removal environment
tion in Water Miscible Metal Working Fluids (Withdrawn
and to control factors in the wet metal removal environment
2008)
that have the potential to cause dermatitis.
E2525 Test Method for Evaluation of the Effect of Nanopar-
ticulate Materials on the Formation of Mouse
1.3 This practice focuses on employee exposure to the skin
via contact and exposure to metal removal fluid (MRF). Granulocyte-Macrophage Colonies
2.2 OSHA Standards:
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
29 CFR 1910.132 Personal Protective Equipment: General
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
Requirements
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
29 CFR 1910.133 Eye and Face Protection
and are not considered standard.
29 CFR 1910.134 Respiratory Protection
2. Referenced Documents
29 CFR 1910.138 Hand Protection
29 CFR 1910.1048 Formaldehyde
2.1 ASTM Standards:
29 CFR 1910.1200 Hazard Communication
D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of
29 CFR 1910 Appendix B to Subpart I Non-mandatory
Atmospheres
Compliance Guidelines for Hazard Assessment and Per-
D2881 Classification for Metal Working Fluids and Related
sonal Protective Equipment Selection
Materials
2.3 Other Documents:
E1302 Guide for Acute Animal Toxicity Testing of Water-
ANSI B11 TR 2–1997 Mist Control Considerations for the
Miscible Metalworking Fluids
Design, Installation and Use of Machine Tools Using
E1370 Guide for Air Sampling Strategies for Worker and
Metalworking Fluids
Workplace Protection
E1497 Practice for Selection and Safe Use of Water-
3. Terminology
Miscible and Straight Oil Metal Removal Fluids
E1542 Terminology Relating to Occupational Health and 3.1 For definitions and terms relating to this practice, refer
Safety to Terminology Standards D1356 and E1542.
E1972 Practice for Minimizing Effects of Aerosols in the
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
Wet Metal Removal Environment
3.2.1 contaminant, n—substances contained in in-use metal
removal fluids that are not part of the received fluid, such as
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E34 on Occupa-
tional Health and Safety and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E34.50 on
Health and Safety Standards for Metal Working Fluids. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
Current edition approved July 1, 2009. Published August 2009. DOI: 10.1520/ www.astm.org.
E2693-09. AvailablefromU.S.GovernmentPrintingOfficeSuperintendentofDocuments,
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http://
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM www.access.gpo.gov.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
the ASTM website. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E2693 − 09
abrasive particles, tramp oils, cleaners, dirt, metal fines and ees in contact with the contaminated metal removal fluid.
shavings, dissolved metal and hard water salts, bacteria, fungi, E2148
micro biological decay products, and waste. E1497
3.2.10 metal removal fluid aerosol, n—Aerosolgeneratedby
3.2.2 control, v—to prevent, eliminate or reduce hazards
operation of the machine tool itself as well as from circulation
related to use of metal removal fluids in metal removal
and filtration systems associated with wet metal removal
processes and to provide appropriate supplemental and/or
operations and can include airborne contaminants of a micro-
interim protection, as necessary, to employees. E1497
bial origin. E1972
3.2.10.1 Discussion—Metal removal fluid aerosol does not
3.2.3 dermatitis, n—an inflammatory response of the skin.
include background aerosol in the workplace atmosphere,
3.2.3.1 Discussion—Dermatitis can result from a wide va-
which can include suspended insoluble particulate. E2525
riety of sources and processes. The most common origins are
irritant or allergic responses to a chemical or physical agent.
3.2.11 metal removal process, n—a manufacturing process
Signs and symptoms that typify the initial onset of dermatitis
that removes metal during shaping of a part, including machin-
include: erythema (redness); edema (swelling); pruritis (itch-
ing processes, such as milling, drilling, turning, broaching, and
ing); and vesiculation (pimple-like eruptions). In more severe
tapping, and grinding processes, as well as honing and lapping,
cases, fissures (deep cracks) and ulcers (open sores) can
and other similar mechanical operations in which metal is
develop. The condition is usually reversible when exposure to
removed to produce a finished part.
the causative agent ceases. More severe cases can require more
3.2.12 total particulate matter, n—the mass of material
time and some medical attention. Some individuals can be at
sampled through the 4-mm inlet of a standard 37-mm filter
higher risk. E2525
cassette when operated at 2.0 L/min, as described in Test
3.2.4 dilution ventilation, n—referring to the supply and
Method PS 42.
exhaust of air with respect to an area, room, or building, the
3.2.12.1 Discussion—As defined in Test Method PS 42,
dilution of contaminated air with uncontaminated air for the
total particulate matter is not a measure of the inhalable or
purpose of controlling potential health hazards, fire and explo-
thoracic particulate mass.
sion conditions, odors, and nuisance type contaminants, from
3.2.13 tramp oil, n—oil and oil-soluble additives, some-
Industrial Ventilation: A Manual of Recommended Practice .
times insoluble, resulting from leaking hydraulic or gear oil, or
3.2.5 emergency, n—any occurrence, such as but not limited
sacrificial spindle oil or slide way lubricant, that contaminate
to equipment failure, rupture of containers, or failure of control
the metal removal fluid. E1497
equipment that results in an uncontrolled release of a signifi-
3.2.13.1 Discussion—Tramp oils can contaminate the metal
cant amount of metal removal fluid. E1497
removal fluid with components that are emulsifiable but which
3.2.6 employee exposure, n—contactwiththemetalremoval
were not part of the metal removal fluid as formulated. E2525
fluid, components and contaminants by inhalation, skin
3.2.14 wet metal removal fluid environment, n—the work-
contact, eye contact, or accidental ingestion.
place environment in which wet metalworking operations
3.2.7 extractable mass, n—the material removed by liquid
occur. E1497
extraction of the sampling filter using a mixed-polarity solvent
mixture as described in Test Method PS 42.
4. Routes of Metal Removal Fluid Exposure and Effects
3.2.8 folliculitis, n—an inflammatory response to excess oil
of Overexposure
in hair follicles. E1497
4.1 Routes of exposure to metal removal fluids include
3.2.9 metal removal fluid (MRF), n—any fluid in the sub-
inhalation, ingestion, eye contact, and dermal contact. This
classofmetalworkingfluidsusedtocutorotherwisetakeaway
practice focuses on exposure through dermal contact with the
material or piece of stock. E2148
fluid, contact with residual fluid on machinery, parts or
3.2.9.1 Discussion—Metalremovalfluidsincludestraightor
clothing, and in some cases contact with fluid mists, splashes,
neat oils (D2881), not intended for further dilution with water,
or aerosols.
andwater-misciblesolubleoils,semisynthetics,andsynthetics,
4.2 Prolonged or repeated dermal contact can cause dry and
which are intended to be diluted with water before use. Metal
cracked skin, rash, redness, burning, or itching. Skin abrasions
removal fluids become contaminated during use in the work-
can intensify the effects. Some metal removal fluids and
place with a variety of workplace substances including, but not
additives can sensitize the skin of affected employees, which
limited to, abrasive particles, tramp oils, cleaners, dirt, metal
can result in a response to very low levels of exposure. This
fines and shavings, dissolved metal and hard water salts,
practice defines dermatitis as an inflammatory response to the
bacteria, fungi, microbiological decay products, and waste.
skin. Dermatitis can result from a wide variety of sources and
These contaminants can cause changes in the lubricity and
processes. The most common origins are irritant or allergic
cooling ability of the metal removal fluid as well as have the
responsestoachemicalorphysicalagent.Signsandsymptoms
potential to adversely affect the health and welfare of employ-
that typify the initial onset of dermatitis include: erythema
(redness); edema (swelling); pruritis (itching); and, vesicula-
tion (pimple-like eruptions). In more severe cases, fissures
Available from American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists,
(deep cracks) and ulcers (open sores) can develop. The
Inc. (ACGIH), 1330 Kemper Meadow Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45240, http://
www.acgih.org. condition is usually reversible when exposure to the causative
E2693 − 09
agent ceases. More severe cases can require more time and 6.4 Irritant contact dermatitis can be caused by two
some medical attention. mechanisms, chemical and physical abrasion. Examples of a
chemical mechanism include metal removal fluid concentrates,
4.3 Aerosols, mist, and vapors can contact and expose the
higher than recommended in-use metal removal fluid
skin as well as contaminate clothing.
concentrations, high alkalinity and solvents. Examples of
5. Significance and Use physical abrasion include exposure to physical irritants such as
metal shavings, turnings, or fines contained in the fluid from a
5.1 Use of this practice is intended to reduce occupational
malfunctioning filter; fines in dirty shop rags; and hand
dermatitis caused by exposure to the wet metal removal
washing with abrasive soaps.
environment.
6.5 Allergiccontactdermatitiscanbecausedbyexposureof
5.2 Complaints of dermatitis conditions are often associated
sensitive individuals to certain metal contaminants (for
with exposures to metal removal fluid.
example, chromium, cobalt, or nickel) dissolved or suspended
5.3 Implementation of this practice and incorporation of
in the metal removal fluid, or to certain ingredients, including
metal removal fluid management program has the potential to
some antimicrobials or odorants. Some workers are sensitized
reduce complaints of occupational dermatitis. Elements of an
to contaminants.
effective program include: understanding dermatitis and asso-
6.6 Microorganisms can grow in all metal removal fluids,
ciated causes; prevention of dermatitis and exposure to metal
often producing an unpleasant odor. Unless open cuts, wounds
removal fluids; appropriate product selection; good manage-
orseveredermatitisarealreadypresent,microorganismswhich
ment of additives, microorganisms, and fluids; appropriate
commonly grow in water miscible metal removal fluids are not
additive (including antimicrobial pesticides) selection and
frank pathogens and are not normally associated with onset of
additive control; appropriate tool design and assessment and
dermatitis.
control of metal removal fluid exposures including aerosols.
6.7 The greater the concentration or duration of exposure to
6. Dermatitis and Associated Causes
an irritant, the greater the possibility for skin irritation to
6.1 Discussion—Dermatitis can result from a wide variety
develop or for skin sensitization to develop in sensitive
ofsourcesandprocesses.Themostcommonoriginsareirritant
individuals.
or allergic responses to a chemical or physical agent. Signs and
6.8 Consider activities outside work, such as gardening,
symptoms that typify the initial onset of dermatitis include:
painting,orcarrepair,whichcancontributetodermatitis,when
erythema (redness); edema (swelling); pruritis (itching); and,
investigating potential dermatitis causes.
vesiculation (pimple-like eruptions). In more severe cases,
fissures (deep cracks) and ulcers (open sores) can develop.The
6.9 Anymaterialoractivitythatabradestheskinorremoves
condition is usually reversible when exposure to the causative
natural oils from skin can cause dermatitis or predispose skin
agent ceases. More severe cases can require more time and
toitsonset.Environmentalfactorssuchasdryair,extremecold
some medical attention.
and changing humidity, or idiopathic factors, such as normal
aging, can also predispose the skin to dermatitis.
6.2 Some examples of occupational dermatitis include:
6.2.1 Irritant contact dermatitis (from irritant chemicals or
6.10 Folliculitis (oil acne) can be caused by use of straight
physical irritants)
oils without proper skin protection.
6.2.2 Allergic contact dermatitis,
6.11 Finding the cause of a worker’s case of dermatitis can
6.2.3 Folliculitis (oil acne),
be a long laborious process. Detecting an occupational dermal
6.2.4 Dyshydrotic eczema,
causativeagentrequirescooperationfromthepatient,themetal
6.2.5 Keratoses,
removal fluid manufacturer, workplace management, and spe-
6.2.6 Eczema,
cialized medical expertise.
6.2.7 Skin warts,
6.2.8 Pigment disorders,
6.12 Poor personal hygiene both on and off the job can
6.2.9 Granuloma,
influence development of dermatitis.
6.2.10 Erythematous papules,
6.13 Dermatitis causation varies with worker population
6.2.11 Papulovesicles,
demographics.T
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