ASTM D7139-09(2013)
(Terminology)Standard Terminology for Cotton Fibers
Standard Terminology for Cotton Fibers
SCOPE
1.1 This standard is the compilation of all terminology developed by Subcommittee D13.11 on Cotton Fibers.
1.2 This terminology is unique to the Cotton Fibers industry. Meanings of the same terms used outside the industry can be found in other compilations or in dictionaries of general usage.
1.3 In addition to being a specialized dictionary, D7139 is also a tool for managing the Subcommittee’s terminology. This includes finding, eliminating, and preventing redundancies, that is, where two or more terms relating to the same concept are defined in different words.
1.4 Terms listed are under the jurisdiction of Subcommittee D13.11.
1.5 For definitions of other textile terms see Terminology D123.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation: D7139 − 09(Reapproved 2013)
Standard Terminology for
Cotton Fibers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7139; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D2495 Test Method for Moisture in Cotton by Oven-Drying
D2496 Test Method for Seed Coat Fragments and Funiculi
1.1 This standard is the compilation of all terminology
in Cotton Fiber Samples (Withdrawn 1986)
developed by Subcommittee D13.11 on Cotton Fibers.
D2812 Test Method for Non-Lint Content of Cotton
1.2 ThisterminologyisuniquetotheCottonFibersindustry.
D3025 Practice for Standardizing Cotton Fiber Test Results
Meanings of the same terms used outside the industry can be
by Use of Calibration Cotton Standards
found in other compilations or in dictionaries of general usage.
D3990 Terminology Relating to Fabric Defects
D5332 Test Method for Fiber Length and Length Distribu-
1.3 In addition to being a specialized dictionary, D7139 is
also a tool for managing the Subcommittee’s terminology.This tion of Cotton Fibers (Withdrawn 2006)
D5426 Practices for Visual Inspection and Grading of Fab-
includes finding, eliminating, and preventing redundancies,
that is, where two or more terms relating to the same concept rics Used for Inflatable Restraints
D5867 Test Methods for Measurement of Physical Proper-
are defined in different words.
ties of Raw Cotton by Cotton Classification Instruments
1.4 Terms listed are under the jurisdiction of Subcommittee
D7642 Practice for Establishment of Calibration Cottons for
D13.11.
Cotton Classification Instruments
1.5 For definitions of other textile terms see Terminology
D7785 Test Method for Water in Lint Cotton by Oven
D123.
Evaporation Combined with Volumetric Karl Fischer
Titration
2. Referenced Documents
3. Terminology
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles A-tuft, n—a single-pass process for aligning hook free fibers
D1440 Test Method for Length and Length Distribution of on the Fibroliner FL-101. D5332
Cotton Fibers (Array Method)
amount, n—in cotton length testing with the Fibrograph
D1441 Practice for Sampling Cotton Fibers for Testing
(optical) or Length Analyzer (pneumatic), a measure of the
D1442 Test Method for Maturity of Cotton Fibers (Sodium
thickness, optical or pneumatic density, of the test beard,
Hydroxide Swelling and Polarized Light Procedures)
proportional to the number of fibers present at various
D1445 TestMethodforBreakingStrengthandElongationof
distances from the base of the comb(s) (Fibrograph) or the
Cotton Fibers (Flat Bundle Method)
specimen clamp jaws (Length Analyzer). D5867
D1447 Test Method for Length and Length Uniformity of
Cotton Fibers by Photoelectric Measurement amount, n—in cotton length testing with the Fibrograph,a
D1448 Test Method for Micronaire Reading of Cotton Fi-
measureofthethickness,oropticaldensity,ofthetestbeard,
bers proportional to the number of fibers present at various
D1464 Practice for Differential Dyeing Behavior of Cotton
distances from the base of the comb(s). D1447
D1684 Practice for Lighting Cotton Classing Rooms for
B-tuft, n—a two-pass process for aligning hooked fibers on the
Color Grading
Fibroliner FL-101. D5332
blending plan, n—the instructions for mixing fibers during
ThisterminologyisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD13onTextiles specimen preparation. D5332
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.11 on Cotton Fibers.
bound water, n—the amount of water in a test specimen that
Current edition approved July 1, 2013. Published September 2013. Originally
ε2
approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D7139–09 . DOI:
is hydrogen bonded to cellulose and expressed as a percent-
10.1520/D7139-09R13.
age of the mass of the specimen. D7785
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D7139 − 09 (2013)
calibration cotton standards, n—cotton samples taken from machinery and usually consisting of undesirable fibers or a
blended bulk source on which fiber properties have been mixture of cotton fibers with foreign matter. D2495
determined under the International Calibration Cotton Stan-
differential dyeing behavior, n—of cotton, the tendency of
dards Program. D1448, D3025, D5867
cotton fibers to absorb and retain selectively varying propor-
calibration cotton standards, n—bales of cotton with estab- tions of different dyes from a binary dye bath. D1464
lished values of micronaire, length, uniformity index and
elevator, n—a general term describing a mechanical device on
breaking tenacity (strength) for the purpose of calibrating
the Motion Control, Inc. Fiber Information System which
cotton classification instruments for length, uniformity index
moves the specimen clamp while preparing the specimen or
and breaking tenacity (strength). D7642
while taking a length/uniformity index or strength/
elongation measurement. D5867
candidate bale, n—bale of saw ginned cotton selected for
potential use as a calibration cotton standard. D7642
elongation at breaking force, n—in fiber strength testing of
cotton, the elongation corresponding to the maximum force,
coefficient of length variation, n—a measure of fiber length
and expressed as a percentage of the 1/8-in. (3.2-mm) gage
distribution. D1440, D5332
length. D1445, D5867
color grading, n—the act of identifying a specimen by a color
extra long staple cotton, n—also known as Pima cotton,
grade or color score that is specific to the color and the
cotton that is of the gossypium barbadense species which is
material graded. D1684
characterized by longer, stronger and finer fibers compared
color lamp, n—in color determination of cotton with a Color
to Upland cotton. D7642
Meter, a lamp with a specific energy output function used in
fanhead, n—the process of removing one half of the bands
conjunctionwithspecialtristimulusfilterstoobtainadesired
fromoneendofacottonbaletoexpand(swellout)thelayers
response function. D5867
of the bale in order to facilitate bale sampling. D7642
color meter, n—an instrument which measures the fiber
fanheading, n—the process of removing one half of the bands
samplecoloraspresentedintheviewingwindow,intermsof
fromoneendofacottonbaletoexpand(swellout)thelayers
the tristimulus values Y and Z and transmits these values to
of the bale in order to facilitate bale sampling. D7642
the IC/TC for further processing. D5867
Fiberweigh, n—an instrument having a capacity for weighing
color space, n—specific to this standard, the daylight color of
a 51-grain (3.30-g) specimen with a sensitivity of at least
opaque specimens are represented by points in a space in
0.2 % of the mass being weighed. D5867
terms of three color scales: reflectance, R , and the chroma-
d
ticity coordinates for redness or greenness, 6a, and yellow-
fibrogram, n—in testing cotton fibers for length, the curve
ness or blueness, 6b.
representingthesecondcumulationofthelengthdistribution
of the fibers sensed by the length measuring instrument in
comber/brusher, n—an instrument which prepares the test
scanning the fiber board. D5867
beard of fibers for length, length uniformity, strength, and
elongation measurements by combing the test specimen to
fibrogram, n—in cotton length testing with the Fibrograph,the
remove loose or unclamped fibers and paralleling the indi-
curve representing the second cumulation of the length
vidually clamped fibers, and by brushing the clamped fibers
distribution of the fibers sensed by the length measuring
to remove fiber crimp and smooth the test beard of cotton.
instrument in scanning the fiber board. D1447
D5867
Fibronaire, n—aninstrumentwhichdeterminesthemicronaire
control limits, n—predetermined ranges based on the variabil-
reading of raw cotton fibers using the “porous-plug” air flow
ity of past observations between which the instrument data
technique. D5867
for a test must fall to be considered valid. D5867
foreign matter, n—in cotton, non-lint material commonly
cotton, n—avegetableseedfiberconsistingofunicellularhairs
referred to as waste or trash such as dust, sand, seed-coat
attached to the seed of several species of the genus Gossy-
fragments, leaves, and stems normally present in raw and
pium of the family Malvaceae. D1445
partially processed cotton. D2812, D5426
cotton color diagram, n—a diagram showing the color ranges free water, n—the amount of water in a test specimen that is
of standards officially established by the U.S. Department of hydrogen bonded to other water in cellulose and expressed
Agriculture for the various grades of cotton in relation to as a percentage of the mass of the specimen.
DISCUSSION—Free water in cellulose freezes. A distinction of bound
scalesofreflectance. R ,ontheverticalaxis,andyellowness,
d
water into the freezing and non-freezing kinds is not necessary. Both
+ b, on the horizontal axis. D5867
kinds of bound water, if present, come off the fibers since no residual
cotton maturity, n—the degree of fiber wall development. water can be detected. D7785
D1442
ginned lint, n—cotton fibers that have been separated from
cotton waste, n—material removed from seed cotton, ginned their seeds by ginning but not subjected to any further
lint, or stock in process by any cleaning or processing processing after ginning. (See lint cotton.) D2495
D7139 − 09 (2013)
hooks, n—in fiber testing, curved or bent fiber ends caused by lumen, n—in vegetable fibers, the central canal of the fiber.
the carding or specimen preparation processes. D5332 D1442
horseshoe, n—a length of sliver folded in a manner such that mature fibers, n—cotton fibers treated with sodium hydroxide
the two ends can be fed simultaneously into the needle field
solution—fibers that have swollen into unconvoluted and
of the Fibroliner FL-101. D5332 almost rod-like shapes, where total wall width is equal to or
greater than the lumen width. D1442
IC/TC, n—abbreviation for Intelligent Color/Trash
Coordinator. D5867 mature fibers, n—cotton fibers observed under polarized
light—fibers that appear yellow, yellow green, or green and
IDT, n—abbreviation for Intelligent Data Terminal. D5867
are yellow or light yellow upon rotation to the subtractive
illumination, n—in lighting, the density or flux of light on a
position (through 90°) and show little or no parallel extinc-
unit area of surface. D1684 tion on removal of the selenite plate. (Compare immature
fibers.) D1442
immature fibers, n—(1) (cotton fibers treated with sodium
hydroxide solution)—fibers that either (a) have swollen and
maturity index, n—a relative indication of cotton fiber matu-
assumed a spiral form, or (b) remained flat, thinly outlined, rity.
and almost transparent. Total wall width is less than the
mean length, n—in testing of cotton fibers, the average length
lumen width.
of all the fibers in the test specimen based on mass-length
(2) (cotton fibers observed under polarized light)—fibers
data. D1440,D1447
that appear purple, indigo, or blue, turn orange or yellow-
orange upon rotation to the subtractive position, and upon
micronaire reading, n—a relative measurement of fiber fine-
removal of the selenite plate show parallel extinction.
ness derived from the porous plug air-flow method. D1442,
(Compare mature fibers.) D1442
D1448, D 5867D5867
invisible waste, n—in cotton testing, weight loss due to dust,
mote, n—a whole, immature cotton seed. D2496,
moisture, loose fibers, etc., carried away by the air stream
D 5867D5867
during the test. D2812
non-lint content, n—that portion of a mass of cotton fiber
length (for cotton classification), n—an industry term for
which is essentially foreign matter. D2812
upper half mean length reported in millimeters or inches.
number of pieces of trash, n—in testing cotton with the Trash
D7642
Meter, a number correlated with the total number of pieces
length analyzer, n—an instrument which determines the
of trash on the surface of the sample of cotton over the
upper-half-mean length and length uniformity index of a test
viewing window. D5867
beard of cotton. D5867
one-percent length (L1 %N), n—in fiber testing, the length
length group, n—all fibers, or pulls, whose lengths fall within
exceeded by 1 % of the number of fibers in a test specimen.
a given length interval. D1440
D5332
length interval, n—a class interval of ⁄8 in. (3 mm), usually
percent area, n—in testing cotton with the Trash Meter, the
designated by its midpoint length in odd-numbered six-
ratio of total area of trash on the surface of a sample of
teenths of an inch. D1440
cotton to that of the area of the viewing window, expressed
inapercentageoftheareaoftheviewingwindow. D5867
lint, n—in loose cotton, fibers mostly of spinnable length. (See
also linters.) D2812
pull, n—a group of fibers grasped by the forceps at one time
and drawn from the specimen in the combs. D1440
lint content, n—that portion of a mass of cotton fiber consist-
ing of fiber, including normal moisture content, but exclud-
ratch-setting by number (L1 % N), n—the basis for setting
ing foreign matter. D2812
roll spacing in the drafting zone, namely, the length ex-
ceeded by1%ofthe number of fibers in a test specimen.
lint cotton, n—loose cotton fibers in any form, either raw or
D5332
processed, free of seeds and not bound together in yarn or
fabric. (See also ginned lint.) D2495
raw cotton, n—ginned lint that has not been subjected to any
textilemanufacturingprocess.(Seealso ginned lint.) D2495
linters, n—the short fibrous material adhering to the cotton
seed after the spinnable lint has been removed by ginning
R and +b, n—for the purpose of this test method for color,the
d
and which is subsequently recovered from the seed by a
daylight color of opaque cotton specimens represented by
process called “delinting.” D5867
points in a space as described by Hunter in terms of two
color scales: reflectance, R , and the chromaticity coordi-
lot, n—in acceptance sampling of cotton, the main stock,
d
supply, or source of fibers to be sampled. D1441 nates for yellowness, + b. D5867
lot sample, n—in cotton, a relatively large sample taken in the reference standard, n—in cotton testing, a homogeneous lot
field to represent a consignment, shipment, or lot, for use in of cotton having a k
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