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ASTM D245-06

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Establishing Structural Grades and Related Allowable Properties for Visually Graded Lumber

Standard Practice for Establishing Structural Grades and Related Allowable Properties for Visually Graded Lumber

SCOPE
1.1 This practice (1,2) covers the basic principles for establishing related unit stresses and stiffness values for design with visually-graded solid sawn structural lumber. This practice starts with property values from clear wood specimens and includes necessary procedures for the formulation of structural grades of any desired strength ratio.
1.2 The grading provisions used as illustrations herein are not intended to establish grades for purchase, but rather to show how stress-grading principles are applied. Detailed grading rules for commercial stress grades which serve as purchase specifications are established and published by agencies which formulate and maintain such rules and operate inspection facilities covering the various species.
1.3 The material covered in this practice appears in the following order:
1.4 The values given in parentheses are provided for information purposes only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
28-Feb-2006
ICS
79.040 - Wood, sawlogs and sawn timber
Technical Committee
D07 - Wood
Drafting Committee
D07.02 - Lumber and Engineered Wood Products
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D245-00(2002)e1 - Standard Practice for Establishing Structural Grades and Related Allowable Properties for Visually Graded Lumber
Effective Date
01-Mar-2006
Replaced By
ASTM D245-06(2011) - Standard Practice for Establishing Structural Grades and Related Allowable Properties for Visually Graded Lumber
Effective Date
01-Oct-2011
Referred By
ASTM D5574-94(2021) - Standard Test Methods for Establishing Allowable Mechanical Properties of Wood-Bonding Adhesives for Design of Structural Joints
Effective Date
01-Mar-2006
Referred By
ASTM D7147-21 - Standard Specification for Testing and Establishing Allowable Loads of Joist Hangers
Effective Date
01-Mar-2006
Referred By
ASTM D5055-19e1 - Standard Specification for Establishing and Monitoring Structural Capacities of Prefabricated Wood I-Joists
Effective Date
01-Mar-2006
Referred By
ASTM D6815-22a - Standard Specification for Evaluation of Duration of Load and Creep Effects of Wood and Wood-Based Products
Effective Date
01-Mar-2006
Referred By
ASTM D9-20 - Standard Terminology Relating to Wood and Wood-Based Products
Effective Date
01-Mar-2006
Referred By
ASTM D3957-09(2020) - Standard Practices for Establishing Stress Grades for Structural Members Used in Log Buildings
Effective Date
01-Mar-2006
Referred By
ASTM D7381-07(2021)e1 - Standard Practice for Establishing Allowable Stresses for Round Timbers for Piles from Tests of Full-Size Material
Effective Date
01-Mar-2006
Referred By
ASTM D2555-17a - Standard Practice for Establishing Clear Wood Strength Values
Effective Date
01-Mar-2006
Referred By
ASTM D5456-21e1 - Standard Specification for Evaluation of Structural Composite Lumber Products
Effective Date
01-Mar-2006
Referred By
ASTM D7341-21 - Standard Practice for Establishing Characteristic Values for Flexural Properties of Structural Glued Laminated Timber by Full-Scale Testing
Effective Date
01-Mar-2006
Referred By
ASTM D2915-17(2022) - Standard Practice for Sampling and Data-Analysis for Structural Wood and Wood-Based Products
Effective Date
01-Mar-2006
Referred By
ASTM D1990-19 - Standard Practice for Establishing Allowable Properties for Visually-Graded Dimension Lumber from In-Grade Tests of Full-Size Specimens
Effective Date
01-Mar-2006
Referred By
ASTM D2899-12(2017) - Standard Practice for Establishing Allowable Stresses for Round Timber Piles
Effective Date
01-Mar-2006

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ASTM D245-06 - Standard Practice for Establishing Structural Grades and Related Allowable Properties for Visually Graded LumberASTM D245-06 - Standard Practice for Establishing Structural Grades and Related Allowable Properties for Visually Graded Lumber
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ASTM D245-06 - Standard Practice for Establishing Structural Grades and Related Allowable Properties for Visually Graded Lumber
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D245 – 06
Standard Practice for
Establishing Structural Grades and Related Allowable
1
Properties for Visually Graded Lumber
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D245; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2 3
1.1 This practice (1,2) covers the basic principles for 2.1 ASTM Standards:
establishing related unit stresses and stiffness values for design D9 Terminology Relating to Wood and Wood-Based Prod-
with visually-graded solid sawn structural lumber. This prac- ucts
tice starts with property values from clear wood specimens and D143 Test Methods for Small Clear Specimens of Timber
includes necessary procedures for the formulation of structural D2555 Practice for Establishing Clear Wood Strength Val-
grades of any desired strength ratio. ues
1.2 The grading provisions used as illustrations herein are E105 Practice for Probability Sampling Of Materials
not intended to establish grades for purchase, but rather to IEEE/ASTM SI-10 Practice for Use of the International
show how stress-grading principles are applied. Detailed grad- System of Units (SI) (the Modernized Metric System)
ing rules for commercial stress grades which serve as purchase
3. Significance and Use
specifications are established and published by agencies which
3.1 Need for Lumber Grading:
formulate and maintain such rules and operate inspection
facilities covering the various species. 3.1.1 Individual pieces of lumber, as they come from the
saw, represent a wide range in quality and appearance with
1.3 The material covered in this practice appears in the
following order: respect to freedom from knots, cross grain, shakes, and other
characteristics. Such random pieces likewise represent a wide
Section
Scope 1
range in strength, utility, serviceability, and value. One of the
Significance and Use 3
obvious requirements for the orderly marketing of lumber is
Basic Principles of Strength Ratios 4
the establishment of grades that permit the procurement of any
Estimation and Limitation of Growth Characteristics 5
Allowable Properties for Timber Design 6
required quality of lumber in any desired quantity. Maximum
Modification of Allowable Properties for Design Use 7
economy of material is obtained when the range of quality-
Example of Stress-Grade Development 8
determining characteristics in a grade is limited and all pieces
1.4 The values given in parentheses are provided for infor-
are utilized to their full potential. Many of the grades are
mation purposes only.
established on the basis of appearance and physical character-
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
istics of the piece, but without regard for mechanical proper-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
ties. Other grades, called structural or stress grades, are
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
established on the basis of features that relate to mechanical
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
properties. The latter designate near-minimum strength and
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
near-average stiffness properties on which to base structural
design.
3.1.2 Thedevelopmentofthispracticeisbasedonextensive
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D07 on Wood and
research covering tests of small clear specimens and of
is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D07.02 on Lumber and Engineered
Wood Products.
Current edition approved March 1, 2006. Published March 2006. Originally
´1 3
approved in 1926. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D245 – 00 (2002) . For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
DOI: 10.1520/D0245-06. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to references at the end of this Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
practice. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D245 – 06
full-sized structural members. Detailed studies have included While such universal application may result in loss of effi-
the strength and variability of clear wood, and the effect on ciency in some particulars, it offers the advantage of a more
strength from various factors such as density, knots (See simple system of gra
...

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4.1 The purpose of this test method is to provide a relative measurement of the combustibility of fire-retardant-treated wood specimens based on their percentage loss in weight under controlled fire exposure conditions (1).3 In addition, other possible data include rate of weight loss, time of flaming and afterglowing, increase in temperature, and maximum vertical flame progress.  
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1.1 This test method covers fire-tube test procedures for fire tests for combustible properties of wood treated to reduce flammability. This test method relates to properties of treated wood, as such, rather than to the performance of a fabrication used as an element of construction. Performance under this test method shall be as prescribed in requirements applicable to materials intended for specific uses.  
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4.1 Computer simulation is known to be a very powerful analytical tool for both practitioners and researchers in the area of wood products and their applications in structural engineering. Complex structural systems can be analyzed by computer with the computer generating the system components, given the probability distribution of each component. Frequently the components are single boards for which a compatible set of strength and stiffness properties are needed. However, the entire structural simulation process is dependent upon the adequacy of the standard uniform number generator required to generate random observations from prescribed probability distribution functions.  
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1.1 This practice gives a minimum testing procedure of computer generation routines for the standard uniform distribution. Random observations from the standard uniform distribution, RU, range from zero to one with every value between zero and one having an equal chance of occurrence.  
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1.3 Simulation details for the normal, lognormal, 2-parameter Weibull and 3-parameter Weibull probability distributions are presented.  
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4.1 Machining tests are made to determine the working qualities and characteristics of different species of wood and of different wood-based panel materials under a variety of machine operations such as are encountered in commercial manufacturing practice. The tests provide a systematic basis for comparing the behavior of different products with respect to woodworking machine operations and of evaluating their potential suitability for certain uses where these properties are of prime importance.
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1.1.2 Wood-base panel materials such as plywood and wood-base fiber and particle panels.  
1.2 Because of the importance of planing, some of the variables that affect the results of this operation are explored with a view to determining optimum conditions. In most of the other tests, however, it is necessary to limit the work to one set of fairly typical commercial conditions in which all the different woods are treated alike.  
1.3 Several factors enter into any complete appraisal of the machining properties of a given wood or wood-base panel. Quality of finished surface is recommended as the basis for evaluation of machining properties. Rate of dulling of cutting tools and power consumed in cutting are also important considerations but are beyond the scope of these test methods.  
1.4 Although the methods presented include the results of progressive developments in the evaluation of machining properties, further improvements are anticipated. For example, by present procedures, quality of the finished surface is evaluated by visual inspection, but as new mechanical or physical techniques become available that will afford improved precision of evaluation, they should be employed.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM D245-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Establishing Structural Grades and Related Allowable Properties for Visually Graded Lumber

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Need for Lumber Grading:  
3.1.1 Individual pieces of lumber, as they come from the saw, represent a wide range in quality and appearance with respect to freedom from knots, cross grain, shakes, and other characteristics. Such random pieces likewise represent a wide range in strength, utility, serviceability, and value. One of the obvious requirements for the orderly marketing of lumber is the establishment of grades that permit the procurement of any required quality of lumber in any desired quantity. Maximum economy of material is obtained when the range of quality-determining characteristics in a grade is limited and all pieces are utilized to their full potential. Many of the grades are established on the basis of appearance and physical characteristics of the piece, but without regard for mechanical properties. Other grades, called structural or stress grades, are established on the basis of features that relate to mechanical properties. The latter designate near-minimum strength and near-average stiffness properties on which to base structural design.  
3.1.2 The development of this practice is based on extensive research covering tests of small clear specimens and of full-sized structural members. Detailed studies have included the strength and variability of clear wood, and the effect on strength from various factors such as density, knots (See Terminology D9), and other defects, seasoning, duration of stress, and temperature.  
3.2 How Visual Grading is Accomplished—Visual grading is accomplished from an examination of all four faces and the ends of the piece, in which the location as well as the size and nature of the knots and other features appearing on the surfaces are evaluated over the entire length. Basic principles of structural grading have been established that permit the evaluation of any piece of stress-graded lumber in terms of a strength ratio for each property being evaluated. The strength ratio of stress-graded lumber is the hypothet...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice (1, 2)2 covers the basic principles for establishing related unit stresses and stiffness values for design with visually-graded solid sawn structural lumber. This practice starts with property values from clear wood specimens and includes necessary procedures for the formulation of structural grades of any desired strength ratio.  
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1.3 The material covered in this practice appears in the following order:    
Section  
Scope  
1  
Significance and Use  
3  
Basic Principles of Strength Ratios  
4  
Estimation and Limitation of Growth Characteristics  
5  
Allowable Properties for Timber Design  
6  
Modification of Allowable Properties for Design Use  
7  
Example of Stress-Grade Development  
8  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trad...

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Standard Practice for Sampling and Data-Analysis for Structural Wood and Wood-Based Products

ABSTRACT
This practice covers sampling and analysis procedures for the investigation and evaluation of allowable properties of specified populations of stress-graded structural lumber. This practice generally assumes that the population is sufficiently large so that, for sampling purposes, it may be considered infinite. The population shall be clearly defined where it may be necessary to specify the following: (1) grade name and description, (2) geographical area over which sampling will take place, (3) species or species group, (4) time span for sampling (5) lumber size, and (6) moisture content. Two statistical techniques are described under this practice, namely: parametric and nonparametric analysis. The sampling methods include: (1) random sampling, (2) sampling with unequal probabilities, and (3) sequential sampling. Selection and method of determining sample size are detailed. The results of the tests performed shall be presented as (1) a set of summarizing statistics, and (2) an appendix of unadjusted individual test specimen results. The procedures and requirements for analysis of results are detailed and includes the following: (1) adjustment factors used to reduce the test statistics to the level of allowable properties, (2) formula for calculating apparent modulus of elasticity, sample mean, sample standard deviation, and confidence interval for the mean (3) sample nonparametric percent point estimate, (4) nonparametric lower tolerance limit, (5) parametric point estimate, (6) lower parametric tolerance limit, and (7) histogram and empirical cumulative distribution function. This practice does not specify the action to be taken after the results have been analyzed.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers sampling and analysis procedures for the investigation of specified populations of wood and wood-based structural products referred to in this standard as products. Appropriate product standards should be referenced for presentation requirements for data. Depending on the interest of the user, the population from which samples are taken may range from the products produced at a specific manufacturing site to all the products produced in a particular grade from a particular geographic area, during some specified interval of time. This practice generally assumes that the population is sufficiently large so that, for sampling purposes, it may be considered infinite. Where this assumption is inadequate, that is, the population is assumed finite, many of the provisions of this practice may be employed but the sampling and analysis procedure must be designed to reflect a finite population. The statistical techniques embodied in this practice provide procedures to summarize data so that logical judgments can be made. This practice does not specify the action to be taken after the results have been analyzed. The action to be taken depends on the particular requirements of the user of the product.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This practice does not purport to address the adjustment factors needed to adjust test data to standardized mechanical and environmental conditions (that is, temperature, moisture, test span, or load duration). Additionally, it provides a basis for statistical estimates that will typically require further adjustment to determine design values for use with an accepted design methodology (that is, allowable stress, limit states, or load and resistance factor design). It shall be the responsibility of the user to seek out the appropriate adjustments in specific product standards.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental prac...

  • Standard
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