ASTM E2523-06
(Terminology)Standard Terminology for Metalworking Fluids and Operations
Standard Terminology for Metalworking Fluids and Operations
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology standard provides a compilation of ASTM and non-ASTM consensus definitions of terms used in the metalworking industry.
1.2 This terminology standard does not purport to be an exhaustive lexicon. Rather it defines terms relevant to metalworking fluid management and metalworking fluid health and safety.
1.3 This terminology standard defines primary metalworking operations, fluid types and other terms germane to the practice of metalworking fluid management.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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An American National Standard
Designation:E2523–06
Standard Terminology for
Metalworking Fluids and Operations
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2523; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Endotoxin in Metalworking Fluid Aerosols in Workplace
Atmospheres
1.1 This terminology standard provides a compilation of
E 2148 Guide for Using Documents Related to Metalwork-
ASTM and non-ASTM consensus definitions of terms used in
ing or Metal Removal Fluid Health and Safety
the metalworking industry.
E 2169 Practice for Selecting Antimicrobial Pesticides for
1.2 This terminology standard does not purport to be an
Use in Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids
exhaustive lexicon. Rather it defines terms relevant to metal-
E 2250 Method for Determination of Endotoxin Concentra-
working fluid management and metalworking fluid health and
tion in Water Miscible Metal Working Fluids
safety.
E 2275 Practice for Evaluating Water-Miscible Metalwork-
1.3 This terminology standard defines primary metalwork-
ing Fluid Bioresistance and Antimicrobial Pesticide Per-
ing operations, fluid types and other terms germane to the
formance
practice of metalworking fluid management.
2.2 Government Standards:
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
29 CFR 1910.1200 Occupational Safety and Health Stan-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
dards, Hazard Communication
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
40 CFR 156 Labeling Requirements for Pesticides and
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Devices
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3. Significance and Use
2. Referenced Documents
3.1 Personnel from a wide range of disciplines contribute to
2.1 ASTM Standards:
metalworking fluid management and plant environment health
D 1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of
and safety management. Consequently, terms familiar to some
Atmospheres
stakeholders will be unfamiliar to others.
D 2881 ClassificationforMetalWorkingFluidsandRelated
3.2 This terminology standard provides, in a single docu-
Materials
ment, a compilation of definitions used by personnel involved
D 7049 Test Method for Metal Removal Fluid Aerosol in
with both metalworking environment health and safety and
Workplace Atmospheres
fluid management.
E 1302 Guide for Acute Animal Toxicity Testing of Water-
3.3 Useoftermsasdefinedinthisterminologystandardwill
Miscible Metalworking Fluids
enable all stakeholders to use metalworking industry terms in
E 1497 Practice for Selection and Safe Use of Water-
the appropriate context, thereby improving interdisciplinary
Miscible and Straight Oil Metal Removal Fluids
communications.
E 1687 Test Method for Determining Carcinogenic Poten-
tial of Virgin Base Oils in Metalworking Fluids
4. Terminology
E 1972 Practice for Minimizing Effects of Aerosols in the
active ingredient (a.i.), n—the chemical or components of an
Wet Metal Removal Environment
E 2144 Practice for Personal Sampling and Analysis of antimicrobial pesticide that provides its antimicrobial per-
formance. E 2169, E 2275
acute dermal toxicity, n—health hazards likely to arise from
short-term exposure to a substance via the skin or mucosa.
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E34 on
E 1302
Occupational Health and Safety and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
E34.50 on Health and Safety Standards for Metal Working Fluids.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2006. Published December 2006.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM AvailablefromU.S.GovernmentPrintingOfficeSuperintendentofDocuments,
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E2523–06
DISCUSSION—Results of acute dermal toxicity testing may provide
biostatic, adj—able to prevent existing microbial contami-
initial information on the dermal absorption and the mode of toxic
nants from growing or proliferating, but unable to kill them.
action of a substance. Moreover, some measure of irritation caused by
E 2169,E 2275
the fluid may be obtained by observing local tissue damage at the site
DISCUSSION—Biostatic additives may be registered antimicrobial
of application. Endpoint: mortality.
pesticides or unregistered chemicals with other performance properties.
acute inhalation toxicity, n—the potential of a fluid, vapor or
The difference between biocidal and biostatic performance may be
gas to cause death and other adverse health effects when
attributed to dose, chemistry or both.
inhaled for a specified time period. Endpoint: mortality.
boring, v—enlarging a hole that already has been drilled.
E 1302
acute oral toxicity, n—health hazards likely to arise from
DISCUSSION—Generally boring is an operation of truing the previ-
short-term exposure to a substance via the oral route ously drilled hole with a single-point, lathe-type tool. Boring is
essentially internal turning.
(ingestion). E 1302
breathing zone, n—that location in the atmosphere at which
DISCUSSION—Results of acute oral toxicity tests are used to develop
warning statements on labels as may be required by OSHA Hazard persons breath. D 1356
Communication Standard 29 CFR 1910.1200 or Federal Hazardous
DISCUSSION—The worker’s breathing zone consists of a hemisphere
Substances Act. These are also used to establish a dosage regimen for
300-mm radius in front of the face and measured from a line bisecting
subchronic and other testing. Endpoint: mortality.
the ears (D 7049).
aerosol, n—a dispersion of solid or liquid particles in a
broaching, v—an operation in which a cutter progressively
gaseous medium. D 1356
enlarges a slot or hole or shapes a workpiece exterior.
antimicrobial pesticide, n—chemical additive registered un-
der 40 CFR 156, for use to inhibit growth, proliferation or DISCUSSION—Low teeth start the cut, intermediate teeth remove the
majorityofthematerialandhighteethfinishthetask.Broachingcanbe
both of microorganisms. E 2169, E 2275
a one-step operation, as opposed to milling and slotting, which require
DISCUSSION—Antimicrobial pesticides are registered for one or more
repeated passes. Typically, however, broaching also involves multiple
end-use applications, or sites, for use within an approved dose range.
passes.
as supplied (a.s.), adj—antimicrobial pesticide finished prod-
bubbler, n—a sampling device consisting of a gas dispenser
uct including the active ingredients, solvent and any addi-
immersed in an absorbing liquid. D 1356
tional inactive ingredients. E 2275
coining, v—a closed-die squeezing operation in which all
bactericide, n—an antimicrobial pesticide specifically or pri-
surfaces of the work are restrained (coined).
marily effective against bacteria. E 2169
DISCUSSION—Coining often imparts a pattern or shape onto the
bioburden, n—the level of microbial contamination (biomass)
workpiece. Coining also refers to a press-brake bending operation in
in a system. E 2169
which the punch bottoms against the workpiece and the die. It also
refers to a process similar to bottoming although greater force is
DISCUSSION—Typically, bioburden is defined in terms of either
applied.Coiningalterstheradius,andbottomingsetsthebendopenbut
biomass or numbers of cells per unit volume or mass or surface area
does not affect shape.
material tested (g biomass/mL; g biomass/g sample; cells/mL sample;
colony forming units (CFU)/mL sample and so forth).
collector, n—a device for removing and retaining contami-
nants from air or other gases. D 1356
biocide, n—any chemical intended for use to kill organisms.
contaminant,n—substancescontainedinin-usemetalworking
E 2169, E 2275
fluids that are not part of the received fluid, such as abrasive
DISCUSSION—Biocide is a term usually used synonymously with the
particles, tramp oils, cleaners, dirt, metal fines and shavings,
preferred antimicrobial pesticide or microbicide.
dissolved metal and hard water salts, bacteria, fungi and
biodeterioration, n—the loss of commercial value, perfor-
microbiological decay products, and waste. E 1497
mance characteristics or both of a product (metalworking
contamination control, n—maintenance of bioburden at an
fluid) or material (coolant system or finished parts) through
operationally defined level, at or below which the bioburden
biological processes. E 2169
does not affect the fluid or system adversely. E 2169
biofilm, n—a film or layer composed of microorganisms,
control, v—to prevent, eliminate or reduce hazards related to
biopolymers, water, entrained organic and inorganic debris
the use of metalworking fluids in metalworking processes
that forms as a result of microbial growth, proliferation and
and to provide appropriate supplemental, or interim protec-
excretion of polymeric substances at phase interfaces
tion, or both, as necessary, to employees. E 1497
(liquid-liquid, liquid-solid, liquid-gas, and so forth). (syn-
coolant, n—any liquid used for the purpose of facilitating heat
onym: skinnogen layer). E 2169
removal from metal removal, forming or both types of
bioresistant, adj—ability to withstand biological attack.
metalworking operations.
E 2169, E 2275
DISCUSSION—Coolants are typically classified by the general chemi-
DISCUSSION—Bioresistant, or recalcitrant, chemicals are not readily cal composition as emulsifiable oils, semi-synthetic oils, straight oils or
metabolized by microorganisms. synthetic fluid (Classification D 2881). See definitions 4.32, 4.72, 4.77
E2523–06
and 4.78, respectively. Coolants are used primarily to cool and DISCUSSION—Exposure is expressed as the integral of the concentra-
lubricate. tion (or intensity) of the agent at the boundary of the receptor over the
time period of contact, that is, E~ =~*|C(t) dt.
demand, n—the sum of all factors that contribute to decreas-
extractable mass, n—the material removed by the liquid of
ing the effective concentration of antimicrobial pesticide.
the sampling filter using a mixed polarity mixture as
E 2169
described in Test Method D 7049. E 1972
DISCUSSION—Processes contributing to demand include, but are not
limited to, reactions with microbes, reactions with other chemicals in DISCUSSION—This mass is an approximation of the metalworking
the fluid, adsorption onto surfaces, absorption into materials and fluid portion of the workplace aerosol.
temperature.
eye irritation, n—damage or reversible inflammatory effect
dermatitis, n—an inflammatory response of the skin. E 1497
caused to the eye due to exposure to a chemical substance.
DISCUSSION—Dermatitiscanresultfromawidevarietyofsourcesand
DISCUSSION—Eyeirritationtestsprovideanindicationofthepotential
processes.Themostcommonoriginsareirritantorallergicresponsesto
of the fluid to cause eye irritation or damage upon direct contact. An
a chemical or physical agent. Signs and symptoms that typify the initial
irritant is defined as a chemical that is not corrosive, but causes a
onset of dermatitis include: erythema (redness); edema (swelling);
reversibleinflammatoryeffectonlivingtissuebyachemicalreactionat
pruritis (itching); and vesiculation (pimple-like eruptions). In more
the site of contact (E 1302). Endpoint: degree of irritation.
severe cases, fissures (deep cracks) and ulcers (open sores) may
folliculitis, n—an inflammatory reaction in hair follicles.
develop. The condition is usually reversible when exposure to the
causative agent ceases. More severe cases may require more time and E 1497
some medical attention. Some individuals may be at higher risk.
forming, v—process in which material is stamped, stretched,
bent or given a new shape without intentionally removing
dose, n—concentration of antimicrobial pesticide added to
material.
treated solution. E 2169, E 2275
fume, n—properly, the solid particles generated by condensa-
DISCUSSION—Dose is generally expressed as either ppm active
tion from the gaseous state, generally after volatilization
ingredient (a.i.) or ppm as supplied (a.s.).
from melted substances, and often accompanied by a chemi-
cal reaction such as oxidation. D 1356
drawing, v—process by which a metal blank is forced to flow
throughadiecavitywithoutanyconstraintotherthanagainst
DISCUSSION—Fumes flocculate and sometimes coalesce. Popularly,
buckling.
the term is used in reference to any or all types of contaminant, and in
many laws or regulations with the added qualification that the contami-
DISCUSSION—Internal resistance flow of the metal towards the punch
nant has some unwanted action.
and dies sets up compressive stresses which, combined with tensile
stresses created by the motion of the punch, produce two-dimensional
fungicide, n—antimicrobial pesticide specifically or primarily
shear.
effective against fungi. E 2169
gram-negative bacteria, n—prokaryotic cells that have a
drilling, v—operation in which a rotating tool is used to create
complex cell-wall structure that stains characteristically
a round hole in a workpiece.
when subjected to the differential Gram staining procedure.
DISCUSSION—Drilling is normally the first step in machining opera-
E 2250
tions such as boring, reaming, tapping, counterboring, countersinking
grinding, v—machining operation in which material is re-
and spotfacing.
moved from the workpiece by a powered abrasive wheel,
emergency, n—any occurrence, such as, but not limited to
stone, belt, paste, sheet, compound, slurry, etc.
equipment failure, rupture of containers, or failure of control
gundrilling (gunning), v—drilling process using a single-lip,
equipment that results in an uncontrolled release of a
self-guiding tool to produce deep precise holes.
significant amount of metalworking fluid. E 1497
DISCUSSION—During gunning, high-pressure coolant is fed to the
employee exposure, n—the exposure to metalworking fluids
cutting area, usually through the gundrill’s shank.
andcontaminantswhichwouldoccurwithoutcorrectionsfor
protection by any respirator or other personal protective half-life (T ⁄2 ), n—time required for concentration of a
equipment that is in use. microbicide to diminish to one-half its original concentra-
emulsifiable oil, n—a metalworking fluid that contains >30 % tion.
petroleum, synthetic, or vegetable oil plus
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