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ASTM E308-01

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by Using the CIE System

Standard Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by Using the CIE System

SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides the values and practical computation procedures needed to obtain CIE tristimulus values from spectral reflectance, transmittance, or radiance data for object-color specimens.
1.2 Procedures and tables of standard values are given for computing from spectral measurements the CIE tristimulus values X, Y, Z, and chromaticity coordinates x, y for the CIE 1931 standard observer and X10, Y10, Z 10 and x10. y10 for the CIE 1964 supplementary standard observer.
1.3 Standard values are included for the spectral power of six CIE standard illuminants and three CIE recommended fluorescent illuminants.
1.4 Procedures are included for cases in which data are available only in more limited wavelength ranges than those recommended, or for a measurement interval wider than that recommended by the CIE. This practice is applicable to spectral data obtained according to Practice E 1164 with 1-, 5-, 10-, or 20-nm measurement interval.
1.5 Procedures are included for cases in which the spectral data are, and those in which they are not, corrected for bandpass dependence. For the uncorrected cases, it is assumed that the spectral bandpass of the instrument used to obtain the data was approximately equal to the measurement interval and was triangular in shape. These choices are believed to correspond to the most widely used industrial practice.
1.6 This practice includes procedures for conversion of results to color spaces that are part of the CIE system, such as CIELAB and CIELUV (3). Equations for calculating color differences in these and other systems are given in Test Method D 2244.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Aug-2001
ICS
17.180.20 - Colours and measurement of light
Technical Committee
E12 - Color and Appearance
Drafting Committee
E12.04 - Color and Appearance Analysis
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E308-99 - Standard Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by Using the CIE System
Effective Date
10-Aug-2001
Replaced By
ASTM E308-06 - Standard Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by Using the CIE System
Effective Date
01-Dec-2006
Referred By
ASTM D8515-23 - Standard Test Method for Color of Rosin in Solution (Instrumental Determination of Gardner Color)
Effective Date
10-Aug-2001
Referred By
ASTM D5382-02(2017) - Standard Guide to Evaluation of Optical Properties of Powder Coatings
Effective Date
10-Aug-2001
Referred By
ASTM D6166-12(2022) - Standard Test Method for Color of Pine Chemicals and Related Products (Instrumental Determination of Gardner Color)
Effective Date
10-Aug-2001
Referred By
ASTM E313-20 - Standard Practice for Calculating Yellowness and Whiteness Indices from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates
Effective Date
10-Aug-2001
Referred By
ASTM D8514/D8514M-23 - Standard Specification for Flexible, Retroreflective Sheeting for Use in High Visibility Vehicle Markings
Effective Date
10-Aug-2001
Referred By
ASTM D1562-22 - Standard Classification System and Basis for Specification for Cellulose Acetate Propionate Molding and Extrusion Compounds (CAP)
Effective Date
10-Aug-2001
Referred By
ASTM E1336-11(2017) - Standard Test Method for Obtaining Colorimetric Data From a Visual Display Unit by Spectroradiometry
Effective Date
10-Aug-2001
Referred By
ASTM D2851-15(2023) - Standard Specification for Liquid Optical Adhesive
Effective Date
10-Aug-2001
Referred By
ASTM D1544-04(2023) - Standard Test Method for Color of Transparent Liquids (Gardner Color Scale)
Effective Date
10-Aug-2001
Referred By
ASTM D6290-19 - Standard Test Method for Color Determination of Plastic Pellets
Effective Date
10-Aug-2001
Referred By
ASTM E2022-16(2021) - Standard Practice for Calculation of Weighting Factors for Tristimulus Integration
Effective Date
10-Aug-2001
Referred By
ASTM D8163-18(2023) - Standard Test Method for Determination of Strength of Colorants and Bases for Architectural, Marine, Maintenance, Commercial, and Industrial Coatings
Effective Date
10-Aug-2001
Referred By
ASTM E810-20 - Standard Test Method for Coefficient of Retroreflection of Retroreflective Sheeting Utilizing the Coplanar Geometry
Effective Date
10-Aug-2001

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ASTM E308-01 - Standard Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by Using the CIE SystemASTM E308-01 - Standard Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by Using the CIE System
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ASTM E308-01 - Standard Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by Using the CIE System
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn. Contact ASTM
International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: E 308 – 01
Standard Practice for
1
Computing the Colors of Objects by Using the CIE System
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 308; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
INTRODUCTION
Standard tables (Tables 1-4) of color matching functions and illuminant spectral power distributions
have since 1931 been defined by the CIE, but the CIE has eschewed the role of preparing tables of
tristimulus weighting factors for the convenient calculation of tristimulus values. There have
subsequently appeared numerous compilations of tristimulus weighting factors in the literature with
disparity of data resulting from, for example, different selections of wavelength intervals and methods
2
of truncating abbreviated wavelength ranges. In 1970, Foster et al. (1) proposed conventions to
standardize these two features, and Stearns (2) published a more complete set of tables. Stearns’ work
and later publications such as the 1985 revision of E 308 have greatly reduced the substantial
variations in methods for tristimulus computation that existed several decades ago.
The disparities among earlier tables were largely caused by the introduction of computations based
on 20-nm wavelength intervals. With the increasing precision of modern instruments, there is a
likelihood of a need for tables for narrower wavelength intervals. Stearns’ tables, based on a 10-nm
interval, did not allow the derivation of consistent tables with wavelength intervals less than 10 nm.
The 1-nm table must be designated the basic table if others with greater wavelength intervals are to
have the same white point, and this was the reason for the 1985 revision of E 308, resulting in tables
that are included in the present revision as Tables 5.
The 1994 revision was made in order to introduce to the user a method of reducing the dependence
of the computed tristimulus values on the bandpass of the measuring instrument, using methods that
are detailed in this practice. These changes, however, lead to tables (Tables 6 in this practice) that are
substantially different from the Tables 5 that have been in use since 1985. There is accordingly a
danger, if the new tables are introduced but not universally adopted, that there may again be, perhaps
forseveraldecades,asignificantdisparityamongthetablesoftristimulusweightingfactorscommonly
used. It is highly desirable that this should be avoided.
1. Scope 1931 standard observer and X ,Y ,Z and x .y for the
10 10 10 10 10
CIE 1964 supplementary standard observer.
1.1 This practice provides the values and practical compu-
1.3 Standard values are included for the spectral power of
tation procedures needed to obtain CIE tristimulus values from
six CIE standard illuminants and three CIE recommended
spectral reflectance, transmittance, or radiance data for object-
fluorescent illuminants.
color specimens.
1.4 Procedures are included for cases in which data are
1.2 Procedures and tables of standard values are given for
available only in more limited wavelength ranges than those
computing from spectral measurements the CIE tristimulus
recommended, or for a measurement interval wider than that
values X, Y, Z, and chromaticity coordinates x, y for the CIE
recommended by the CIE. This practice is applicable to
spectral data obtained according to Practice E 1164 with 1-, 5-,
10-, or 20-nm measurement interval.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Color and
1.5 Procedures are included for cases in which the spectral
Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.04 on Color and
Appearance Analysis.
data are, and those in which they are not, corrected for
Current edition approved Aug. 10, 2001. Published November 2001. Originally
bandpass dependence. For the uncorrected cases, it is assumed
published as E 308 – 66. Last previous edition E 308 – 99.
2 that the spectral bandpass of the instrument used to obtain the
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of
this practice. data was approximately equal to the measurement interval and
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn. Contact ASTM
International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
E308–01
was triangular in shape. These choices are believed to
...

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5.2.2 Object-color specimens for color assessment.
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1.1 This test method describes the instrumental measurement of the reflection properties and color of object-color specimens by the use of a spectrophotometer or spectrocolorimeter with a hemispherical optical measuring system, such as an integrating sphere.  
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ASTM E1247-12(2023)(Practice)
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Several standards, including Practices E991, E1164, and Test Methods E1331, E1348 and E1349, require either the presence or absence of fluorescence exhibited by the specimen for correct application. This practice provides spectrophotometric procedures for identifying the presence of fluorescence in materials.  
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4.6 This practice describes methods to detect the...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides spectrophotometric methods for detecting the presence of fluorescence in object-color specimens.
Note 1: Since the addition of fluorescing agents (colorants, whitening agents, etc.) is often intentional by the manufacturer of a material, information on the presence or absence of fluorescent properties in a specimen may often be obtained from the maker of the material.  
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1.3 Within the above limitations, this practice is general in scope rather than specific as to instrument or material.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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SCOPE
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1.2 For product specification, the purchaser and the seller shall agree upon the permissible color tolerance between test specimen and reference and the procedure for calculating the color tolerance. Each material and condition of use may require specific color tolerances because other appearance factors, (for example, specimen proximity, gloss, and texture), may affect the correlation between the magnitude of a measured color difference and its commercial acceptability.  
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4.1 This practice is used by artists, designers, scientists, engineers, and government regulators, to specify an existing or desired color. It is used in the natural sciences to record the colors of specimens, or identify specimens, such as human complexion, flowers, foliage, soils, and minerals. It is used to specify colors for commerce and for control of color-production processes, when instrumental color measurement is not economical. The Munsell system is widely used for color tolerancing, even when instrumentation is employed (see Practice D3134). It is common practice to have color chips made to illustrate an aim color and the just tolerable deviations from that color in hue, value, and chroma, such a set of chips being called a Color Tolerance Set. A color tolerance set exhibits the aim color and color tolerances so that everyone involved in the selection, production, and acceptance of the color can directly perceive the intent of the specification, before bidding to supply the color or starting production. A color tolerance set may be measured to establish instrumental tolerances. Without extensive experience, it may be impossible to visualize the meaning of numbers resulting from color measurement, but by this practice, the numbers can be translated to the Munsell color-order system, which is exemplified by colored chips for visual examination. This color-order system is the basis of the ISCC-NBS Method of Designating Colors and a Dictionary of Color Names, as well as the Universal Color Language, which associates color names, in the English language, with Munsell notations (3).
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1.1 This practice provides a means of specifying the colors of objects in terms of the Munsell color order system, a system based on the color-perception attributes hue, lightness, and chroma. The practice is limited to opaque objects, such as painted surfaces viewed in daylight by an observer having normal color vision. This practice provides a simple visual method as an alternative to the more precise and more complex method based on spectrophotometry and the CIE system (see Practices E308 and E1164). Provision is made for conversion of CIE data to Munsell notation.  
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5.1 The color displayed on a VDU is an important aspect of the reproduction of colored images. The VDU is often used as the design, edit, and approval medium. Images are placed into the computer by some sort of capture device, such as a camera or scanner, modified by the computer operator, and sent on to a printer or color separation generator, or even to a paint dispenser or textile dyer. The color of the final product is to have some well-defined relationship to the original. The most common medium for establishing the relationship between input, edit, and output color (device-independent color space) is the CIE tristimulus space. This guide identifies the procedures for deriving a model that relates the digital computer settings of a VDU to the CIE tristimulus values of the colored light emitted by the primaries.
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1.1 This guide is intended for use in establishing the operating characteristics of a visual display unit (VDU), such as a cathode ray tube (CRT). Those characteristics define the relationship between the digital information supplied by a computer, which defines an image, and the resulting spectral radiant exitance and CIE tristimulus values. The mathematical description of this relationship can be used to provide a nearby device-independent model for the accurate display of color and colored images on the VDU. The CIE tristimulus values referred to here are those calculated from the CIE 1931 2° standard colorimetric (photopic) observer.  
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Standard Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions for Measurement of Reflection and Transmission Properties of Materials

SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended for use in selecting terminology, measurement scales, and instrumentation for describing or evaluating such appearance characteristics as glossiness, opacity, lightness, transparency, and haziness in terms of reflected or transmitted light. This guide does not consider the spectral variations responsible for color, but the geometric variables described herein can importantly affect instrumentally measured values of color. This guide is general in scope rather than specific as to instrument or material.  
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E2301-12(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Daytime Colorimetric Properties of Fluorescent Retroreflective Sheeting and Marking Materials for High Visibility Traffic Control and Personal Safety Applications Using 45°:Normal Geometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides procedures for obtaining tristimulus values, luminance factors and chromaticity coordinates of fluorescent-retroreflective materials by bispectral colorimetry using a 45:0 or 0:45 optical measuring system.  
5.2 The CIE 1931 (2°) standard observer is used to calculate the colorimetric properties of fluorescent-retroreflective sheeting and markings used in daytime high visibility traffic control and personal safety applications because in practice these materials are primarily viewed from a distance where they subtend less than 4° of the visual field.  
5.3 This test method is applicable to object-color specimens of any gloss level.  
5.4 Due to the retroreflective properties of these materials the colorimetric data may not be suitable for use in computer colorant formulation.  
5.5 This test method is suitable for quality control testing of fluorescent-retroreflective sheeting and marking materials.
Note 1: Separation of the fluorescence and reflectance components from the total colorimetric properties provides useful and meaningful information to evaluate independently the luminescent and diffuse reflective efficiency and consistency of these materials.  
5.6 This test method is the referee method for determining the conformance of fluorescent-retroreflective sheeting and marking materials to standard daytime colorimetric specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the instrumental measurement of the colorimetric properties (CIE tristimulus values, luminance factors, and chromaticity coordinates) of fluorescent-retroreflective sheeting and marking materials when illuminated by daylight.  
1.2 This test method is generally applicable to any sheeting or marking material having combined fluorescent and retroreflective properties used for daytime high visibility traffic control and personal safety applications.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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ASTM E1477-98a(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Luminous Reflectance Factor of Acoustical Materials by Use of Integrating-Sphere Reflectometers

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5.1 Acoustical materials are often used as the entire ceiling of rooms and are therefore an important component of the lighting system. The luminous reflectance of all important components must be known in order to predict the level of illumination that will be obtained.  
5.2 The reflecting properties of a surface are measured relative to those of a standard reflector, the perfect reflecting diffuser, to provide a reflectance factor. The luminous reflectance factor is calculated for a standard illuminant, and a standard observer, for the standard hemispherical (integrating-sphere) geometry of illumination and viewing, in which all reflected radiation from an area of the surface is collected. In this way the reflecting properties of an acoustical material can be represented by a single number measured and calculated under standard conditions.  
5.3 Acoustical materials generally have a non-glossy white or near-white finish. The types of surface cover a wide range from smooth to deeply fissured. Measurement with integrating-sphere reflectometers has been satisfactory although multiple measurements may be required to sample the surface adequately. Instruments with other types of optical measuring systems may be used if it can be demonstrated that they provide equivalent results.  
5.4 The use of this test method for determining the luminous reflectance factor is required by Classification E1264.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the luminous reflectance factor of acoustical materials for use in predicting the levels of room illumination.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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