ASTM E1819-96
(Guide)Standard Guide for Environmental Monitoring Plans for Decommissioning of Nuclear Facilities
Standard Guide for Environmental Monitoring Plans for Decommissioning of Nuclear Facilities
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the development or assessment of environmental monitoring plans for decommissioning nuclear facilities. This guide addresses: 1- Development of an environmental baseline prior to commencement of decommissioning activities; 2- Determination of release paths from site activities and their associated exposure pathways in the environment; and 3- Selection of appropriate sampling locations and media to ensure that all exposure pathways in the environment are monitored appropriately. This guide also addresses the interfaces between the environmental monitoring plan and other planning documents for site decommissioning, such as radiation protection, site characterization, and waste management plans, and federal, state, and local environmental protection laws and guidance. This guide is applicable up to the point of completing D&D activities and the reuse of the facility or area for other purposes.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:E1819–96
Standard Guide for
Environmental Monitoring Plans for Decommissioning of
Nuclear Facilities
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1819; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope ANSI N 13.1 Guide to Sampling Airborne Radioactive
Materials in Nuclear Facilities
1.1 This guide covers the development or assessment of
2.3 Nuclear Regulatory Commission Document:
environmental monitoring plans for decommissioning nuclear
NUREG CR-2082 Monitoring for Compliance with De-
facilities. This guide addresses: (1) development of an envi-
commissioning Termination Survey Criteria
ronmental baseline prior to commencement of decommission-
2.4 U.S. Government Document:
ing activities; (2) determination of release paths from site
29 CFR Part 1910.120
activities and their associated exposure pathways in the envi-
2.5 U.S. EPA Documents:
ronment; and (3) selection of appropriate sampling locations
OSWER-9950.1 RCRA Ground-Water Monitoring Techni-
and media to ensure that all exposure pathways in the envi-
cal Enforcement Guidance Document
ronmentaremonitoredappropriately.Thisguidealsoaddresses
SW-846 Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste
the interfaces between the environmental monitoring plan and
2.6 American Public Health Association Document:
other planning documents for site decommissioning, such as
Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewa-
radiation protection, site characterization, and waste manage-
ter
ment plans, and federal, state, and local environmental protec-
tion laws and guidance.This guide is applicable up to the point
3. Terminology
of completing D&D activities and the reuse of the facility or
3.1 Definitions:
area for other purposes.
3.1.1 active phase, n—time during which physical
2. Referenced Documents decontamination/dismantling operations are performed.
3.1.2 characterization, n—a systematic identification of the
2.1 ASTM Standards:
types, quantities, forms, and locations of contamination on the
E 666 PracticeforCalculatingAbsorbedDosefromGamma
site.
or X Radiation
3.1.3 Data Quality Objectives (DQOs), n—quantitative and
E 668 Practice for Application of Thermoluminescence-
qualitative statements that specify the quality of data needed
Dosimetry(TLD)SystemsforDeterminingAbsorbedDose
from a particular data collection activity.
in Radiation-Hardness Testing of Electronic Devices
3.1.4 decommission, vt—to remove safely from service and
E 1167 Guide for a Radiation Protection Program for De-
reduce residual radioactivity to a level that permits release of
commissioning Operations
the property for unrestricted use and termination of any
E 1278 Guide for Radioactive Pathway Methodology for
applicable licenses.
Release of Sites Following Decommissioning
2 3.1.5 decontamination, n—activities employed to reduce
E 1281 GuideforNuclearFacilityDecommissioningPlans
the levels of (radioactive or hazardous chemical) contamina-
E 1707 GuideforEstimatingUncertaintiesinDosimetryfor
2 tion in or on structures, equipment, materials, and personnel.
Radiation Processing
Typical forms of decontamination may include: (1) decontami-
2.2 ANSI Standards:
nation to support decommissioning objectives; (2) decontami-
ANSI N 545 Environmental Application of Thermolumi-
nation to reduce radiation levels in support of as low as
nescent Dosimetry
reasonably achievable (ALARA) objectives; (3) decontamina-
tion to limit the spread of radiological contamination; (4)
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E-10 on Nuclear
Technology and Applications and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
E10.03 on Radiological Protection for Decontamination & Decommissioning of Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
Nuclear Facilities & Components. Office, Washington, DC 20402.
Current edition approved June 10, 1996. Published September 1996. Available from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 401 M St. SW,
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 12.02. Washington, DC 20460.
3 6
Available from American National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd St., 13th Available from American Public Health Association, 1015 15th St. NW,
Floor, New York, NY 10036. Washington, DC 20005.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E1819
decontamination to support the unrestricted release of material quency, analytical techniques, and media type to monitor the
and equipment; and (5) decontamination of personnel. environment and to detect site-related releases and their
impact.
3.1.6 monitoring, vt—observing or taking measurements
systematicallyovertimetodeterminethestatusofandtodetect
6. Organizational Interfaces
significant changes in conditions or performance of a system,
6.1 The environmental monitoring plan should coordinate
facility, or area.
with other decommissioning documents. Guide E 1281 recom-
3.1.7 passive phase, n—time of surveillance and mainte-
mends that certain planning documents and implementation
nance from the time plant operations cease until
plans will be prepared prior to commencement of dismantle-
decontamination/dismantling operations begin, and from the
ment actions. This guide ensures that the basic environmental
end of active decontamination/dismantling operations until the
monitoring planning elements and requirements are identified,
site is released for unrestricted use.
examined, and addressed to accomplish the decommissioning
3.1.8 radiological release criteria, n—levels of residual
activities. Other project plans and reports guide the operations
radioactivity present at the completion of a decommissioning
and organization for the decommissioning project.
activity below which the site may be released to the general
6.1.1 Planning and implementation documents define the
public for unrestricted use.
activities around which the site environmental monitoring
3.1.9 hazardous material clean-up criteria, n—the reduc-
program will be developed. Documents that should be re-
tion of hazardous contaminants needed to reduce the risk
viewed include the following:
identifiedinthebaselinehealth-basedriskassessmenttoalevel
6.1.1.1 Site Description and Operating History Reports,
consistent with Applicable and Relevant or Appropriate Re-
6.1.1.2 Site Characterization Report,
quirement (ARAR) values.
6.1.1.3 Health Based Baseline Risk Assessment,
3.1.10 hazardous substance, n—any material identified by
6.1.1.4 Planned Decommissioning Activities Document,
the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 40 CFR 262.
6.1.1.5 Licensing and Regulatory Issues Document,
3.1.11 restricted use, n—organizational control is main-
6.1.1.6 Quality Assurance Document, and
tained over a property through physical barricades, signs and
6.1.1.7 Radiation Protection Document.
notices,ordeedcovenantsthatlimitthefulluseoftheproperty
6.1.1.8 Appendix X1 contains brief overviews of these
by an owner or prospective owner.
documents, as they contribute to the environmental plan.
3.1.12 unrestricted use, n—controloverthepropertyisfully
7. Elements of an Environmental Monitoring Plan
released for any use desired by the owner.
7.1 Site environmental monitoring shall comply with a
4. Summary of Guide
written plan. This plan must both direct the performance of
monitoring and inform concerned individuals as to the intent
4.1 Nuclear facilities must have established plans for moni-
and methodologies used in monitoring the environment. The
toring the environment surrounding the site as part of their
plan must clearly define the scope of work activities, that is,
license or technical specifications. These plans are designed to
describe the site, area, or room to be decommissioned. Guid-
identify any release of radioactive or hazardous material and to
ance on the content and structure of the plan is outlined in
assess the resulting impacts. Similar plans are required during
7.2-7.10.12.
decommissioningorsiteremediationstocontinueenvironmen-
7.2 Introduction and Objectives—The introduction should
tal monitoring, although the types of discharges and the
address the history of actions leading to decommissioning,
affected pathways may be different from those monitored
identify the organizations involved, describe the decommis-
during facility operations.
sioning process and required documentation, define the objec-
4.2 In addition, limited environmental surveillance may
tive or purpose of the environmental monitoring program, and
have been performed since the facility operated. The existing
describe the intended use of the monitoring data.
environmentalmonitoringplansshouldbemodifiedfordecom-
7.2.1 Monitoring Objectives—Basic objectives should in-
missioning and reflect the current environment, potential re-
clude the following, as a minimum:
lease points, and affected pathways. If no environmental
7.2.1.1 Assess the actual or potential doses to man from
monitoring plan exists, one must be developed.
contaminants released to the environment as a result of
4.3 The decommissioning environmental monitoring plan
decontamination efforts,
must be consistent and complete to ensure the detection and
7.2.1.2 Demonstrate compliance with applicable environ-
mitigation of off-site impacts caused by radioactive or hazard-
mental regulations during decommissioning and with estab-
ous materials released from decommissioning activities at
lished release criteria,
nuclear facilities.
7.2.1.3 Evaluate the adequacy and effectiveness of the
containment and effluent control system during decontamina-
5. Significance and Use
tion.
5.1 Useofthisguidewillensurethatthepotentialimpacton
7.2.2 Calibration and Measurement System Performance:
the surrounding environment from planned decommissioning
7.2.2.1 Provisions must be made when planning environ-
activities has been properly assessed.
mental monitoring activities at decommissioning sites to en-
5.2 Use of this guide will ensure that the adequacy of sure that all data are obtained using instruments and instru-
environmental sampling has been assessed for location, fre- mentation systems capable of producing accurate and valid
E1819
data. This requires the use of instruments and equipment 7.4.2.1 The pathways model (conceptual or mathematical)
having valid and current calibration certificates. It also means for transport of material to the environment should comply
that careful consideration should be given to the appropriate with Guide E 1278 and should establish the critical population
use of spiked samples, blanks, and split samples as quality and the most probable locations for accumulation of radioac-
assurance principles are incorporated into the environmental tivity or hazardous material. Pathways with potentially high
monitoring program. accumulation rates should be selected for sampling to provide
7.2.3 Data Quality Objectives—The DQOs impact statisti- a means of detecting releases at the earliest opportunity.
cal sampling design, sampling techniques, analytical proce- Likewise, exposure pathways to humans defined in the site
dures, and documentation procedures. The elements for a release criteria (that is, milk, fish, and groundwater consump-
decommissioning monitoring plan will be prepared with con- tion, and dust ingestion and inhalation) should be specifically
cernfortheDQOprocess.Technicalmonitoringobjectiveswill considered for sampling. These pathways to humans provide a
be established to support the data quality objectives in the means of comparing site releases and resultant environmental
monitoring plan. The objectives will be specified in terms of levels with calculated doses to individuals. The model must
precision, accuracy, representativeness, completeness, compa- consider the transport of each contaminant separately, since
rability, and detection limit. For further information on DQOs, their sources and environmental fates may be different.
see Ref (1).
7.5 Sampling and Analytical Design:
7.3 Background Information:
7.5.1 Statistical Design—Avariety of statistical monitoring
7.3.1 Location—The plan should specify the location and
designs are available to meet monitoring objectives, including
describe the site and surrounding area.
stratified, systematic, and random with grab or composite
7.3.2 Source of Contaminants and Transport Pathways—
sampling. The statistical design chosen must account for the
The source term from the site characterization data should be
source of statistical variability in the samples, such as space,
complete enough to identify the types of radionuclides and
time, sampling procedures, sample handling, sample process-
hazardous materials on site, their quantities, and the physical
ing including subsampling, sample extraction, and analytical
conditionsinwhichtheyarefound.Theplanshouldspecifythe
measurements. The parameters include several sources of
chemical composition and condition of the material, extent of
statistical error. The development of data quality objectives
contamination, and whether the material is in soil or ground-
requires consideration of these sources of error, an estimate of
water, or on buildings and equipment surfaces.
their magnitude, and, if necessary, a review of methods to
7.3.3 Information Sources—Sources of information on the
reduce the overall variability in a cost-effective manner. For
site should be identified, searched for pertinent information,
further information on statistical sampling design and data
and summarized, including previous sampling, facility waste
interpretation, see Refs (2) and (3).
plans, environmental characterizations, radiation surveys, and
7.5.2 Initial Baseline Conditions—The site description and
local sampling problems.
operating history should be reviewed to identify any previous
7.3.4 Impact Data—Available environmental impact data
environmental sampling plans and the resultant data. All
should be summarized.
licensed sites and sites operated by the government should
7.3.5 Background Evaluation Requirements:
have a documented baseline prior to the initial start of
7.3.5.1 Requirements governing the decommissioning ac-
operations. These data should be reviewed, and those sample
tivities and release of the site may be based on levels above
points used to establish the previous background should be
background; therefore, careful evaluation of background con-
trended through subsequent environmental reports to update
ditions at the decommissioning site should be
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.