D07.02 - Lumber and Engineered Wood Products

ABSTRACT
This practice presents the two standard methods for determining the strength values of clear wood of different species in the unseasoned condition, unadjusted for end use, applicable to the establishment of working stresses for different solid wood products such as lumber, laminated wood, plywood, and round timbers. Method A provides for the use of the results of surveys of wood density involving extensive sampling of forest trees, in combination with the data obtained from standard strength tests. The average strength properties are obtained from wood density survey data through linear regression equations establishing the relation of specific gravity to the several strength properties. Method B, on the other hand, provides for the establishment of tables of strength values based on standard tests of small clear specimens in the unseasoned condition for use when data from density surveys are not available. Separate tables are employed to present the data on woods grown in the United States and on woods grown in Canada. Guidelines for the interpretation of the data in terms of assigned values, information basic to the translation of the clear wood values into working stresses, presently available data with appropriate provisions for their application and use, and methods for estimating some useful mechanical properties by relating them to other properties are presented herein as well.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the determination of strength values for clear wood of different species in the unseasoned condition, unadjusted for end use, applicable to the establishment of design values for different solid wood products such as lumber, laminated wood, plywood, and round timbers. Presented are:  
1.1.1 Procedures by which test values obtained on small clear specimens may be combined with density data from extensive forest surveys to make them more representative,  
1.1.2 Guidelines for the interpretation of the data in terms of assigned values for combinations of species or regional divisions within a species to meet special marketing needs, and  
1.1.3 Information basic to the translation of the clear wood values into design values for different solid wood products for different end uses.  
1.1.4 For species where density survey data are not as yet available for the re-evaluation of average strength properties, the presently available data from tests made under the sampling methods and procedures of Test Methods D143 or Practice E105 are provided with appropriate provision for their application and use. Because of the comprehensive manner in which the density survey is undertaken, it follows that the re-evaluated strength data are intended to be representative of the forest stand, or rather large forest subdivisions.  
1.1.5 Some useful mechanical properties (tensile strengths parallel and perpendicular to grain, modulus of rigidity for a longitudinal-transverse plane, and transverse modulus of elasticity) have not been extensively evaluated. Methods are described for estimating these properties by their relation to other properties.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This practice details the standard procedures for establishing the allowable properties for structural glued laminated timber (glulam). Allowable properties include: stress indexes; stress modification factors associated with slop of grain; stresses for bending, tension and compression parallel to the grain; horizontal shear; compression perpendicular to the grain; radial tension and compression stresses in curved members; grade adjustment factors; modulus of elasticity; and modulus of rigidity. This practice is limited to the calculation of allowable properties subject to the given procedures for the selection and arrangement of grades of lumber of the species considered. It does not cover the requirements for production, inspection and certification, but in order to justify the allowable properties developed using procedures in this practice, manufacturers must conform to recognized manufacturing standards.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedures for establishing allowable properties for structural glued laminated timber. Included are the allowable stresses for bending, tension and compression parallel to the grain, horizontal shear, compression perpendicular to the grain, and radial tension and compression in curved members. Also included are modulus of elasticity and modulus of rigidity.  
1.2 This practice is limited to the calculation of allowable properties subject to the given procedures for the selection and arrangement of grades of lumber of the species considered.  
1.3 Requirements for production, inspection and certification are not included, but in order to justify the allowable properties developed using procedures in this practice, manufacturers must conform to recognized manufacturing standards. Refer to ANSI A190.1 and CSA O122.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in SI units are mathematical conversions that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers procedures for computing the reference resistance of wood-based materials and structural connections for use in load and resistance factor design (LRFD). Parameters required for the derivation of reference resistance are presented. These parameters include the distribution percentile, coefficient of variation, data confidence factor, and reliability normalization factor. The shape and scale parameters of the two-parameter Weibull distribution shall be established to define the distribution of the material resistance. The data confidence factor accounts for uncertainty associated with data sets. This factor, which is a function of coefficient of variation, sample size, and reference percentile, is applied as a multiplier on the distribution estimate. The reliability normalization factor is used to adjust the distribution estimate to achieve a target reliability index. The reliability normalization factor is the ratio of the computed resistance factor to the specified resistance factor, adjusted by a scaling factor.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the format conversion procedure for computing the reference resistance of wood-based materials and structural connections for use in load and resistance factor design (LRFD). The format conversion procedure is outlined in Section 4. The reference resistance derived from this specification applies to the design of structures addressed by the load combinations in ASCE 7-16.  
1.2 A commentary to this specification is provided in Appendix X1.  
1.3 Guidance for users considering test-based derivation of reference resistance is provided in Appendix X2.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Need for Lumber Grading:  
3.1.1 Individual pieces of lumber, as they come from the saw, represent a wide range in quality and appearance with respect to freedom from knots, cross grain, shakes, and other characteristics. Such random pieces likewise represent a wide range in strength, utility, serviceability, and value. One of the obvious requirements for the orderly marketing of lumber is the establishment of grades that permit the procurement of any required quality of lumber in any desired quantity. Maximum economy of material is obtained when the range of quality-determining characteristics in a grade is limited and all pieces are utilized to their full potential. Many of the grades are established on the basis of appearance and physical characteristics of the piece, but without regard for mechanical properties. Other grades, called structural or stress grades, are established on the basis of features that relate to mechanical properties. The latter designate near-minimum strength and near-average stiffness properties on which to base structural design.  
3.1.2 The development of this practice is based on extensive research covering tests of small clear specimens and of full-sized structural members. Detailed studies have included the strength and variability of clear wood, and the effect on strength from various factors such as density, knots (See Terminology D9), and other defects, seasoning, duration of stress, and temperature.  
3.2 How Visual Grading is Accomplished—Visual grading is accomplished from an examination of all four faces and the ends of the piece, in which the location as well as the size and nature of the knots and other features appearing on the surfaces are evaluated over the entire length. Basic principles of structural grading have been established that permit the evaluation of any piece of stress-graded lumber in terms of a strength ratio for each property being evaluated. The strength ratio of stress-graded lumber is the hypothet...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice (1, 2)2 covers the basic principles for establishing related unit stresses and stiffness values for design with visually-graded solid sawn structural lumber. This practice starts with property values from clear wood specimens and includes necessary procedures for the formulation of structural grades of any desired strength ratio.  
1.2 The grading provisions used as illustrations herein are not intended to establish grades for purchase, but rather to show how stress-grading principles are applied. Detailed grading rules for commercial stress grades which serve as purchase specifications are established and published by agencies which formulate and maintain such rules and operate inspection facilities covering the various species.  
1.3 The material covered in this practice appears in the following order:    
Section  
Scope  
1  
Significance and Use  
3  
Basic Principles of Strength Ratios  
4  
Estimation and Limitation of Growth Characteristics  
5  
Allowable Properties for Timber Design  
6  
Modification of Allowable Properties for Design Use  
7  
Example of Stress-Grade Development  
8  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trad...

ABSTRACT
This practice covers sampling and analysis procedures for the investigation and evaluation of allowable properties of specified populations of stress-graded structural lumber. This practice generally assumes that the population is sufficiently large so that, for sampling purposes, it may be considered infinite. The population shall be clearly defined where it may be necessary to specify the following: (1) grade name and description, (2) geographical area over which sampling will take place, (3) species or species group, (4) time span for sampling (5) lumber size, and (6) moisture content. Two statistical techniques are described under this practice, namely: parametric and nonparametric analysis. The sampling methods include: (1) random sampling, (2) sampling with unequal probabilities, and (3) sequential sampling. Selection and method of determining sample size are detailed. The results of the tests performed shall be presented as (1) a set of summarizing statistics, and (2) an appendix of unadjusted individual test specimen results. The procedures and requirements for analysis of results are detailed and includes the following: (1) adjustment factors used to reduce the test statistics to the level of allowable properties, (2) formula for calculating apparent modulus of elasticity, sample mean, sample standard deviation, and confidence interval for the mean (3) sample nonparametric percent point estimate, (4) nonparametric lower tolerance limit, (5) parametric point estimate, (6) lower parametric tolerance limit, and (7) histogram and empirical cumulative distribution function. This practice does not specify the action to be taken after the results have been analyzed.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers sampling and analysis procedures for the investigation of specified populations of wood and wood-based structural products referred to in this standard as products. Appropriate product standards should be referenced for presentation requirements for data. Depending on the interest of the user, the population from which samples are taken may range from the products produced at a specific manufacturing site to all the products produced in a particular grade from a particular geographic area, during some specified interval of time. This practice generally assumes that the population is sufficiently large so that, for sampling purposes, it may be considered infinite. Where this assumption is inadequate, that is, the population is assumed finite, many of the provisions of this practice may be employed but the sampling and analysis procedure must be designed to reflect a finite population. The statistical techniques embodied in this practice provide procedures to summarize data so that logical judgments can be made. This practice does not specify the action to be taken after the results have been analyzed. The action to be taken depends on the particular requirements of the user of the product.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This practice does not purport to address the adjustment factors needed to adjust test data to standardized mechanical and environmental conditions (that is, temperature, moisture, test span, or load duration). Additionally, it provides a basis for statistical estimates that will typically require further adjustment to determine design values for use with an accepted design methodology (that is, allowable stress, limit states, or load and resistance factor design). It shall be the responsibility of the user to seek out the appropriate adjustments in specific product standards.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental prac...

ABSTRACT
This specification presents the standard procedures for establishing the performance rating of wood-plastic composite (WPC) deck boards and guardrail systems (guards or handrails). The purpose of this specification is to establish the basis for code recognition of these products or systems in exterior applications where combustible construction is allowed. The general requirements foe these products shall be dictated by their performance in the following test methods: flesural tests; temperature and moisture effects; ultraviolet resistance test; freeze-thaw resistance test; biodeterioration tests; and fire performance tests. Deck boards shall additionally examined by: creep-recovery test; determination of unadjusted allowable load; mechanical fastener holding tests; and slip resistance test. In the same manner, guards and handrails shall additionally be analyzed through concentrated load tests, and one- and two-family dwelling requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers procedures to establish a performance rating for wood-plastic composite and plastic lumber for use as exterior deck boards, stair treads, guards, and handrails. The purpose of this specification is to establish a basis for code recognition of these products or systems in exterior applications.
Note 1: While wood-plastic composites contain wood or other cellulosic materials, the presence of wood or other cellulosic materials in plastic lumber is not required by this specification. Due to non-wood materials in wood-plastic composites and plastic lumber the structural, physical, fire, and other attributes may not be similar to those of wood.
Note 2: The products addressed in this standard are considered combustible. No fire response characteristic is required in this specification except for flame spread index as determined in accordance with Test Method E84.  
1.1.1 The plastic component of wood-plastic composites and plastic lumber covered by this specification shall consist primarily of thermoplastics.  
1.2 Deck boards, stair treads, guards, and handrails covered by this specification are permitted to be of any code compliant shape and thickness (solid or non-solid).  
1.3 Wood-plastic composites and plastic lumber are produced in a broad range of fiber and/or resin formulations. It is recognized that the performance requirements in this specification are valid for any material or combination of materials used as deck boards, stair treads, guards, or handrails.  
1.4 Details of manufacturing processes are beyond the scope of this specification.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 Table of Contents:    
Section  
Scope  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
General Requirements  
4  
Sampling  
4.1  
Sample Size  
4.2  
Conditioning  
4.3  
Flexural Tests  
4.4  
Temperature and Moisture Effects  
4.5  
Ultraviolet (UV) Resistance Test  
4.6  
Freeze-Thaw Resistance Test  
4.7  
Biodeterioration Tests  
4.8  
Fire Performance Tests  
4.9  
Deck Board Performance Requirements  
5  
General  
5.1  
Flexural Performance Tests  
5.2  
Determination of the Unadjusted Allowable Load  
5.3  
Creep-Recovery Test  
5.4  
Mechanical Fastener Holding Tests  
5.5  
Slip Resistance Test  
5.6  
Guard and Handrail Performance Requirements  
6  
General  
6.1  
Guardrail System Test Requirements  
6.2  
One- and Two-Family Dwelling Requirements...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 End-jointed lumber studs used in fire resistance-rated assemblies shall be able to support the superimposed design load for the specified time under an elevated temperature exposure, when a wall assembly is exposed to a standard fire specified in Test Methods E119. Light-weight wood assemblies utilize gypsum wallboard or other types of membrane protection to accomplish a requisite fire resistance rating for the assembly. However, wood studs and the end joints in the studs shall resist the developed elevated temperature environment for the duration of the rating. This practice provides a method for evaluating the elevated temperature performance of an adhesive used in end-jointed lumber as compared with the elevated temperature performance of solid wood.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is to be used to evaluate the elevated temperature performance of adhesives used in end-jointed lumber.  
1.2 A symmetric wall assembly containing end-jointed lumber studs is exposed to a standard fire exposure specified in Test Methods E119.  
1.3 The wall assembly shall sustain the applied load during a standard fire exposure specified in Test Methods E119 for a period of 60 min or more.  
1.4 This practice is used to evaluate the performance of adhesives used in end-jointed lumber to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but it does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment under actual fire conditions.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 End-jointed lumber studs used in fire resistance-rated assemblies shall be able to support the superimposed design load for the specified time under an elevated temperature exposure, when a wall assembly is exposed to a standard fire specified in Test Methods E119. Light-weight wood assemblies utilize gypsum wallboard or other types of membrane protection to accomplish a requisite fire resistance rating for the assembly. However, wood studs and the end joints in the studs shall resist the developed elevated temperature environment for the duration of the rating. This practice provides a method for evaluating the elevated temperature performance of an assembly constructed with end-jointed studs having fire performance comparable to an assembly constructed with solid-sawn studs.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is to be used to evaluate the elevated temperature performance of end-jointed lumber studs.  
1.2 A symmetric wall assembly containing end-jointed lumber studs is exposed to a standard fire exposure specified in Test Methods E119.  
1.3 End-jointed lumber studs are deemed qualified if the wall assembly resists a standard fire exposure specified in Test Methods E119 for a period of 60 min or more. Qualification of end-jointed lumber studs are restricted to the joint configuration and adhesive tested.  
1.4 This practice is used to evaluate the performance of end-jointed lumber studs to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment under actual fire conditions.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
10.1 Full-scale bending testing is an effective way to determine flexural properties of structural glued laminated timber (glulam) beams. However, testing of large glulam members is cost prohibitive. Mathematical models, when confirmed by full-scale test results, are useful tools to assign flexural properties for glulam. This practice provides guidelines for sampling and testing full-scale glulam beams to determine their flexural properties and to validate mathematical models intended for use in assigning flexural design values.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes procedures for full scale testing of structural glued laminated timber (glulam) to determine or verify characteristic values used to calculate flexural design properties. Guidelines are given for: (1) testing individual structural glued laminated timber lay-ups (with no modeling), (2) testing individual glulam combinations (with limited modeling), and (3) validating models used to predict characteristic values.  
1.2 This practice is limited to procedures for establishing flexural properties (Modulus of Rupture, MOR, and Modulus of Elasticity, MOE). Some of the principles for sampling and analysis presented may be applicable to other properties. However, other properties may require additional testing considerations that are beyond the scope of this practice.  
1.3 This practice is not intended to supersede the provisions of Practice D3737, but provides an alternative method for establishing characteristic values. Lay-up combinations developed in accordance with Practice D3737 are not required to be governed by this standard.
Note 1: The models described by Practice D3737 have been developed and modified based on more than 50 years of experience and many test programs. In some cases, however, it may be desirable to develop a new model based on other input properties or using lumber materials or grades not covered by that standard.  
1.4 Details of production, inspection, and certification are beyond the scope of this document. However, for test results to be representative of production, quality control systems shall be in place to ensure consistent quality. Manufacturing shall conform to recognized manufacturing standards such as ANSI A190.1 or CSA O122.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification recognizes the complexity of structural glued products. This specification, or parts thereof, shall be applicable to structural composite lumber portions of manufactured structural components. Tests shall be performed to determine the properties of the material in accordance to the following test methods: moisture content measurement; bending; tension parallel to grain; compression parallel to grain; compression perpendicular to grain; longitudinal shear; connections; bond quality; product durability; edgewise bending durability; lateral edge nail durability; thickness swell; and density gradient through the thickness.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification recognizes the complexity of structural glued products. Consequently, this specification covers both specific procedures and statements of intent that sampling and analysis must relate to the specific product.  
1.2 This specification was developed in the light of currently manufactured products as defined in 3.2. Materials that do not conform to the definitions are beyond the scope of this specification. A brief discussion is found in Appendix X2.  
1.3 Details of manufacturing procedures are beyond the scope of this specification.  
Note 1: There is some potential for manufacturing variables to affect the properties of members that are loaded for sustained periods of time. Users of this specification are advised to consider the commentary on this topic in Appendix X2.  
1.4 This specification primarily considers end use in dry service conditions defined in the governing code-referenced design standards, such as in most covered structures. The conditioning environment of 6.3 is considered representative of such uses.  
1.5 The performance of structural composite lumber is affected by wood species, wood element size and shape, and adhesive and production parameters. Therefore, products produced by each individual manufacturer shall be evaluated to determine their product properties, regardless of the similarity in characteristics to products produced by other manufacturers. Where a manufacturer produces product in more than one facility, each production facility shall be evaluated independently. For additional production facilities, any revisions to the full qualification program in accordance with this specification shall be approved by the independent qualifying agency.  
1.6 This specification is intended to provide manufacturers, regulatory agencies, and end users with a means to evaluate a composite lumber product intended for use as a structural material.  
1.7 This specification covers initial qualification sampling, mechanical and physical tests, analysis, and design value assignments. Requirements for a quality-control program and cumulative evaluations are included to ensure maintenance of allowable design values for the product.  
1.8 This specification, or parts thereof, shall be applicable to structural composite lumber portions of manufactured structural components.  
1.9 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This practice covers mechanics-based models for calculating characteristic values for the strength and stiffness of reinforced structural glued laminated timbers (glulam). The mechanics-based analyses shall account for the following: (1) stress-strain relationships for wood laminations and reinforcement; (2) strain compatibility; (3) equilibrium; (4) variability of mechanical properties; (5) volume effects; (6) finger-joint effects; (7) laminating effects; and (8) stress concentrations at the termination of reinforcement in beams with partial length reinforcement. This practice also provides for minimum physical test requirements to validate mechanics-based models. A minimum set of performance-based durability test requirements for reinforced glulams is also herein described. Additional durability test requirements shall be considered in accordance with the specific end-use environment.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes procedures for establishing the characteristic values for reinforced structural glued-laminated timber (glulam) beams using mechanics-based models and validated by full-scale beam tests. Glulam beams shall be manufactured in accordance with applicable provisions of ANSI A190.1.  
1.2 This practice also describes a minimum set of performance-based durability test requirements for reinforced glulam beams, as specified in Annex A1. Additional durability test requirements shall be considered in accordance with the specific end-use environment. Appendix X1 provides an example of a mechanics-based methodology that satisfies the requirements set forth in this practice.  
1.3 This practice is limited to procedures for establishing flexural properties (modulus of rupture, MOR, and modulus of elasticity, MOE) about the x-x axis of horizontally-laminated reinforced glulam beams.  
1.4 The establishment of secondary properties, such as bending about the y-y axis, shear parallel to grain, tension parallel to grain, compression parallel to grain, and compression perpendicular to grain, for the reinforced glulam beams are beyond the scope of this practice.
Note 1: When the establishment of secondary properties is deemed necessary, testing according to other applicable methods, such as Test Methods D143 and D198 or analysis in accordance with Practice D3737, may be considered.  
1.5 Reinforced glulam beams subjected to axial loads are outside the scope of this practice.  
1.6 Proper safety, serviceability, and adjustment factors including duration of load, to be used in design are outside the scope of this practice.  
1.7 Evaluation of unbonded, prestressed, and shear reinforcement is outside the scope of this practice.  
1.8 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. The mechanics-based model shall be permitted to be developed using SI or inch-pound units.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The procedures described in this practice are intended to be used to establish allowable stress and modulus of elasticity values for solid sawn, visually graded dimension lumber from In-Grade type test data. These procedures apply to the tested and untested sizes and grades when an adequate data matrix of sizes and grades exists. In addition, the methodology for establishing allowable stress and modulus of elasticity values for combinations of species and species groups is covered. Allowable stress and modulus of elasticity values may also be developed for a single size or a single grade of lumber from test data.  
4.2 Methods for establishing allowable stress and modulus of elasticity values for a single size/grade test cell are covered in Practice D2915. The appropriateness of these methods to establish allowable stress and modulus of elasticity values is directly dependent upon the quality and representativeness of the input test data.  
4.3 A monitoring program shall be established to periodically review the continued applicability of allowable properties derived by this practice. A monitoring program will establish data sets that are either the same as, above, or below the data that was used to develop the current allowable properties. Upon detection of a statistically significant downward shift, evaluation of the data and confirmation of remedial actions shall be undertaken. When evaluation is not undertaken or the results of the evaluation indicate an adjustment to allowable properties is appropriate, a reassessment shall be conducted to re-establish allowable properties.  
Note 5: It is recognized that over time there is the potential for changes in the raw material or product mix. In response to this a monitoring program must be conducted to ensure design values derived by this practice are not invalidated by such changes. If the data collected with a monitoring provides evidence of an statistically significant downward shift in lumber properties an ...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the principles and procedures for establishing allowable stress values for bending, tension parallel to grain, compression parallel to grain and modulus of elasticity values for structural design from “In-Grade” tests of full-size visually graded solid sawn dimension lumber. This practice also covers procedures for periodic monitoring, and additional procedures, if needed, for evaluation and possible reassessment of assigned design values. This practice is focused on, but is not limited to, grades which used the concepts incorporated in Practice D245 and were developed and interpreted under American Softwood Lumber PS 20.  
1.2 A basic assumption of the procedures used in this practice is that the samples selected and tested are representative of the entire global population being evaluated. This approach is consistent with the historical clear wood methodology of assigning an allowable property to visually-graded lumber which was representative of the entire growth range of a species or species group. Every effort shall be made to ensure the test sample is representative of population by grade and size (see 7.1.1 and 7.1.2).  
1.3 Due to the number of specimens involved and the number of mechanical properties to be evaluated, a methodology for evaluating the data and assigning allowable properties to both tested and untested grade/size cells is necessary. Sampling and analysis of tested cells are covered in Practice D2915. The mechanical test methods are covered in Test Methods D198 and D4761. This practice covers the necessary procedures for assigning allowable stress and modulus of elasticity values to dimension lumber from In-Grade tests. The practice includes methods to permit assignment of allowable stress and modulus of elasticity values to untested sizes and grades, as well as some untested properties. The practice includes procedures for periodic monitoring of the species or species gr...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 WPCs are intended for use in both structural and non-structural applications. The test methods described within are intended to address products that are manufactured from virgin or recycled wood and thermoplastic sources. These methods provide a reference for the evaluation of several mechanical and physical properties important for structural and non-structural uses of WPCs.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers test methods appropriate for evaluating a wide range of performance properties for wood-plastic composite (WPC) products. It was developed from evaluations of both experimental and currently manufactured products, and is not intended to suggest that all the tests listed are necessary or appropriate for each application of a WPC. The user must determine which test methods apply to the particular application being evaluated (see Appendix X1).  
1.2 Details of manufacturing processes may be proprietary and are beyond the scope of this guide.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification gives procedures for establishing, monitoring, and reevaluating structural capacities of prefabricated wood I-joists. Capacities considered are shear, moment, and stiffness. Procedures for establishing common details are given and certain design considerations specific to wood I-joists are itemized. Qualification is required for certain common details of I-joist application since they often influence structural capacities. All capacities are to be reported with three significant digits. Shear capacity qualification, moment capacity qualification, end joint qualification, stiffness capacity and creep qualification, and details of end use shall be established to meet the requirements prescribed. Design values are determined from the analysis and capacities as specified. The bearing capacity and regarded solid sawn lumber flanges shall be reevaluated to meet the requirements prescribed. The shear and flange material, and empirical moment capacity shall be tested to meet the requirements prescribed.
SCOPE
1.1 General—This specification gives procedures for establishing, monitoring, and reevaluating structural capacities of prefabricated wood I-joists. Capacities considered are shear, reaction, moment, and stiffness. Procedures for establishing common details are given and certain design considerations specific to wood I-joists are itemized.  
1.2 Contents of the Standard—An index and brief description of the main features of this specification are given in X2.1.1.  
1.3 Development of the Standard—The development and intent of this specification is discussed in Appendix X2.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific precautionary statement is given in 6.1.1.5.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The procedures described in this practice are intended to be used to establish appropriate allowable unit stresses, moduli of elasticity, and specific gravity for mechanically graded solid sawn lumber. An on-going quality control program to monitor compliance with the assigned grade properties is required.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the methodology of grade qualification, assignment of design properties, and requirements for the quality control of mechanically graded solid sawn lumber.  
1.2 This practice acknowledges alternative methods for the assignment of specific properties. These methods are assignment by test, relationship to other properties, and by procedures in other appropriate standards.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. When there are values given in parentheses, these are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This practice presents the two standard methods for determining the strength values of clear wood of different species in the unseasoned condition, unadjusted for end use, applicable to the establishment of working stresses for different solid wood products such as lumber, laminated wood, plywood, and round timbers. Method A provides for the use of the results of surveys of wood density involving extensive sampling of forest trees, in combination with the data obtained from standard strength tests. The average strength properties are obtained from wood density survey data through linear regression equations establishing the relation of specific gravity to the several strength properties. Method B, on the other hand, provides for the establishment of tables of strength values based on standard tests of small clear specimens in the unseasoned condition for use when data from density surveys are not available. Separate tables are employed to present the data on woods grown in the United States and on woods grown in Canada. Guidelines for the interpretation of the data in terms of assigned values, information basic to the translation of the clear wood values into working stresses, presently available data with appropriate provisions for their application and use, and methods for estimating some useful mechanical properties by relating them to other properties are presented herein as well.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the determination of strength values for clear wood of different species in the unseasoned condition, unadjusted for end use, applicable to the establishment of design values for different solid wood products such as lumber, laminated wood, plywood, and round timbers. Presented are:  
1.1.1 Procedures by which test values obtained on small clear specimens may be combined with density data from extensive forest surveys to make them more representative,  
1.1.2 Guidelines for the interpretation of the data in terms of assigned values for combinations of species or regional divisions within a species to meet special marketing needs, and  
1.1.3 Information basic to the translation of the clear wood values into design values for different solid wood products for different end uses.  
1.1.4 For species where density survey data are not as yet available for the re-evaluation of average strength properties, the presently available data from tests made under the sampling methods and procedures of Test Methods D143 or Practice E105 are provided with appropriate provision for their application and use. Because of the comprehensive manner in which the density survey is undertaken, it follows that the re-evaluated strength data are intended to be representative of the forest stand, or rather large forest subdivisions.  
1.1.5 Some useful mechanical properties (tensile strengths parallel and perpendicular to grain, modulus of rigidity for a longitudinal-transverse plane, and transverse modulus of elasticity) have not been extensively evaluated. Methods are described for estimating these properties by their relation to other properties.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers procedures for computing the reference resistance of wood-based materials and structural connections for use in load and resistance factor design (LRFD). Parameters required for the derivation of reference resistance are presented. These parameters include the distribution percentile, coefficient of variation, data confidence factor, and reliability normalization factor. The shape and scale parameters of the two-parameter Weibull distribution shall be established to define the distribution of the material resistance. The data confidence factor accounts for uncertainty associated with data sets. This factor, which is a function of coefficient of variation, sample size, and reference percentile, is applied as a multiplier on the distribution estimate. The reliability normalization factor is used to adjust the distribution estimate to achieve a target reliability index. The reliability normalization factor is the ratio of the computed resistance factor to the specified resistance factor, adjusted by a scaling factor.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers procedures for computing the reference resistance of wood-based materials and structural connections for use in load and resistance factor design (LRFD). The format conversion procedure is outlined in Section 4. The test-based derivation procedure is outlined in Annex A1. The reference resistance derived from this specification applies to the design of structures addressed by the load combinations in ASCE 7-16.  
1.2 A commentary to this specification is provided in Appendix X1.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers procedures for computing the reference resistance of wood-based materials and structural connections for use in load and resistance factor design (LRFD). Parameters required for the derivation of reference resistance are presented. These parameters include the distribution percentile, coefficient of variation, data confidence factor, and reliability normalization factor. The shape and scale parameters of the two-parameter Weibull distribution shall be established to define the distribution of the material resistance. The data confidence factor accounts for uncertainty associated with data sets. This factor, which is a function of coefficient of variation, sample size, and reference percentile, is applied as a multiplier on the distribution estimate. The reliability normalization factor is used to adjust the distribution estimate to achieve a target reliability index. The reliability normalization factor is the ratio of the computed resistance factor to the specified resistance factor, adjusted by a scaling factor.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers procedures for computing the reference resistance of wood-based materials and structural connections for use in load and resistance factor design (LRFD). The format conversion procedure is outlined in Section 4. The test-based derivation procedure is outlined in Annex A1. The reference resistance derived from this specification applies to the design of structures addressed by the load combinations in ASCE 7-16.  
1.2 A commentary to this specification is provided in Appendix X1.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification recognizes the complexity of structural glued products. This specification, or parts thereof, shall be applicable to structural composite lumber portions of manufactured structural components. Tests shall be performed to determine the properties of the material in accordance to the following test methods: moisture content measurement; bending; tension parallel to grain; compression parallel to grain; compression perpendicular to grain; longitudinal shear; connections; bond quality; product durability; edgewise bending durability; lateral edge nail durability; thickness swell; and density gradient through the thickness.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification recognizes the complexity of structural glued products. Consequently, this specification covers both specific procedures and statements of intent that sampling and analysis must relate to the specific product.  
1.2 This specification was developed in the light of currently manufactured products as defined in 3.2. Materials that do not conform to the definitions are beyond the scope of this specification. A brief discussion is found in Appendix X2.  
1.3 Details of manufacturing procedures are beyond the scope of this specification.  
Note 1: There is some potential for manufacturing variables to affect the properties of members that are loaded for sustained periods of time. Users of this specification are advised to consider the commentary on this topic in Appendix X2.  
1.4 This specification primarily considers end use in dry service conditions defined in the governing code-referenced design standards, such as in most covered structures. The conditioning environment of 6.3 is considered representative of such uses.  
1.5 The performance of structural composite lumber is affected by wood species, wood element size and shape, and adhesive and production parameters. Therefore, products produced by each individual manufacturer shall be evaluated to determine their product properties, regardless of the similarity in characteristics to products produced by other manufacturers. Where a manufacturer produces product in more than one facility, each production facility shall be evaluated independently. For additional production facilities, any revisions to the full qualification program in accordance with this specification shall be approved by the independent qualifying agency.  
1.6 This specification is intended to provide manufacturers, regulatory agencies, and end users with a means to evaluate a composite lumber product intended for use as a structural material.  
1.7 This specification covers initial qualification sampling, mechanical and physical tests, analysis, and design value assignments. Requirements for a quality-control program and cumulative evaluations are included to ensure maintenance of allowable design values for the product.  
1.8 This specification, or parts thereof, shall be applicable to structural composite lumber portions of manufactured structural components.  
1.9 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers procedures for computing the reference resistance of wood-based materials and structural connections for use in load and resistance factor design (LRFD). Parameters required for the derivation of reference resistance are presented. These parameters include the distribution percentile, coefficient of variation, data confidence factor, and reliability normalization factor. The shape and scale parameters of the two-parameter Weibull distribution shall be established to define the distribution of the material resistance. The data confidence factor accounts for uncertainty associated with data sets. This factor, which is a function of coefficient of variation, sample size, and reference percentile, is applied as a multiplier on the distribution estimate. The reliability normalization factor is used to adjust the distribution estimate to achieve a target reliability index. The reliability normalization factor is the ratio of the computed resistance factor to the specified resistance factor, adjusted by a scaling factor.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers procedures for computing the reference resistance of wood-based materials and structural connections for use in load and resistance factor design (LRFD). The format conversion procedure is outlined in Section 4. The test-based derivation procedure is outlined in Annex A1. The reference resistance derived from this specification applies to the design of structures addressed by the load combinations in ASCE 7-16.  
1.2 A commentary to this specification is provided in Appendix X1.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Need for Lumber Grading:  
3.1.1 Individual pieces of lumber, as they come from the saw, represent a wide range in quality and appearance with respect to freedom from knots, cross grain, shakes, and other characteristics. Such random pieces likewise represent a wide range in strength, utility, serviceability, and value. One of the obvious requirements for the orderly marketing of lumber is the establishment of grades that permit the procurement of any required quality of lumber in any desired quantity. Maximum economy of material is obtained when the range of quality-determining characteristics in a grade is limited and all pieces are utilized to their full potential. Many of the grades are established on the basis of appearance and physical characteristics of the piece, but without regard for mechanical properties. Other grades, called structural or stress grades, are established on the basis of features that relate to mechanical properties. The latter designate near-minimum strength and near-average stiffness properties on which to base structural design.  
3.1.2 The development of this practice is based on extensive research covering tests of small clear specimens and of full-sized structural members. Detailed studies have included the strength and variability of clear wood, and the effect on strength from various factors such as density, knots (See Terminology D9), and other defects, seasoning, duration of stress, and temperature.  
3.2 How Visual Grading is Accomplished—Visual grading is accomplished from an examination of all four faces and the ends of the piece, in which the location as well as the size and nature of the knots and other features appearing on the surfaces are evaluated over the entire length. Basic principles of structural grading have been established that permit the evaluation of any piece of stress-graded lumber in terms of a strength ratio for each property being evaluated. The strength ratio of stress-graded lumber is the hypothet...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice (1,2)2 covers the basic principles for establishing related unit stresses and stiffness values for design with visually-graded solid sawn structural lumber. This practice starts with property values from clear wood specimens and includes necessary procedures for the formulation of structural grades of any desired strength ratio.  
1.2 The grading provisions used as illustrations herein are not intended to establish grades for purchase, but rather to show how stress-grading principles are applied. Detailed grading rules for commercial stress grades which serve as purchase specifications are established and published by agencies which formulate and maintain such rules and operate inspection facilities covering the various species.  
1.3 The material covered in this practice appears in the following order:    
Section  
Scope  
1  
Significance and Use  
3  
Basic Principles of Strength Ratios  
4  
Estimation and Limitation of Growth Characteristics  
5  
Allowable Properties for Timber Design  
6  
Modification of Allowable Properties for Design Use  
7  
Example of Stress-Grade Development  
8  
1.4 The values given in parentheses are provided for information purposes only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers procedures for computing the reference resistance of wood-based materials and structural connections for use in load and resistance factor design (LRFD). Parameters required for the derivation of reference resistance are presented. These parameters include the distribution percentile, coefficient of variation, data confidence factor, and reliability normalization factor. The shape and scale parameters of the two-parameter Weibull distribution shall be established to define the distribution of the material resistance. The data confidence factor accounts for uncertainty associated with data sets. This factor, which is a function of coefficient of variation, sample size, and reference percentile, is applied as a multiplier on the distribution estimate. The reliability normalization factor is used to adjust the distribution estimate to achieve a target reliability index. The reliability normalization factor is the ratio of the computed resistance factor to the specified resistance factor, adjusted by a scaling factor.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers procedures for computing the reference resistance of wood-based materials and structural connections for use in load and resistance factor design (LRFD). The format conversion procedure is outlined in Section 4. The test-based derivation procedure is outlined in Annex A1. The reference resistance derived from this specification applies to the design of structures addressed by the load combinations in ASCE 7-16.  
1.2 A commentary to this specification is provided in Appendix X1.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers procedures for computing the reference resistance of wood-based materials and structural connections for use in load and resistance factor design (LRFD). Parameters required for the derivation of reference resistance are presented. These parameters include the distribution percentile, coefficient of variation, data confidence factor, and reliability normalization factor. The shape and scale parameters of the two-parameter Weibull distribution shall be established to define the distribution of the material resistance. The data confidence factor accounts for uncertainty associated with data sets. This factor, which is a function of coefficient of variation, sample size, and reference percentile, is applied as a multiplier on the distribution estimate. The reliability normalization factor is used to adjust the distribution estimate to achieve a target reliability index. The reliability normalization factor is the ratio of the computed resistance factor to the specified resistance factor, adjusted by a scaling factor.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers procedures for computing the reference resistance of wood-based materials and structural connections for use in load and resistance factor design (LRFD). The format conversion procedure is outlined in Section 4. The test-based derivation procedure is outlined in Annex A1. The reference resistance derived from this specification applies to the design of structures addressed by the load combinations in ASCE 7-16.  
1.2 A commentary to this specification is provided in Appendix X1.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers procedures for computing the reference resistance of wood-based materials and structural connections for use in load and resistance factor design (LRFD). Parameters required for the derivation of reference resistance are presented. These parameters include the distribution percentile, coefficient of variation, data confidence factor, and reliability normalization factor. The shape and scale parameters of the two-parameter Weibull distribution shall be established to define the distribution of the material resistance. The data confidence factor accounts for uncertainty associated with data sets. This factor, which is a function of coefficient of variation, sample size, and reference percentile, is applied as a multiplier on the distribution estimate. The reliability normalization factor is used to adjust the distribution estimate to achieve a target reliability index. The reliability normalization factor is the ratio of the computed resistance factor to the specified resistance factor, adjusted by a scaling factor.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers procedures for computing the reference resistance of wood-based materials and structural connections for use in load and resistance factor design (LRFD). The format conversion procedure is outlined in Section 4. The test-based derivation procedure is outlined in Annex A1. The reference resistance derived from this specification applies to the design of structures addressed by the load combinations in ASCE 7-16.  
1.2 A commentary to this specification is provided in Appendix X1.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification recognizes the complexity of structural glued products. This specification, or parts thereof, shall be applicable to structural composite lumber portions of manufactured structural components. Tests shall be performed to determine the properties of the material in accordance to the following test methods: moisture content measurement; bending; tension parallel to grain; compression parallel to grain; compression perpendicular to grain; longitudinal shear; connections; bond quality; product durability; edgewise bending durability; lateral edge nail durability; thickness swell; and density gradient through the thickness.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification recognizes the complexity of structural glued products. Consequently, this specification covers both specific procedures and statements of intent that sampling and analysis must relate to the specific product.  
1.2 This specification was developed in the light of currently manufactured products as defined in 3.2. Materials that do not conform to the definitions are beyond the scope of this specification. A brief discussion is found in Appendix X2.  
1.3 Details of manufacturing procedures are beyond the scope of this specification.  
Note 1: There is some potential for manufacturing variables to affect the properties of members that are loaded for sustained periods of time. Users of this specification are advised to consider the commentary on this topic in Appendix X2.  
1.4 This specification primarily considers end use in dry service conditions defined in the governing code-referenced design standards, such as in most covered structures. The conditioning environment of 6.3 is considered representative of such uses.  
1.5 The performance of structural composite lumber is affected by wood species, wood element size and shape, and adhesive and production parameters. Therefore, products produced by each individual manufacturer shall be evaluated to determine their product properties, regardless of the similarity in characteristics to products produced by other manufacturers. Where a manufacturer produces product in more than one facility, each production facility shall be evaluated independently. For additional production facilities, any revisions to the full qualification program in accordance with this specification shall be approved by the independent qualifying agency.  
1.6 This specification is intended to provide manufacturers, regulatory agencies, and end users with a means to evaluate a composite lumber product intended for use as a structural material.  
1.7 This specification covers initial qualification sampling, mechanical and physical tests, analysis, and design value assignments. Requirements for a quality-control program and cumulative evaluations are included to ensure maintenance of allowable design values for the product.  
1.8 This specification, or parts thereof, shall be applicable to structural composite lumber portions of manufactured structural components.  
1.9 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification recognizes the complexity of structural glued products. This specification, or parts thereof, shall be applicable to structural composite lumber portions of manufactured structural components. Tests shall be performed to determine the properties of the material in accordance to the following test methods: moisture content measurement; bending; tension parallel to grain; compression parallel to grain; compression perpendicular to grain; longitudinal shear; connections; bond quality; product durability; edgewise bending durability; lateral edge nail durability; thickness swell; and density gradient through the thickness.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification recognizes the complexity of structural glued products. Consequently, this specification covers both specific procedures and statements of intent that sampling and analysis must relate to the specific product.  
1.2 This specification was developed in the light of currently manufactured products as defined in 3.2. Materials that do not conform to the definitions are beyond the scope of this specification. A brief discussion is found in Appendix X2.  
1.3 Details of manufacturing procedures are beyond the scope of this specification.  
Note 1: There is some potential for manufacturing variables to affect the properties of members that are loaded for sustained periods of time. Users of this specification are advised to consider the commentary on this topic in Appendix X2.  
1.4 This specification primarily considers end use in dry service conditions defined in the governing code-referenced design standards, such as in most covered structures. The conditioning environment of 6.3 is considered representative of such uses.  
1.5 The performance of structural composite lumber is affected by wood species, wood element size and shape, and adhesive and production parameters. Therefore, products produced by each individual manufacturer shall be evaluated to determine their product properties, regardless of the similarity in characteristics to products produced by other manufacturers. Where a manufacturer produces product in more than one facility, each production facility shall be evaluated independently. For additional production facilities, any revisions to the full qualification program in accordance with this specification shall be approved by the independent qualifying agency.  
1.6 This specification is intended to provide manufacturers, regulatory agencies, and end users with a means to evaluate a composite lumber product intended for use as a structural material.  
1.7 This specification covers initial qualification sampling, mechanical and physical tests, analysis, and design value assignments. Requirements for a quality-control program and cumulative evaluations are included to ensure maintenance of allowable design values for the product.  
1.8 This specification, or parts thereof, shall be applicable to structural composite lumber portions of manufactured structural components.  
1.9 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification gives procedures for establishing, monitoring, and reevaluating structural capacities of prefabricated wood I-joists. Capacities considered are shear, moment, and stiffness. Procedures for establishing common details are given and certain design considerations specific to wood I-joists are itemized. Qualification is required for certain common details of I-joist application since they often influence structural capacities. All capacities are to be reported with three significant digits. Shear capacity qualification, moment capacity qualification, end joint qualification, stiffness capacity and creep qualification, and details of end use shall be established to meet the requirements prescribed. Design values are determined from the analysis and capacities as specified. The bearing capacity and regarded solid sawn lumber flanges shall be reevaluated to meet the requirements prescribed. The shear and flange material, and empirical moment capacity shall be tested to meet the requirements prescribed.
SCOPE
1.1 General—This specification gives procedures for establishing, monitoring, and reevaluating structural capacities of prefabricated wood I-joists. Capacities considered are shear, reaction, moment, and stiffness. Procedures for establishing common details are given and certain design considerations specific to wood I-joists are itemized.  
1.2 Contents of the Standard—An index and brief description of the main features of this specification are given in X2.1.1.  
1.3 Development of the Standard—The development and intent of this specification is discussed in Appendix X2.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific precautionary statement is given in 6.1.1.5.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers procedures for computing the reference resistance of wood-based materials and structural connections for use in load and resistance factor design (LRFD). Parameters required for the derivation of reference resistance are presented. These parameters include the distribution percentile, coefficient of variation, data confidence factor, and reliability normalization factor. The shape and scale parameters of the two-parameter Weibull distribution shall be established to define the distribution of the material resistance. The data confidence factor accounts for uncertainty associated with data sets. This factor, which is a function of coefficient of variation, sample size, and reference percentile, is applied as a multiplier on the distribution estimate. The reliability normalization factor is used to adjust the distribution estimate to achieve a target reliability index. The reliability normalization factor is the ratio of the computed resistance factor to the specified resistance factor, adjusted by a scaling factor.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers procedures for computing the reference resistance of wood-based materials and structural connections for use in load and resistance factor design (LRFD). The format conversion procedure is outlined in Section 4. The test-based derivation procedure is outlined in Annex A1. The reference resistance derived from this specification applies to the design of structures addressed by the load combinations in ASCE 7-16.  
1.2 A commentary to this specification is provided in Appendix X1.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers procedures for computing the reference resistance of wood-based materials and structural connections for use in load and resistance factor design (LRFD). Parameters required for the derivation of reference resistance are presented. These parameters include the distribution percentile, coefficient of variation, data confidence factor, and reliability normalization factor. The shape and scale parameters of the two-parameter Weibull distribution shall be established to define the distribution of the material resistance. The data confidence factor accounts for uncertainty associated with data sets. This factor, which is a function of coefficient of variation, sample size, and reference percentile, is applied as a multiplier on the distribution estimate. The reliability normalization factor is used to adjust the distribution estimate to achieve a target reliability index. The reliability normalization factor is the ratio of the computed resistance factor to the specified resistance factor, adjusted by a scaling factor.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers procedures for computing the reference resistance of wood-based materials and structural connections for use in load and resistance factor design (LRFD). The format conversion procedure is outlined in Section 4. The test-based derivation procedure is outlined in Annex A1. The reference resistance derived from this specification applies to the design of structures addressed by the load combinations in ASCE 7-16.  
1.2 A commentary to this specification is provided in Appendix X1.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The procedures described in this practice are intended to be used to establish appropriate allowable unit stresses, moduli of elasticity, and specific gravity for mechanically graded solid sawn lumber. An on-going quality control program to monitor compliance with the assigned grade properties is required.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the methodology of grade qualification, assignment of design properties, and requirements for the quality control of mechanically graded solid sawn lumber.  
1.2 This practice acknowledges alternative methods for the assignment of specific properties. These methods are assignment by test, relationship to other properties, and by procedures in other appropriate standards.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The procedures described in this practice are intended to be used to establish appropriate allowable unit stresses, moduli of elasticity, and specific gravity for mechanically graded solid sawn lumber. An on-going quality control program to monitor compliance with the assigned grade properties is required.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the methodology of grade qualification, assignment of design properties, and requirements for the quality control of mechanically graded solid sawn lumber.  
1.2 This practice acknowledges alternative methods for the assignment of specific properties. These methods are assignment by test, relationship to other properties, and by procedures in other appropriate standards.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This practice details the standard procedures for establishing the allowable properties for structural glued laminated timber (glulam). Allowable properties include: stress indexes; stress modification factors associated with slop of grain; stresses for bending, tension and compression parallel to the grain; horizontal shear; compression perpendicular to the grain; radial tension and compression stresses in curved members; grade adjustment factors; modulus of elasticity; and modulus of rigidity. This practice is limited to the calculation of allowable properties subject to the given procedures for the selection and arrangement of grades of lumber of the species considered. It does not cover the requirements for production, inspection and certification, but in order to justify the allowable properties developed using procedures in this practice, manufacturers must conform to recognized manufacturing standards.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedures for establishing allowable properties for structural glued laminated timber. Included are the allowable stresses for bending, tension and compression parallel to the grain, horizontal shear, compression perpendicular to the grain, and radial tension and compression in curved members. Also included are modulus of elasticity and modulus of rigidity.  
1.2 This practice is limited to the calculation of allowable properties subject to the given procedures for the selection and arrangement of grades of lumber of the species considered.  
1.3 Requirements for production, inspection and certification are not included, but in order to justify the allowable properties developed using procedures in this practice, manufacturers must conform to recognized manufacturing standards. Refer to ANSI A190.1 and CSA O122.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This practice details the standard procedures for establishing the allowable properties for structural glued laminated timber (glulam). Allowable properties include: stress indexes; stress modification factors associated with slop of grain; stresses for bending, tension and compression parallel to the grain; horizontal shear; compression perpendicular to the grain; radial tension and compression stresses in curved members; grade adjustment factors; modulus of elasticity; and modulus of rigidity. This practice is limited to the calculation of allowable properties subject to the given procedures for the selection and arrangement of grades of lumber of the species considered. It does not cover the requirements for production, inspection and certification, but in order to justify the allowable properties developed using procedures in this practice, manufacturers must conform to recognized manufacturing standards.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedures for establishing allowable properties for structural glued laminated timber. Included are the allowable stresses for bending, tension and compression parallel to the grain, horizontal shear, compression perpendicular to the grain, and radial tension and compression in curved members. Also included are modulus of elasticity and modulus of rigidity.  
1.2 This practice is limited to the calculation of allowable properties subject to the given procedures for the selection and arrangement of grades of lumber of the species considered.  
1.3 Requirements for production, inspection and certification are not included, but in order to justify the allowable properties developed using procedures in this practice, manufacturers must conform to recognized manufacturing standards. Refer to ANSI A190.1 and CSA O122.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification recognizes the complexity of structural glued products. This specification, or parts thereof, shall be applicable to structural composite lumber portions of manufactured structural components. Tests shall be performed to determine the properties of the material in accordance to the following test methods: moisture content measurement; bending; tension parallel to grain; compression parallel to grain; compression perpendicular to grain; longitudinal shear; connections; bond quality; product durability; edgewise bending durability; lateral edge nail durability; thickness swell; and density gradient through the thickness.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification recognizes the complexity of structural glued products. Consequently, this specification covers both specific procedures and statements of intent that sampling and analysis must relate to the specific product.  
1.2 This specification was developed in the light of currently manufactured products as defined in 3.2. Materials that do not conform to the definitions are beyond the scope of this specification. A brief discussion is found in Appendix X2.  
1.3 Details of manufacturing procedures are beyond the scope of this specification.  
Note 1: There is some potential for manufacturing variables to affect the properties of members that are loaded for sustained periods of time. Users of this specification are advised to consider the commentary on this topic in Appendix X2.  
1.4 This specification primarily considers end use in dry service conditions, such as with most protected framing members, where the average equilibrium moisture content for solid-sawn lumber is less than 16 %. The conditioning environment of 6.3 is considered representative of such uses.  
1.5 The performance of structural composite lumber is affected by wood species, wood element size and shape, and adhesive and production parameters. Therefore, products produced by each individual manufacturer shall be evaluated to determine their product properties, regardless of the similarity in characteristics to products produced by other manufacturers. Where a manufacturer produces product in more than one facility, each production facility shall be evaluated independently. For additional production facilities, any revisions to the full qualification program in accordance with this specification shall be approved by the independent qualifying agency.  
1.6 This specification is intended to provide manufacturers, regulatory agencies, and end users with a means to evaluate a composite lumber product intended for use as a structural material.  
1.7 This specification covers initial qualification sampling, mechanical and physical tests, analysis, and design value assignments. Requirements for a quality-control program and cumulative evaluations are included to ensure maintenance of allowable design values for the product.  
1.8 This specification, or parts thereof, shall be applicable to structural composite lumber portions of manufactured structural components.  
1.9 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers procedures for computing the reference resistance of wood-based materials and structural connections for use in load and resistance factor design (LRFD). Parameters required for the derivation of reference resistance are presented. These parameters include the distribution percentile, coefficient of variation, data confidence factor, and reliability normalization factor. The shape and scale parameters of the two-parameter Weibull distribution shall be established to define the distribution of the material resistance. The data confidence factor accounts for uncertainty associated with data sets. This factor, which is a function of coefficient of variation, sample size, and reference percentile, is applied as a multiplier on the distribution estimate. The reliability normalization factor is used to adjust the distribution estimate to achieve a target reliability index. The reliability normalization factor is the ratio of the computed resistance factor to the specified resistance factor, adjusted by a scaling factor.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers procedures for computing the reference resistance of wood-based materials and structural connections for use in load and resistance factor design (LRFD). The format conversion procedure is outlined in Section 4. The test-based derivation procedure is outlined in Annex A1. The reference resistance derived from this specification applies to the design of structures addressed by the load combinations in ASCE 7-10.  
1.2 A commentary to this specification is provided in Appendix X1.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This practice covers sampling and analysis procedures for the investigation and evaluation of allowable properties of specified populations of stress-graded structural lumber. This practice generally assumes that the population is sufficiently large so that, for sampling purposes, it may be considered infinite. The population shall be clearly defined where it may be necessary to specify the following: (1) grade name and description, (2) geographical area over which sampling will take place, (3) species or species group, (4) time span for sampling (5) lumber size, and (6) moisture content. Two statistical techniques are described under this practice, namely: parametric and nonparametric analysis. The sampling methods include: (1) random sampling, (2) sampling with unequal probabilities, and (3) sequential sampling. Selection and method of determining sample size are detailed. The results of the tests performed shall be presented as (1) a set of summarizing statistics, and (2) an appendix of unadjusted individual test specimen results. The procedures and requirements for analysis of results are detailed and includes the following: (1) adjustment factors used to reduce the test statistics to the level of allowable properties, (2) formula for calculating apparent modulus of elasticity, sample mean, sample standard deviation, and confidence interval for the mean (3) sample nonparametric percent point estimate, (4) nonparametric lower tolerance limit, (5) parametric point estimate, (6) lower parametric tolerance limit, and (7) histogram and empirical cumulative distribution function. This practice does not specify the action to be taken after the results have been analyzed.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers sampling and analysis procedures for the investigation of specified populations of wood and wood-based structural products referred to in this standard as products. Appropriate product standards should be referenced for presentation requirements for data. Depending on the interest of the user, the population from which samples are taken may range from the products produced at a specific manufacturing site to all the products produced in a particular grade from a particular geographic area, during some specified interval of time. This practice generally assumes that the population is sufficiently large so that, for sampling purposes, it may be considered infinite. Where this assumption is inadequate, that is, the population is assumed finite, many of the provisions of this practice may be employed but the sampling and analysis procedure must be designed to reflect a finite population. The statistical techniques embodied in this practice provide procedures to summarize data so that logical judgments can be made. This practice does not specify the action to be taken after the results have been analyzed. The action to be taken depends on the particular requirements of the user of the product.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.3 This practice does not purport to address the adjustment factors needed to adjust test data to standardized mechanical and environmental conditions (that is, temperature, moisture, test span, or load duration). Additionally, it provides a basis for statistical estimates that will typically require further adjustment to determine design values for use with an accepted design methodology (that is, allowable stress, limit states, or load and resistance factor design). It shall be the responsibility of the user to seek out the appropriate adjustments in specific product standards.  
1.4 This practice does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internation...

ABSTRACT
This practice presents the two standard methods for determining the strength values of clear wood of different species in the unseasoned condition, unadjusted for end use, applicable to the establishment of working stresses for different solid wood products such as lumber, laminated wood, plywood, and round timbers. Method A provides for the use of the results of surveys of wood density involving extensive sampling of forest trees, in combination with the data obtained from standard strength tests. The average strength properties are obtained from wood density survey data through linear regression equations establishing the relation of specific gravity to the several strength properties. Method B, on the other hand, provides for the establishment of tables of strength values based on standard tests of small clear specimens in the unseasoned condition for use when data from density surveys are not available. Separate tables are employed to present the data on woods grown in the United States and on woods grown in Canada. Guidelines for the interpretation of the data in terms of assigned values, information basic to the translation of the clear wood values into working stresses, presently available data with appropriate provisions for their application and use, and methods for estimating some useful mechanical properties by relating them to other properties are presented herein as well.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the determination of strength values for clear wood of different species in the unseasoned condition, unadjusted for end use, applicable to the establishment of design values for different solid wood products such as lumber, laminated wood, plywood, and round timbers. Presented are:  
1.1.1 Procedures by which test values obtained on small clear specimens may be combined with density data from extensive forest surveys to make them more representative,  
1.1.2 Guidelines for the interpretation of the data in terms of assigned values for combinations of species or regional divisions within a species to meet special marketing needs, and  
1.1.3 Information basic to the translation of the clear wood values into design values for different solid wood products for different end uses.  
1.1.4 For species where density survey data are not as yet available for the re-evaluation of average strength properties, the presently available data from tests made under the sampling methods and procedures of Test Methods D143 or Practice E105 are provided with appropriate provision for their application and use. Because of the comprehensive manner in which the density survey is undertaken, it follows that the re-evaluated strength data are intended to be representative of the forest stand, or rather large forest subdivisions.  
1.1.5 Some useful mechanical properties (tensile strengths parallel and perpendicular to grain, modulus of rigidity for a longitudinal-transverse plane, and transverse modulus of elasticity) have not been extensively evaluated. Methods are described for estimating these properties by their relation to other properties.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This practice presents the two standard methods for determining the strength values of clear wood of different species in the unseasoned condition, unadjusted for end use, applicable to the establishment of working stresses for different solid wood products such as lumber, laminated wood, plywood, and round timbers. Method A provides for the use of the results of surveys of wood density involving extensive sampling of forest trees, in combination with the data obtained from standard strength tests. The average strength properties are obtained from wood density survey data through linear regression equations establishing the relation of specific gravity to the several strength properties. Method B, on the other hand, provides for the establishment of tables of strength values based on standard tests of small clear specimens in the unseasoned condition for use when data from density surveys are not available. Separate tables are employed to present the data on woods grown in the United States and on woods grown in Canada. Guidelines for the interpretation of the data in terms of assigned values, information basic to the translation of the clear wood values into working stresses, presently available data with appropriate provisions for their application and use, and methods for estimating some useful mechanical properties by relating them to other properties are presented herein as well.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the determination of strength values for clear wood of different species in the unseasoned condition, unadjusted for end use, applicable to the establishment of design values for different solid wood products such as lumber, laminated wood, plywood, and round timbers. Presented are:  
1.1.1 Procedures by which test values obtained on small clear specimens may be combined with density data from extensive forest surveys to make them more representative,  
1.1.2 Guidelines for the interpretation of the data in terms of assigned values for combinations of species or regional divisions within a species to meet special marketing needs, and  
1.1.3 Information basic to the translation of the clear wood values into design values for different solid wood products for different end uses.  
1.1.4 For species where density survey data are not as yet available for the re-evaluation of average strength properties, the presently available data from tests made under the sampling methods and procedures of Test Methods D143 or Practice E105 are provided with appropriate provision for their application and use. Because of the comprehensive manner in which the density survey is undertaken, it follows that the re-evaluated strength data are intended to be representative of the forest stand, or rather large forest subdivisions.  
1.1.5 Some useful mechanical properties (tensile strengths parallel and perpendicular to grain, modulus of rigidity for a longitudinal-transverse plane, and transverse modulus of elasticity) have not been extensively evaluated. Methods are described for estimating these properties by their relation to other properties.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification recognizes the complexity of structural glued products. This specification, or parts thereof, shall be applicable to structural composite lumber portions of manufactured structural components. Tests shall be performed to determine the properties of the material in accordance to the following test methods: moisture content measurement; bending; tension parallel to grain; compression parallel to grain; compression perpendicular to grain; longitudinal shear; connections; bond quality; product durability; edgewise bending durability; lateral edge nail durability; thickness swell; and density gradient through the thickness.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification recognizes the complexity of structural glued products. Consequently, this specification covers both specific procedures and statements of intent that sampling and analysis must relate to the specific product.  
1.2 This specification was developed in the light of currently manufactured products as defined in 3.2. Materials that do not conform to the definitions are beyond the scope of this specification. A brief discussion is found in Appendix X2.  
1.3 Details of manufacturing procedures are beyond the scope of this specification.  
Note 1: There is some potential for manufacturing variables to affect the properties of members that are loaded for sustained periods of time. Users of this specification are advised to consider the commentary on this topic in Appendix X2.  
1.4 This specification primarily considers end use in dry service conditions, such as with most protected framing members, where the average equilibrium moisture content for solid-sawn lumber is less than 16 %. The conditioning environment of 6.3 is considered representative of such uses.  
1.5 The performance of structural composite lumber is affected by wood species, wood element size and shape, and adhesive and production parameters. Therefore, products produced by each individual manufacturer shall be evaluated to determine their product properties, regardless of the similarity in characteristics to products produced by other manufacturers. Where a manufacturer produces product in more than one facility, each production facility shall be evaluated independently. For additional production facilities, any revisions to the full qualification program in accordance with this specification shall be approved by the independent qualifying agency.  
1.6 This specification is intended to provide manufacturers, regulatory agencies, and end users with a means to evaluate a composite lumber product intended for use as a structural material.  
1.7 This specification covers initial qualification sampling, mechanical and physical tests, analysis, and design value assignments. Requirements for a quality-control program and cumulative evaluations are included to ensure maintenance of allowable design values for the product.  
1.8 This specification, or parts thereof, shall be applicable to structural composite lumber portions of manufactured structural components.  
1.9 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification presents the standard procedures for establishing the performance rating of wood-plastic composite (WPC) deck boards and guardrail systems (guards or handrails). The purpose of this specification is to establish the basis for code recognition of these products or systems in exterior applications where combustible construction is allowed. The general requirements foe these products shall be dictated by their performance in the following test methods: flesural tests; temperature and moisture effects; ultraviolet resistance test; freeze-thaw resistance test; biodeterioration tests; and fire performance tests. Deck boards shall additionally examined by: creep-recovery test; determination of unadjusted allowable load; mechanical fastener holding tests; and slip resistance test. In the same manner, guards and handrails shall additionally be analyzed through concentrated load tests, and one- and two-family dwelling requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers procedures to establish a performance rating for wood-plastic composite and plastic lumber for use as exterior deck boards, stair treads, guards, and handrails. The purpose of this specification is to establish a basis for code recognition of these products or systems in exterior applications. The products addressed in this specification are considered combustible.  
Note 1: While wood-plastic composites contain wood or other cellulosic materials, the presence of wood or other cellulosic materials in plastic lumber is not required by this specification. Due to non-wood materials in wood-plastic composites and plastic lumber the structural, physical, fire, and other attributes may not be similar to those of wood.  
1.1.1 The plastic component of wood-plastic composites and plastic lumber covered by this specification shall consist primarily of thermoplastics.  
1.2 Deck boards, stair treads, guards, and handrails covered by this specification are permitted to be of any code compliant shape and thickness (solid or non-solid).  
1.3 Wood-plastic composites and plastic lumber are produced in a broad range of fiber and/or resin formulations. It is recognized that the performance requirements in this specification are valid for any material or combination of materials used as deck boards, stair treads, guards, or handrails.  
1.4 Details of manufacturing processes are beyond the scope of this specification.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.  
1.7 Table of Contents:    
Section  
Scope  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
General Requirements  
4  
Sampling  
4.1  
Sample Size  
4.2  
Conditioning  
4.3  
Flexural Tests  
4.4  
Temperature and Moisture Effects  
4.5  
Ultraviolet (UV) Resistance Test  
4.6  
Freeze-Thaw Resistance Test  
4.7  
Biodeterioration Tests  
4.8  
Fire Performance Tests  
4.9  
Deck Board Performance Requirements  
5  
General  
5.1  
Flexural Performance Tests  
5.2  
Determination of the Unadjusted Allowable Load  
5.3  
Creep-Recovery Test  
5.4  
Mechanical Fastener Holding Tests  
5.5  
Slip Resistance Test  
5.6  
Guard and Handrail Performance Requirements  
6  
General  
6.1  
Guardrail System Test Requirements  
6.2  
One- and Two-Family Dwelling Requirements  
6.2.1.1  
Handrail Test Requirements (Concentrated Load)  
6.3  
Report  
7  
Independent Inspection  
8  
Manufacturing Standard  
9  
Precisio...

ABSTRACT
This specification recognizes the complexity of structural glued products. This specification, or parts thereof, shall be applicable to structural composite lumber portions of manufactured structural components. Tests shall be performed to determine the properties of the material in accordance to the following test methods: moisture content measurement; bending; tension parallel to grain; compression parallel to grain; compression perpendicular to grain; longitudinal shear; connections; bond quality; product durability; edgewise bending durability; lateral edge nail durability; thickness swell; and density gradient through the thickness.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification recognizes the complexity of structural glued products. Consequently, this specification covers both specific procedures and statements of intent that sampling and analysis must relate to the specific product.  
1.2 This specification was developed in the light of currently manufactured products as defined in 3.2. Materials that do not conform to the definitions are beyond the scope of this specification. A brief discussion is found in Appendix X2.  
1.3 Details of manufacturing procedures are beyond the scope of this specification.  
Note 1: There is some potential for manufacturing variables to affect the properties of members that are loaded for sustained periods of time. Users of this specification are advised to consider the commentary on this topic in Appendix X2.  
1.4 This specification primarily considers end use in dry service conditions, such as with most protected framing members, where the average equilibrium moisture content for solid-sawn lumber is less than 16 %. The conditioning environment of 6.3 is considered representative of such uses.  
1.5 The performance of structural composite lumber is affected by wood species, wood element size and shape, and adhesive and production parameters. Therefore, products produced by each individual manufacturer shall be evaluated to determine their product properties, regardless of the similarity in characteristics to products produced by other manufacturers. Where a manufacturer produces product in more than one facility, each production facility shall be evaluated independently. For additional production facilities, any revisions to the full qualification program in accordance with this specification shall be approved by the independent qualifying agency.  
1.6 This specification is intended to provide manufacturers, regulatory agencies, and end users with a means to evaluate a composite lumber product intended for use as a structural material.  
1.7 This specification covers initial qualification sampling, mechanical and physical tests, analysis, and design value assignments. Requirements for a quality-control program and cumulative evaluations are included to ensure maintenance of allowable design values for the product.  
1.8 This specification, or parts thereof, shall be applicable to structural composite lumber portions of manufactured structural components.  
1.9 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This practice presents the two standard methods for determining the strength values of clear wood of different species in the unseasoned condition, unadjusted for end use, applicable to the establishment of working stresses for different solid wood products such as lumber, laminated wood, plywood, and round timbers. Method A provides for the use of the results of surveys of wood density involving extensive sampling of forest trees, in combination with the data obtained from standard strength tests. The average strength properties are obtained from wood density survey data through linear regression equations establishing the relation of specific gravity to the several strength properties. Method B, on the other hand, provides for the establishment of tables of strength values based on standard tests of small clear specimens in the unseasoned condition for use when data from density surveys are not available. Separate tables are employed to present the data on woods grown in the United States and on woods grown in Canada. Guidelines for the interpretation of the data in terms of assigned values, information basic to the translation of the clear wood values into working stresses, presently available data with appropriate provisions for their application and use, and methods for estimating some useful mechanical properties by relating them to other properties are presented herein as well.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the determination of strength values for clear wood of different species in the unseasoned condition, unadjusted for end use, applicable to the establishment of design values for different solid wood products such as lumber, laminated wood, plywood, and round timbers. Presented are:  
1.1.1 Procedures by which test values obtained on small clear specimens may be combined with density data from extensive forest surveys to make them more representative,  
1.1.2 Guidelines for the interpretation of the data in terms of assigned values for combinations of species or regional divisions within a species to meet special marketing needs, and  
1.1.3 Information basic to the translation of the clear wood values into design values for different solid wood products for different end uses.  
1.1.4 For species where density survey data are not as yet available for the re-evaluation of average strength properties, the presently available data from tests made under the sampling methods and procedures of Test Methods D143 or Practice E105 are provided with appropriate provision for their application and use. Because of the comprehensive manner in which the density survey is undertaken, it follows that the re-evaluated strength data are intended to be representative of the forest stand, or rather large forest subdivisions.  
1.1.5 Some useful mechanical properties (tensile strengths parallel and perpendicular to grain, modulus of rigidity for a longitudinal-transverse plane, and transverse modulus of elasticity) have not been extensively evaluated. Methods are described for estimating these properties by their relation to other properties.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This specification gives procedures for establishing, monitoring, and reevaluating structural capacities of prefabricated wood I-joists. Capacities considered are shear, moment, and stiffness. Procedures for establishing common details are given and certain design considerations specific to wood I-joists are itemized. Qualification is required for certain common details of I-joist application since they often influence structural capacities. All capacities are to be reported with three significant digits. Shear capacity qualification, moment capacity qualification, end joint qualification, stiffness capacity and creep qualification, and details of end use shall be established to meet the requirements prescribed. Design values are determined from the analysis and capacities as specified. The bearing capacity and regarded solid sawn lumber flanges shall be reevaluated to meet the requirements prescribed. The shear and flange material, and empirical moment capacity shall be tested to meet the requirements prescribed.
SCOPE
1.1 General—This specification gives procedures for establishing, monitoring, and reevaluating structural capacities of prefabricated wood I-joists. Capacities considered are shear, reaction, moment, and stiffness. Procedures for establishing common details are given and certain design considerations specific to wood I-joists are itemized.  
1.2 Contents of the Standard—An index and brief description of the main features of this specification are given in X2.1.1.  
1.3 Development of the Standard—The development and intent of this specification is discussed in Appendix X2.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific precautionary statement is given in 6.1.1.5.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The procedures described in this practice are intended to be used to establish allowable stress and modulus of elasticity values for solid sawn, visually graded dimension lumber from In-Grade type test data. These procedures apply to the tested and untested sizes and grades when an adequate data matrix of sizes and grades exists. In addition, the methodology for establishing allowable stress and modulus of elasticity values for combinations of species and species groups is covered. Allowable stress and modulus of elasticity values may also be developed for a single size or a single grade of lumber from test data.  
4.2 Methods for establishing allowable stress and modulus of elasticity values for a single size/grade test cell are covered in Practice D2915. The appropriateness of these methods to establish allowable stress and modulus of elasticity values is directly dependent upon the quality and representativeness of the input test data.  
4.3 A monitoring program shall be established to periodically review the continued applicability of allowable properties derived by this practice. A monitoring program will establish data sets that are either the same as, above, or below the data that was used to develop the current allowable properties. Upon detection of a statistically significant downward shift, evaluation of the data and confirmation of remedial actions shall be undertaken. When evaluation is not undertaken or the results of the evaluation indicate an adjustment to allowable properties is appropriate, a reassessment shall be conducted to re-establish allowable properties.  
Note 5: It is recognized that over time there is the potential for changes in the raw material or product mix. In response to this a monitoring program must be conducted to ensure design values derived by this practice are not invalidated by such changes. If the data collected with a monitoring provides evidence of an statistically significant downward shift in lumber properties an ...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the principles and procedures for establishing allowable stress values for bending, tension parallel to grain, compression parallel to grain and modulus of elasticity values for structural design from “In-Grade” tests of full-size visually graded solid sawn dimension lumber. This practice also covers procedures for periodic monitoring, and additional procedures, if needed, for evaluation and possible reassessment of assigned design values. This practice is focused on, but is not limited to, grades which used the concepts incorporated in Practice D245 and were developed and interpreted under American Softwood Lumber PS 20.  
1.2 A basic assumption of the procedures used in this practice is that the samples selected and tested are representative of the entire global population being evaluated. This approach is consistent with the historical clear wood methodology of assigning an allowable property to visually-graded lumber which was representative of the entire growth range of a species or species group. Every effort shall be made to ensure the test sample is representative of population by grade and size (see 7.1.1 and 7.1.2).  
1.3 Due to the number of specimens involved and the number of mechanical properties to be evaluated, a methodology for evaluating the data and assigning allowable properties to both tested and untested grade/size cells is necessary. Sampling and analysis of tested cells are covered in Practice D2915. The mechanical test methods are covered in Test Methods D198 and D4761. This practice covers the necessary procedures for assigning allowable stress and modulus of elasticity values to dimension lumber from In-Grade tests. The practice includes methods to permit assignment of allowable stress and modulus of elasticity values to untested sizes and grades, as well as some untested properties. The practice includes procedures for periodic monitoring of the species or species gr...

ABSTRACT
This specification presents the standard procedures for establishing the performance rating of wood-plastic composite (WPC) deck boards and guardrail systems (guards or handrails). The purpose of this specification is to establish the basis for code recognition of these products or systems in exterior applications where combustible construction is allowed. The general requirements foe these products shall be dictated by their performance in the following test methods: flesural tests; temperature and moisture effects; ultraviolet resistance test; freeze-thaw resistance test; biodeterioration tests; and fire performance tests. Deck boards shall additionally examined by: creep-recovery test; determination of unadjusted allowable load; mechanical fastener holding tests; and slip resistance test. In the same manner, guards and handrails shall additionally be analyzed through concentrated load tests, and one- and two-family dwelling requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the procedures to establish a performance rating for wood-plastic composite (WPC) deck boards. This specification also defines the procedures to establish a performance rating for WPC guards and handrails. The purpose of this specification is to establish the basis for code recognition of these products or systems in exterior applications where combustible construction is allowed (see X1.1).
Note 1: While WPCs may contain wood fiber, the presence of wood fiber in the composite is not required by this standard. Other lignocellulosic materials may be used. For WPC deck boards and guardrail systems evaluated according to this standard, the structural, physical, and fire attributes may or may not exhibit similarity to those of wood due to the presence, type, and quantity of plastic(s) in the composite. WPCs should not be assumed to behave similarly to wood. For example, to address the influence of plastic in the composite, special considerations in the standard address sensitivity to temperature, ultraviolet (UV) exposure, and freeze-thaw resistance.  
1.1.1 The plastic component of wood-plastic composites and plastic lumber covered by this specification shall consist primarily of thermoplastics.  
1.2 Deck boards, stair treads, guards, and handrails covered by this specification are permitted to be of any code compliant shape and thickness (solid or non-solid).  
1.3 A deck board, and a deck board used as a stair tread, are assigned a span rating indicating its ability to comply with model code specified functions identified for its specific end use. A guard or handrail is recognized for its ability to meet minimum code requirements specified in the appropriate model building code.  
1.4 Wood-plastic composites and plastic lumber are produced in a broad range of fiber and/or resin formulations. It is recognized that the performance requirements in this specification are valid for any material or combination of materials used as deck boards, stair treads, guards, or handrails.  
1.5 Details of manufacturing processes are beyond the scope of this specification.  
1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.  
1.8 Table of Contents:    
Section  
Scope  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
General Requirements  
4  
Sampling  
4.1  
Sample Size  
4.2  
Conditioning  
4.3  
Flexural Tests  
4.4  
Temperature and Moisture Effects  
4.5  
Ultraviolet (UV) Resistance Test  
4.6  
Freeze-Thaw Resistance Test  
4.7  
...

ABSTRACT
These practices cover the visual stress-grading principles applicable to structural wood members of nonrectangular shape, as typically used in log buildings. The grading provisions presented herein are not intended to establish grades for purchase, but rather to show how stress-grading principles are applied to members used in log buildings.
SCOPE
1.1 These practices cover the visual stress-grading principles applicable to structural wood members of nonrectangular shape, as typically used in log buildings. These practices are meant to supplement the ASTM standards listed in Section 2, which cover stress-grading of sawn lumber and round timbers. Pieces covered by these practices may also be used in building types other than log buildings.  
1.2 The grading provisions used as illustrations herein are not intended to establish grades for purchase, but rather to show how stress-grading principles are applied to members used in log buildings. Detailed grading rules for commercial stress grades which serve as purchase specifications are established and published by agencies that formulate and maintain such rules and operate inspection facilities covering the various species.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 End-jointed lumber studs used in fire resistance-rated assemblies shall be able to support the superimposed design load for the specified time under an elevated temperature exposure, when a wall assembly is exposed to a standard fire specified in Test Methods E119. Light-weight wood assemblies utilize gypsum wallboard or other types of membrane protection to accomplish a requisite fire resistance rating for the assembly. However, wood studs and the end-joints in the studs shall resist the developed elevated temperature environment for the duration of the rating. This practice provides a method for evaluating the elevated temperature performance of an adhesive used in end-jointed lumber as compared with the elevated temperature performance of solid wood.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard practice is to be used to evaluate the elevated temperature performance of adhesives used in end-jointed lumber.  
1.2 A symmetric wall assembly containing end-jointed lumber studs is exposed to a standard fire exposure specified in Test Methods E119.  
1.3 The wall assembly shall sustain the applied load during a standard fire exposure specified in Test Methods E119 for a period of 60 min or more.  
1.4 This practice is used to evaluate the performance of adhesives used in end-jointed lumber to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but it does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment under actual fire conditions.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 End-jointed lumber studs used in fire resistance-rated assemblies shall be able to support the superimposed design load for the specified time under an elevated temperature exposure, when a wall assembly is exposed to a standard fire specified in Test Methods E119. Light-weight wood assemblies utilize gypsum wallboard or other types of membrane protection to accomplish a requisite fire resistance rating for the assembly. However, wood studs and the end-joints in the studs shall resist the developed elevated temperature environment for the duration of the rating. This practice provides a method for evaluating the elevated temperature performance of an assembly constructed with end-jointed studs having fire performance comparable to an assembly constructed with solid-sawn studs.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is to be used to evaluate the elevated temperature performance of end-jointed lumber studs.  
1.2 A symmetric wall assembly containing end-jointed lumber studs is exposed to a standard fire exposure specified in Test Methods E119.  
1.3 End-jointed lumber studs are deemed qualified if the wall assembly resists a standard fire exposure specified in Test Methods E119 for a period of 60 min or more. Qualification of end-jointed lumber studs are restricted to the joint configuration and adhesive tested.  
1.4 This practice is used to evaluate the performance of end-jointed lumber studs to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment under actual fire conditions.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers procedures for computing the reference resistance of wood-based materials and structural connections for use in load and resistance factor design (LRFD). Parameters required for the derivation of reference resistance are presented. These parameters include the distribution percentile, coefficient of variation, data confidence factor, and reliability normalization factor. The shape and scale parameters of the two-parameter Weibull distribution shall be established to define the distribution of the material resistance. The data confidence factor accounts for uncertainty associated with data sets. This factor, which is a function of coefficient of variation, sample size, and reference percentile, is applied as a multiplier on the distribution estimate. The reliability normalization factor is used to adjust the distribution estimate to achieve a target reliability index. The reliability normalization factor is the ratio of the computed resistance factor to the specified resistance factor, adjusted by a scaling factor.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers procedures for computing the reference resistance of wood-based materials and structural connections for use in load and resistance factor design (LRFD). The reference resistance derived from this specification applies to the design of structures addressed by the load combinations in ASCE 7-10.  
1.2 A commentary to this specification is provided in Appendix X1.

ABSTRACT
This specification presents the standard procedures for establishing the performance rating of wood-plastic composite (WPC) deck boards and guardrail systems (guards or handrails). The purpose of this specification is to establish the basis for code recognition of these products or systems in exterior applications where combustible construction is allowed. The general requirements foe these products shall be dictated by their performance in the following test methods: flesural tests; temperature and moisture effects; ultraviolet resistance test; freeze-thaw resistance test; biodeterioration tests; and fire performance tests. Deck boards shall additionally examined by: creep-recovery test; determination of unadjusted allowable load; mechanical fastener holding tests; and slip resistance test. In the same manner, guards and handrails shall additionally be analyzed through concentrated load tests, and one- and two-family dwelling requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the procedures to establish a performance rating for wood-plastic composite (WPC) deck boards. This specification also defines the procedures to establish a performance rating for WPC guards and handrails. The purpose of this specification is to establish the basis for code recognition of these products or systems in exterior applications where combustible construction is allowed (see X1.1).
Note 1: While WPCs may contain wood fiber, the presence of wood fiber in the composite is not required by this standard. Other lignocellulosic materials may be used. For WPC deck boards and guardrail systems evaluated according to this standard, the structural, physical, and fire attributes may or may not exhibit similarity to those of wood due to the presence, type, and quantity of plastic(s) in the composite. WPCs should not be assumed to behave similarly to wood. For example, to address the influence of plastic in the composite, special considerations in the standard address sensitivity to temperature, ultraviolet (UV) exposure, and freeze-thaw resistance.  
1.2 Deck boards, guards, and handrails covered by this specification are permitted to be of any code compliant shape and thickness (solid or non-solid).
Note 2: While WPCs are produced in a broad range of ratios of fiber to resin it is recognized that the performance requirements in this specification are valid for any material or combination of materials used as deck boards, guards, or handrails. For products made primarily from resin, or for products that exhibit highly plastic properties (for example, more than 3 % strain without rupture in a standard flexural test under ambient conditions), users are directed to Specification D6662 for additional guidance.  
1.3 A deck board, and a deck board used as a stair tread, are assigned a span rating indicating its ability to comply with model code specified functions identified for its specific end use. A guard or handrail is recognized for its ability to meet minimum code requirements specified in the appropriate model building code.  
1.4 Details of manufacturing processes may be proprietary and are beyond the scope of this specification.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.  
1.7 Table of Contents:    
Section  
Scope  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
General Requirements  
4  
Sampling  
4.1  
Sample Size  
4.2  
Conditioning  
4.3  
Flexural Tests  
4.4  
Temperature and Moisture Effects  
4.5  
Ultraviol...