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ASTM D5867-12(2020)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Physical Properties of Raw Cotton by Cotton Classification Instruments

Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Physical Properties of Raw Cotton by Cotton Classification Instruments

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is accepted for testing of bales of raw cotton in commercial shipments.  
4.2 This test method describes acceptable practices for testing of raw cotton using cotton classification instruments that are capable of testing the fiber properties of micronaire reading, length, uniformity index, strength, Rd (color), +b (color), percent area (trash) and particle count (trash).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of color, trash content, micronaire, upper half mean length (length), uniformity index and breaking tenacity (strength) of raw cotton for cotton marketing using a cotton classification instrument.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to Upland and Extra Long Staple (ELS) raw cotton.  
1.3 This test method is applicable to roller and saw ginned raw cottons.  
1.4 This test method contains the following sections.    
Section  
Color  
8 – 11  
Trash Content  
12 – 15  
Micronaire Reading  
16 – 19  
Upper Half Mean Length (Length) and Uniformity Index  
20 – 23  
Breaking Tenacity (Strength)  
24 – 27  
1.5 The values stated in both inch-pound and SI units are to be regarded separately as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
30-Jun-2020
ICS
59.060.10 - Natural fibres
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.11 - Cotton Fibers
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D5867-12e1 - Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Physical Properties of Raw Cotton by Cotton Classification Instruments
Effective Date
01-Jul-2020
Refers
ASTM D2495-07(2019) - Standard Test Method for Moisture in Cotton by Oven-Drying
Effective Date
01-Jul-2019
Refers
ASTM D4848-98(2018) - Standard Terminology Related to Force, Deformation and Related Properties of Textiles
Effective Date
01-Sep-2018
Refers
ASTM D123-17 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
Effective Date
01-Mar-2017
Refers
ASTM D123-15b - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
Effective Date
15-Sep-2015
Refers
ASTM D123-15a - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
Effective Date
01-Sep-2015
Refers
ASTM D123-15 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
Effective Date
01-Apr-2015
Refers
ASTM E177-14 - Standard Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
Effective Date
01-May-2014
Refers
ASTM D7139-09(2013) - Standard Terminology for Cotton Fibers
Effective Date
01-Jul-2013
Refers
ASTM D123-13a - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
Effective Date
15-Jun-2013
Refers
ASTM D123-13ae1 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
Effective Date
15-Jun-2013
Refers
ASTM D123-13 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
Effective Date
15-May-2013
Refers
ASTM E177-13 - Standard Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
Effective Date
01-May-2013
Refers
ASTM E691-13 - Standard Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
Effective Date
01-May-2013
Refers
ASTM D2495-07(2012) - Standard Test Method for Moisture in Cotton by Oven-Drying
Effective Date
01-Jul-2012

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ASTM D5867-12(2020) - Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Physical Properties of Raw Cotton by Cotton Classification InstrumentsASTM D5867-12(2020) - Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Physical Properties of Raw Cotton by Cotton Classification Instruments
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ASTM D5867-12(2020) - Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Physical Properties of Raw Cotton by Cotton Classification Instruments
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation:D5867 −12 (Reapproved 2020)
Standard Test Methods for
Measurement of Physical Properties of Raw Cotton by
Cotton Classification Instruments
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5867; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D2495 Test Method for Moisture in Cotton by Oven-Drying
D4848 Terminology Related to Force, Deformation and
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of color, trash
Related Properties of Textiles
content, micronaire, upper half mean length (length), unifor-
D7139 Terminology for Cotton Fibers
mity index and breaking tenacity (strength) of raw cotton for
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
cotton marketing using a cotton classification instrument.
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
1.2 This test method is applicable to Upland and Extra Long
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
Staple (ELS) raw cotton.
ASTM Test Methods
1.3 This test method is applicable to roller and saw ginned
3. Terminology
raw cottons.
3.1 For all terminology related to D13.11, refer to D7139.
1.4 This test method contains the following sections.
3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:
Section
micronaire reading, particle count (trash), percent area (trash),
Color 8–11
Rd (color reflectance) and +b (color yellowness), breaking
Trash Content 12–15
Micronaire Reading 16–19
tenacity (strength), uniformity index, upper-half-mean length.
Upper Half Mean Length (Length) and Uniformity Index 20–23
3.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, refer to
Breaking Tenacity (Strength) 24–27
Terminology D123 and Terminology D4848.
1.5 The values stated in both inch-pound and SI units are to
be regarded separately as the standard. The values given in
4. Significance and Use—General
parentheses are for information only.
4.1 This test method is accepted for testing of bales of raw
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
cotton in commercial shipments.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4.2 This test method describes acceptable practices for
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
testing of raw cotton using cotton classification instruments
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
that are capable of testing the fiber properties of micronaire
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
reading, length, uniformity index, strength, Rd (color), +b
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
(color), percent area (trash) and particle count (trash).
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
5. Sampling
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
5.1 Bale Sample—For a bale sample, takea4oz (100 g)
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
subsampleofcottonfromeachoftwooppositesidesofthebale
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
and combine the two subsamples into a single bale sample
2. Referenced Documents
weighing 8 oz (200 g).
2.1 ASTM Standards:
6. Conditioning
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
6.1 Condition the cotton samples to the temperature and
relative humidity levels of 21 6 1°C (70 6 2°F) and 65 62%
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on
until moisture equilibrium is reached.
Textiles and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.11 on Cotton Fibers.
Current edition approved July 1, 2020. Published July 2020. Originally approved
6.2 Accelerated conditioning is an acceptable practice for
ɛ1
in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D5867 – 12 . DOI: 10.1520/
this test method.
D5867-12R20.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
6.3 Moisture content (dry basis) measured by resistance
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
technique referenced to oven method Test Method D2495 shall
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. be within 6.75 to 8.25 %.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5867−12 (2020)
NOTE 1—This range covers the equilibrium moisture content range for
8.2 This international standard was developed in accor-
all cottons.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
NOTE 2—Cotton is normally received in the laboratory in a relative dry
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
condition, making special preconditioning procedures unnecessary.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
Samples that are obviously damp should be preconditioned before being
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
brought into the laboratory for conditioning.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
7. Calibration
9. Summary of Test Method
7.1 Follow instrument manufacturers’ procedures for
sample placement.
9.1 A smooth representative surface of a cotton sample is
placed in the color measurement area and pressed flat with a
7.2 Calibration of Rd (color reflectance) and +b (color
2 2
yellowness): minimum force of 4 lb/in. (0.3 kg/cm ).
7.2.1 For color calibration of Rd and +b, calibrate using
10. Significance and Use
USDA color materials in accordance with instrument manu-
facturers’ recommendations to establish a testing level consis-
10.1 Color is an element of cotton quality, and raw cotton
tent with the industry accepted Universal HVI Rd/+b Cotton
color measurements are useful in controlling the color of
Color Standards.
manufactured greige, bleached, or dyed yarns and fabrics.
7.3 Calibration of Percent Area (trash) and Particle Count
11. Procedure
(trash):
11.1 One or more test replications shall be made on each
7.3.1 For trash calibration of percent area and particle count
subsample of the bale sample.
calibrate using USDA trash materials in accordance with
instrument manufacturers’ recommendations.
11.2 The surface of each subsample shall be large enough to
completely cover the instrument’s measurement area and thick
7.4 Calibration of Micronaire:
enough to be opaque (no light transmitted through the sample).
7.4.1 For calibration of micronaire, cotton calibration or
An uncompressed minimum thickness of 2 in. (50 cm) and a
orifice calibration methods are accepted practices within the
2 2
minimum surface area of 9 in. (58 cm ) of each subsample are
industry.
required.
7.4.2 For cotton calibration of micronaire, calibrate using
Universal HVI Micronaire Calibration Cotton Standards in
11.3 For the bale sample, report the average Rd (color
accordance with instrument manufacturers’ recommendations.
reflectance) of the test replications to the nearest one tenth of
7.4.3 For orifice calibration of micronaire, calibrate using
a unit.
USDA micronaire materials in accordance with instrument
11.4 For the bale sample, report the average +b (color
manufacturers’ recommendations to establish a testing level
yellowness) of the test replications to the nearest one tenth of
consistent with the industry accepted Universal HVI Mi-
a unit.
cronaire Calibration Cotton Standards.
TRASH CONTENT
7.5 Calibration of Upper Half Mean Length, Uniformity
Index and Breaking Tenacity (Strength):
12. Scope
7.5.1 For Upland saw ginned and roller ginned raw cotton
testing, calibrate the instrument with Universal HVI Calibra-
12.1 This section describes the measurements of percent
tion Cotton Standards (Short/Weak and Long/Strong).
area (trash) and particle count (trash) for raw cotton. The
7.5.2 For ELS saw ginned and roller ginned raw cotton
percent area and the particle count measurements are based
testing, calibrate the instrument with Universal HVI Short/
upon standards established by USDA.
Weak Calibration Cotton Standard and Extra Long Staple HVI
12.2 This international standard was developed in accor-
Long/Strong Calibration Cotton Standard.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
7.6 The calibration materials can be obtained from the ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
USDA,AMS,CottonDivision’sStandardizationandEngineer-
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
ing Branch. The contact information is provided below: mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
USDA, AMS, Cotton Division
Standardization and Engineering Branch
3275 Appling Road, Room #5
13. Summary of Test Method
Memphis, TN 38133 USA
http://www.ams.usda.gov/cotton/ 13.1 A smooth representative surface of a cotton sample is
phone: 901-384-3030 / fax: 901-384-3032
placed in the trash measurement area and pressed flat with a
2 2
minimum force of 4 lb/in. (0.3 kg/cm ).
COLOR
8. Scope 14. Significance and Use
8.1 This section describes the measurements of Rd (color 14.1 Trash content is useful for: estimating the net amount
reflectance) and +b (color yellowness) for raw cotton. The Rd of manufactured textile product obtainable from raw cotton,
and +b measurements are based upon standards established by predicting the quality of cotton textile products, particularly
USDA. their aesthetic properties, assembling and blending values in a
D5867−12 (2020)
mix on a trash content basis, adjusting ginning and textile UPPER HALF MEAN LENGTH (LENGTH) AND
processing machinery for maximum efficiency in removing UNIFORMITY INDEX
trash from cotton, and relating trash content of cotton to
20. Scope
processing efficiency and end-product quality.
20.1 This section describes the measurement of the upper
15. Procedure
half mean length (length) and uniformity index of raw cotton
that is based upon standards established by USDA.
15.1 One or more test replications shall be made on each
subsample of the bale sample. 20.2 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
15.2 The surface of each subsample shall be large enough to
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
completely cover the instrument’s measurement area and thick
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
enough to be opaque (no light transmitted through the sample).
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
An uncompressed minimum thickness of 2 in. (50 cm) and a
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2 2
minimum surface area of
...

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ASTM D2462-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Moisture in Wool by Distillation With Toluene

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D2462 for testing for moisture in wool is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D2462 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative testing to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of the bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogenous as possible and that are from a lot of the type material in question. The test specimens should be assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-Test for unpaired data and an acceptance probability level chosen by the two parties before the test is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.  
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ASTM D2525-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Sampling Wool for Moisture

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This recommended practice furnishes directions for the sampling of wool of the various forms indicated in Section 1, in order that correct probability statements may be made about the relationship between the sample mean and the population mean. If these statements are to be correct, certain conditions, which are stated, must hold.  
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SCOPE
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ASTM D1576-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Moisture in Wool by Oven-Drying

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D2462 for the determination of the moisture in wool by distillation with toluene is the preferred method for testing wool for moisture for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments. If, however, the purchaser and the supplier agree, Test Method D1576 for the determination of the moisture in wool by oven drying may be used instead. Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1, may be advisable.  
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SCOPE
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ASTM D2524-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Breaking Tenacity of Wool Fibers, Flat Bundle Method— 18 in. (3.2 mm) Gage Length

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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ASTM D2968-22(Test Method)
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ASTM D2130-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Diameter of Wool and Other Animal Fibers by Microprojection

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method specifies a sampling and testing procedure for the measurement of average fiber diameter and variation in diameter of animal fibers as required in Test Method D2968.  
5.2 Test Method D2130 for testing wool and other animal fibers for average fiber diameter is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing. In cases of disagreement arising from differences in values reported by the purchaser and the seller when using this method for acceptance testing, the statistical bias, if any, between the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of the seller should be determined with each comparison being based on the testing of specimens randomly drawn from one sample of material of the type being evaluated.
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1.1 This test method covers a procedure, using the microprojector, for the determination of the average fiber diameter and the fiber diameter variation on wool and other animal fibers, such as mohair, cashmere, alpaca, camel's hair, etc. (Note 1) in their various forms.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
Note 1: This test method may also be applied to any fibers having a round cross section and accordingly may be used many times for melt-spun man-made fibers such as polyamides, polyesters, and glass; also it may be applied to a limited number of polyacrylics and regenerated cellulose type fibers. The values given in Appendix X1 for density and correction factors, however, apply only to wool and should not be used for other fibers. For suitable values for the density of other fibers, see Table 5 in Test Methods D629, Quantitative Analysis of Textiles.
Note 2: In subsequent sections of this test method, the term “wool” also signifies mohair or other fibers if the circumstances are applicable.
Note 3: For fineness specifications for wool, wool top, mohair, mohair top, alpaca, and cashmere, refer to Specifications D3991 and D3992, Specification D2252, Test Method D2816.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D1574-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Extractable Matter in Wool and Other Animal Fibers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D1574 is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing since the method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D1574 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of the known bias.  
5.2 This test method may be used to estimate the quantity of oil, grease, and waxy materials remaining on or in wool fibers after scouring, or the quantity of lubricant added before carding or remaining after carding, or the quantity of such materials added or removed in subsequent processing operations.  
5.3 The residues obtained in this test may be subjected to chemical analysis for identification and assay of the component materials, if desired.  
5.4 The specified solvent in this test method does not remove some materials, such as soaps, that may be present in wool and hence in some cases may reflect more closely the added content of some extractables in wool such as oils. When such materials are present and an estimate of their quantity is desired, some other solvent or combination of solvents should be used as spec...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of extractable matter in samples of all forms of wool, except grease wool, that is extractable with a non-flammable vapor degreasing and cleaning solvent.  
1.2 This test method does not cover the determination of the amounts of different components in the extracted matter nor their identification.  
1.3 This test method is suitable for use with other animal fibers.  
Note 1: The determination of extractable matter in yarns and in felts is covered in Test Methods D2257 and D461. For the determination of alcohol-extractable matter in oven-dry scoured wool, refer to Test Methods D584 and D1334.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See 5.4 and Note 3.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D1294-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Tensile Strength and Breaking Tenacity of Wool Fiber Bundles 1-in. (25.4 mm) Gage Length

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D1294 for the determination of tensile strength may be used for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of wool, but caution is advised since technicians may fail to get good agreement between results. Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1 may be advisable.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative test should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative test that are as homogenous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 This test method is useful in studying the relationship between fiber strength and product quality; results should be considered comparative rather than fundamental since the strength found will be lower than the sum of the strengths of the individual fibers present due to slight differences in tensioning.  
5.3 Elongation may be obtained also but the accuracy of elongation measurements is limited and their determination is, therefore, not included as a formal part of this test method.  
5.4 The basic differences between the procedures employed in this test method and those of Test Method D2524 are in the gage lengths employed and the methods of clamping. In Test Method D2524, specific clamps are required whereas in Test Method D1294, any conventional clamps may be used. Results for breaking load determined by Test Method D2524 average 30 % higher than ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the breaking force (or load) and estimation of the tensile strength and tenacity of wool fiber bundles with a 1-in. (25.4 mm) gage length. A procedure for preparation of the fiber bundle is included.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. Because the instrument is calibrated in inch-pound units, inch-pound units are shown first, contrary to Committee D13 policy.  
Note 1: For other methods of measuring breaking tenacity of fiber bundles, refer to Test Methods D1445 and D2524.
Note 2: This test method can be used for other fibers that lend themselves to the same kind of preparation but the difference in density must be taken into account when calculating the tensile strength. It is not necessary to know or correct for the density of a fiber when calculating breaking tenacity.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D6961/D6961M-09(2021)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Color Measurement of Flax Fiber

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Few standards exist to objectively judge flax quality. Color is an important factor in the quality of flax fiber. Natural variations in raw flax fiber, various processing steps, fiber blending, and a wide range of end uses contribute to the need for a standard method of objectively measuring the color of flax fiber. Spectrophotometic data provide an accurate, precise determination of the color of flax fiber. Colorimetric data are obtained through specimen measurement by combining specimen spectral data with data representing a CIE standard observer and a CIE standard illuminant, as described in Practice E308.  
5.2 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two (or more) laboratories, comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative test that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that fiber sample type must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the instrumental color measurement of flax fiber.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8394-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Automated Measurement of Maturity, Fineness, Ribbon Width, and Micronaire of Cotton Fibers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Cotton fiber that is on average finer and more mature is more desirable than coarse or immature fiber, although distinction between these qualities cannot be made quickly and accurately using current test methods. Immature fibers break more easily during processing and have a tendency to form into neps (small entanglements) during processing in the spinning mill. These consequences adversely affect yarn and fabric quality and appearance. Yarn and fabric produced from immature fiber is typically also less lustrous and does not take up dye consistently so yarn and fabric appearance may be different after dyeing.  
5.2 Maturity has a high positive correlation with fiber length and strength but genetic differences and differences in fiber wall thickness caused by plant diseases, soil, and water conditions during the growing season interfere with this relationship.  
5.2.1 Fine fibers are required for fine count yarn manufacture and fiber fineness affects yarn count, evenness and strength. Both fineness and ribbon width are strong genetic traits evident between species and affected by growing conditions within species.  
5.2.2 Micronaire has traditionally been used as a measure of fiber fineness although the value actually measures fiber specific surface area or surface area per unit weight. As a result, micronaire varies concomitantly with both maturity and fineness (see Fig. 2). Maturity and fineness are related to micronaire via Lord’s equation.4
FIG. 2 Relationship Between Micronaire (X), Fineness (H), and Maturity (M)  
5.3 Cottonscope values have been judged against fineness, maturity and ribbon width values produced by examination of thousands of individual, magnified fiber cross-sections. Relationships with equivalent values by these and other older test methods are highly significant5,6 particularly if the number of cross-sections analyzed is high (>3000) and the cross-sections are carefully prepared and measured. Cottonscope measures approximately 20,...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of linear density (gravimetric fineness hereafter stated as fineness), maturity, micronaire, and ribbon width of cotton fibers from a loose, chemically untreated sample taken before harvest, during ginning, during mill processing or unraveled from raw (undyed) yarn or fabric.  
1.2 This test method requires the use of an integrated instrument, for example, the Cottonscope (see Fig. 1), that measures the maturity, fineness, ribbon width, and micronaire of cotton fiber.2
FIG. 1 Cottonscope Instrument
Note 1: For another test method to determine the maturity of cotton fibers, refer to Test Method D1442.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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