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ASTM C155-97(2022)

(Classification)

Standard Classification of Insulating Firebrick

Standard Classification of Insulating Firebrick

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This classification establishes an orderly grouping of insulating firebrick to provide group identifications for use by those producing or purchasing these materials. The group identification number is not meant to specifically designate the maximum service temperature, although the number times 100 does approximate the temperature (in degrees Fahrenheit) to be used to check the reheat change and can be used as a guide for relative temperature stability. The bulk density limits the weight per unit volume for any group as sold, but is not meant to be used for detailed engineering calculations.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification covers heat-insulating material known as insulating firebrick. This material is suitable for lining certain kinds of industrial furnaces.  
Note 1: Insulating materials for use below 1000 °F (538 °C) are covered2 by ASTM Committee C16 on Thermal Insulation.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-Aug-2022
ICS
81.080 - Refractories
Technical Committee
C08 - Refractories
Drafting Committee
C08.92 - The Joseph E. Kopanda Subcommittee for Editorial, Terminology and Classification
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM C210-95(2024) - Standard Test Method for Reheat Change of Insulating Firebrick
Effective Date
01-Apr-2024
Refers
ASTM C210-95(2019) - Standard Test Method for Reheat Change of Insulating Firebrick
Effective Date
01-Nov-2019
Refers
ASTM C210-95(2014) - Standard Test Method for Reheat Change of Insulating Firebrick
Effective Date
01-Sep-2014
Refers
ASTM C134-95(2010) - Standard Test Methods for Size, Dimensional Measurements, and Bulk Density of Refractory Brick and Insulating Firebrick
Effective Date
01-Apr-2010
Refers
ASTM C210-95(2007)e1 - Standard Test Method for Reheat Change of Insulating Firebrick
Effective Date
01-Mar-2007
Refers
ASTM C134-95(2005) - Standard Test Methods for Size, Dimensional Measurements, and Bulk Density of Refractory Brick and Insulating Firebrick
Effective Date
01-Dec-2005
Refers
ASTM C210-95(2005) - Standard Test Method for Reheat Change of Insulating Firebrick
Effective Date
01-Mar-2005
Refers
ASTM C210-95(1999) - Standard Test Method for Reheat Change of Insulating Firebrick
Effective Date
01-Jan-1999
Refers
ASTM C134-95(1999) - Standard Test Methods for Size, Dimensional Measurements, and Bulk Density of Refractory Brick and Insulating Firebrick
Effective Date
01-Jan-1999

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ASTM C155-97(2022) - Standard Classification of Insulating Firebrick
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: C155 −97 (Reapproved 2022)
Standard Classification of
Insulating Firebrick
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C155; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope identification number is not meant to specifically designate the
maximum service temperature, although the number times 100
1.1 This classification covers heat-insulating material
does approximate the temperature (in degrees Fahrenheit) to be
known as insulating firebrick. This material is suitable for
used to check the reheat change and can be used as a guide for
lining certain kinds of industrial furnaces.
relative temperature stability. The bulk density limits the
NOTE 1—Insulating materials for use below 1000 °F (538 °C) are
weight per unit volume for any group as sold, but is not meant
covered by ASTM Committee C16 on Thermal Insulation.
to be used for detailed engineering calculations.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
4. Basis of Classification
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
4.1 The classification of insulating firebrick in accordance
and are not considered standard.
with Table 1 is based on bulk density (weight per cubic foot)
1.3 This international standard was developed in accor- and the behavior in the reheat change test conducted at the
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- specified temperature.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
5. Test Methods
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
5.1 The properties enumerated in this classification shall be
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
determined in accordance with the following ASTM test
methods:
2. Referenced Documents
5.1.1 Bulk Density—Test Methods C134.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
5.1.2 Reheat Change—Test Method C210. For the purpose
C134 Test Methods for Size, Dimensional Measurements,
of this classification, the percentage of reheat change shall be
and Bulk Density of Refractory Brick and Insulating
obtained from only the 9 in. (228 mm) dimension of the test
Firebrick
brick.
C210 TestMethodforReheatChangeofInsulatingFirebrick
6. Retests
3. Significance and Use
6.1 Because of variables resulting from sampling and the
3.1 This classification establishes an orderly grouping of
lack of satisfactory reproducibility in tests conducted by
insulating firebrick to provide group identifications for use by
different laboratories, the material may be resampled and
those producing or purchasing these materials.
...

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3.1 Insulating firebrick (IFB) are classified by their bulk density and reheat change (see Classification C155). This test method defines thermal stability by measurement of IFB's reheat change following 24 h at a test temperature.  
3.2 Since this test exposes the entire sample to an isothermal temperature condition, the user should be aware that most applications for IFB involve a thermal gradient which may cause the IFB's dimensions to change differentially.
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ASTM C456-18(2023)(Test Method)
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ASTM C830-00(2023)(Test Method)
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Apparent porosity, water absorption, apparent specific gravity, and bulk density are primary properties of refractory shapes. These properties are widely used in the evaluation and comparison of product quality and as part of the criteria for selection and use of refractory products in a variety of industrial applications. These test methods are used for determining any or all of these properties and are particularly useful for testing hydratable products.  
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2.1 This test method provides a guide for evaluating the resistance of refractories in glass-melting furnace superstructures to vapor attack. This test method may also be useful for evaluating refractories in other applications where vapor attack occurs.  
2.2 An electric-heated furnace is recommended. Water vapor and other atmospheric components in a gas- or fuel-fired furnace may participate in the chemical and physical reactions being studied. Results may differ, therefore, depending upon the nature and type of firing employed.  
2.3 The degree of correlation between this test method and service performance is not fully determinable. This is intended to be an accelerated test method that generates a substantial degree of reaction in a relatively short amount of time. This acceleration may be accomplished by changing the composition and/or concentration of the reactants, increasing temperatures, or by performing the test in an isothermal environment.  
2.4 Since the test method may not accurately simulate the service environment, observed results of this test method may not be representative of those found in service. It is imperative that the user understand and consider how the results of this test method may differ from those encountered in service. This is particularly likely if the reaction products, their nature, or their degree differ from those normally found in the actual service environment.  
2.5 It is incumbent upon the user to understand that this is an aggressive, accelerated test method and to be careful in interpreting the results. If, for example, the reaction species have never been found in a real-world furnace, then this test method should not necessarily be considered valid to evaluate the refractory in question.
SCOPE
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1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM C604-18(2023)(Test Method)
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4.1 The true specific gravity of a material is the ratio of its true density, determined at a specific temperature, to the true density of water, determined at a specific temperature. Thus, the true specific gravity of a material is a primary property which is related to chemical and mineralogical composition.  
4.2 This test method is particularly useful for hydratable materials that are not suitable for test with Test Method C135.  
4.3 For refractory raw materials and products, the true specific gravity is a useful value for: classification, detecting differences in chemical composition between supposedly like samples, indicating mineralogical phases or phase changes, calculating total porosity when the bulk density is known, and for any other test method that requires this value for the calculation of results.  
4.4 This test method is a primary standard method which is suitable for use in specifications, quality control, and research and development. It can also serve as a referee test method in purchasing contracts or agreements.  
4.5 Fundamental assumptions inherent in this test method are the following:  
4.5.1 The sample is representative of the material in general,  
4.5.2 The total sample has been reduced to the particle size specified,  
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4.5.5 An inert gas (helium) has been used in the test, and  
4.5.6 The test method has been conducted in a meticulous manner.  
4.5.7 Deviation from any of these assumptions negates the usefulness of the results.  
4.6 In interpreting the results of this test method, it must be recognized that the specified sample particle size is significantly finer than specified for Test Method C135. Even this finer particle size for the sample does not preclude the presence of some closed pores, and the amount of residual close...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the true specific gravity of solid materials, and is particularly useful for materials that easily hydrate which are not suitable for test with Test Method C135. This test method may be used as an alternate for Test Methods C135, C128, and C188 for determining true specific gravity.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 Exception—In 7.3, the equivalent SI unit is expressed in parentheses.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM C134-95(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Size, Dimensional Measurements, and Bulk Density of Refractory Brick and Insulating Firebrick

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Refractory brick are used as modular units in furnace construction and should not deviate significantly from the intended configuration with respect to size, bulk density, flat surfaces, and right angles. These test methods are particularly suited for use under field conditions and provide a means to determine whether the brick meets the requirements considered necessary to assure a satisfactory refractory construction.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for measuring size, dimensional measurement, bulk density, warpage, and squareness of rectangular dense refractory brick and rectangular insulating firebrick. More precise determination of bulk density of refractory brick can be made by Test Methods C20. Stack height is generally determined only for dense refractories.  
Note 1: Test Methods C830 and Test Method C914 are also used to determine bulk density of refractory brick, by different procedures.  
1.2 The test methods appear in the following order:    
Sections    
Size and Bulk Density  
4 through 7    
Warpage of Refractory Brick  
8 through 10    
Squareness of Refractory Brick  
11 through 14  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM C1407-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Calculating Areas, Volume, and Linear Change of Refractory Shapes

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Fireclay steel-teeming nozzles and sleeves are classified by volume reheat change. Bloating of some refractories results in irregular reheat dimensions, which are difficult to measure. This practice determines the volume without depending upon physical linear measurements.  
3.2 Blast furnace checkers that have irregular cross-sections are classified by “creep properties.” This practice determines the average cross-sectional area.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the methods of calculating areas, volumes, and linear changes of irregularly shaped refractory specimens.  
1.2 The specimens must have a constant cross-sectional area over a length (L).  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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