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ASTM D287-12a

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products (Hydrometer Method)

Standard Test Method for API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products (Hydrometer Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Accurate determination of the gravity of petroleum and its products is necessary for the conversion of measured volumes to volumes at the standard temperature of 60°F (15.56°C).
This procedure is most suitable for determining the API gravity of low viscosity transparent liquids. This test method can also be used for viscous liquids by allowing sufficient time for the hydrometer to reach temperature equilibrium, and for opaque liquids by employing a suitable meniscus correction. Additionally for both transparent and opaque fluids the readings shall be corrected for the thermal glass expansion effect before correcting to the reference temperature.
5.3 When used in connection with bulk oil measurements, volume correction errors are minimized by observing the hydrometer reading at a temperature as close to reference temperature as feasible.
5.4 Gravity is a factor governing the quality of crude oils. However, the gravity of a petroleum product is an uncertain indication of its quality. Correlated with other properties, gravity can be used to give approximate hydrocarbon composition and heat of combustion.
5.5 Gravity is an important quality indicator for automotive, aviation and marine fuels, where it affects storage, handling and combustion.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination by means of a glass hydrometer in conjunction with a series of calculations of the API gravity of crude petroleum and petroleum products normally handled as liquids and having a Reid vapor pressure (Test Method D323) of 101.325 kPa (14.696 psi) or less. Gravities are determined at 60°F (15.56°C), or converted to values at 60°F, by means of Adjunct to  Guide for Petroleum Measurement Tables (API MPMS Chapter 11.1). These tables are not applicable to nonhydrocarbons or essentially pure hydrocarbons such as the aromatics.
Note 1—The international version of this test method is described in Test Method .
1.2 The initial values obtained are uncorrected hydrometer readings and not density measurements. Values are measured on a hydrometer at either the reference temperature or at another convenient temperature, and readings corrected for the meniscus effect, the thermal glass expansion effect, alternate calibration temperature effects and to the reference temperature by means of volume correction tables.
1.3 The hydrometer readings determined shall be recorded before performing any calculations. Then the calculations required in Section 9 shall be performed and documented before using the final result in a subsequent calculation procedure (measurement ticket calculation, meter factor calculation, or base prover volume determination).
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statement, see 8.3.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-May-2012
ICS
75.080 - Petroleum products in general
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.02 - Hydrocarbon Measurement for Custody Transfer (Joint ASTM-API)
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D287-12 - Standard Test Method for API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products (Hydrometer Method)
Effective Date
15-May-2012
Referred By
ASTM D6593-18e1 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine Oils for Inhibition of Deposit Formation in a Spark-Ignition Internal Combustion Engine Fueled with Gasoline and Operated Under Low-Temperature, Light-Duty Conditions
Effective Date
15-May-2012
Referred By
ASTM D1045-19 - Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Plasticizers Used in Plastics
Effective Date
15-May-2012
Referred By
ASTM D7583-16(2023) - Standard Test Method for John Deere Coolant Cavitation Test
Effective Date
15-May-2012
Referred By
ASTM D2890-92(2018) - Standard Test Method for Calculation of Liquid Heat Capacity of Petroleum Distillate Fuels
Effective Date
15-May-2012
Referred By
ASTM D6891-23 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine Oils in the Sequence IVA Spark-Ignition Engine
Effective Date
15-May-2012
Referred By
ASTM D7422-22 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Diesel Engine Oils in T-12 Exhaust Gas Recirculation Diesel Engine
Effective Date
15-May-2012
Referred By
ASTM D7777-13(2018)e1 - Standard Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API Gravity of Liquid Petroleum by Portable Digital Density Meter
Effective Date
15-May-2012
Referred By
ASTM D976-21e1 - Standard Test Method for Calculated Cetane Index of Distillate Fuels
Effective Date
15-May-2012
Referred By
ASTM F715-07(2023) - Standard Test Methods for Coated Fabrics Used for Oil Spill Control and Storage
Effective Date
15-May-2012
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ASTM D4814-23 - Standard Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
Effective Date
15-May-2012
Referred By
ASTM D5967-21 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Diesel Engine Oils in T-8 Diesel Engine
Effective Date
15-May-2012
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ASTM D7156-19 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Diesel Engine Oils in the T-11 Exhaust Gas Recirculation Diesel Engine
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ASTM D2501-14(2019) - Standard Test Method for Calculation of Viscosity-Gravity Constant (VGC) of Petroleum Oils
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D287–12a
Standard Test Method for
API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products
1
(Hydrometer Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D287; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (ϵ) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope* priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific
1.1 This test method covers the determination by means of
warning statement, see 8.3.
a glass hydrometer in conjunction with a series of calculations
of theAPI gravity of crude petroleum and petroleum products
2. Referenced Documents
normally handled as liquids and having a Reid vapor pressure
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
(Test Method D323) of 101.325 kPa (14.696 psi) or less.
D323 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-
Gravities are determined at 60°F (15.56°C), or converted to
ucts (Reid Method)
values at 60°F, by means of Adjunct to D1250 Guide for
D1250 GuideforUseofthePetroleumMeasurementTables
Petroleum Measurement Tables (API MPMS Chapter 11.1).
(API MPMS Chapter 11.1)
These tables are not applicable to nonhydrocarbons or essen-
D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific
tially pure hydrocarbons such as the aromatics.
Gravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid
NOTE 1—The international version of this test method is described in
Petroleum Products by Hydrometer Method (API MPMS
Test Method D1298.
Chapter 9.1)
1.2 The initial values obtained are uncorrected hydrometer
D6822 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, andAPI
readings and not density measurements. Values are measured
Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-
on a hydrometer at either the reference temperature or at
ucts by Thermohydrometer Method (API MPMS Chapter
another convenient temperature, and readings corrected for the
9.3)
meniscus effect, the thermal glass expansion effect, alternate
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
calibrationtemperatureeffectsandtothereferencetemperature
E100 Specification for ASTM Hydrometers
3
by means of volume correction tables.
2.2 EI Standards:
1.3 The hydrometer readings determined shall be recorded
Specifications for IP Standard Thermometers
before performing any calculations. Then the calculations
IP Specifications for Petroleum Hydrometers
4
required in Section 9 shall be performed and documented
2.3 API Standards:
before using the final result in a subsequent calculation
MPMS Chapter 9.1 Test Method for Density, Relative Den-
procedure (measurement ticket calculation, meter factor calcu-
sity(SpecificGravity),orAPIGravityofCrudePetroleum
lation, or base prover volume determination).
and Liquid Petroleum Products by Hydrometer Method
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
(ASTM D1298)
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
MPMS Chapter 9.3 Test Method for Density, Relative Den-
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
sity, and API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid
and are not considered standard.
Petroleum Products by Thermohydrometer Method
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
(ASTM D6822)
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
MPMS Chapter 11.1-2004, including Addendum
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
1–2007 Temperature and Pressure Volume Correction
1 2
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
D02.02/COMQ,thejointASTM-APICommitteeonHydrocarbonMeasurementfor Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Custody Transfer, on Hydrocarbon Measurement for Custody Transfer (Joint the ASTM website.
3
ASTM-API). Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR,
Current edition approved May 15, 2012. Published October 2012. Originally U.K., http://www.energyinst.org.
4
approved in 1928. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D287–12. DOI: Available from American Petroleum Institute (API), 1220 L. St., NW, Wash-
10.1520/D0287-12A. ington, DC 20005-4070, http://www.api.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

----
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D287–12 Designation:D287–12a
Standard Test Method for
API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products
1
(Hydrometer Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D287; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (ϵ) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the determination by means of a glass hydrometer in conjunction with a series of calculations of
the API gravity of crude petroleum and petroleum products normally handled as liquids and having a Reid vapor pressure (Test
Method D323) of 101.325 kPa (14.696 psi) or less. Gravities are determined at 60°F (15.56°C), or converted to values at 60°F,
by means of Adjunct to D1250 Guide for Petroleum Measurement Tables (API MPMS Chapter 11.1). These tables are not
applicable to nonhydrocarbons or essentially pure hydrocarbons such as the aromatics.
NOTE 1—The international version of this test method is described in Test Method D1298.
1.2 The initial values obtained are uncorrected hydrometer readings and not density measurements. Values are measured on a
hydrometerateitherthereferencetemperatureoratanotherconvenienttemperature,andreadingscorrectedforthemeniscuseffect,
the thermal glass expansion effect, alternate calibration temperature effects and to the reference temperature by means of volume
correction tables.
1.3 The hydrometer readings determined shall be recorded before performing any calculations. Then the calculations required
in Section 9 shall be performed and documented before using the final result in a subsequent calculation procedure (measurement
ticket calculation, meter factor calculation, or base prover volume determination).
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. For specific warning statement, see 8.3.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D323 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Reid Method)
D1250 Guide for Use of the Petroleum Measurement Tables (API MPMS Chapter 11.1)
D1298 TestMethodforDensity,RelativeDensity(SpecificGravity),orAPIGravityofCrudePetroleumandLiquidPetroleum
Products by Hydrometer Method (API MPMS Chapter 9.1)
D6822 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products by
Thermohydrometer Method (API MPMS Chapter 9.3)
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
E100 Specification for ASTM Hydrometers
3
2.2 EI Standards:
Specifications for IP Standard Thermometers
IP Specifications for Petroleum Hydrometers
4
2.3 API Standards:
MPMSChapter9.1 TestMethodforDensity,RelativeDensity(SpecificGravity),orAPIGravityofCrudePetroleumandLiquid
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.02
/COMQ, the joint ASTM-API Committee on Hydrocarbon Measurement for Custody Transfer, on Hydrocarbon Measurement for Custody Transfer (Joint ASTM-API).
Current edition approved April 1,May 15, 2012. Published AugustOctober 2012. Originally approved in 1928. Last previous edition approved in 20062012 as
D287–92(2006).D287–12. DOI: 10.1520/D0287-12A.
2
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR, U.K., http://www.energyinst.org.
4
Available from American Petroleum Institute (API), 1220 L. St., NW, Washington, DC 20005-4070, http://www.api.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

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5.1 Determination of the color of petroleum products is used mainly for manufacturing control purposes and is an important quality characteristic since color is readily observed by the user of the product. In some cases the color may serve as an indication of the degree of refinement of the material. When the color range of a particular product is known, a variation outside the established range can indicate possible contamination with another product. However, color is not always a reliable guide to product quality and should not be used indiscriminately in product specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the color of refined oils such as undyed motor and aviation gasoline, jet propulsion fuels, naphthas and kerosine, and, in addition, petroleum waxes and pharmaceutical white oils.  
Note 1: For determining the color of petroleum products darker than Saybolt Color − 16, see Test Method D1500.  
1.2 This test method reports results specific to this test method and recorded as, “Saybolt Color units.”  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units or in SI units and which are not in parentheses are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
Note 2: Oil tubes and apparatus used in this test method have traditionally been marked in inches, (the tube is required to be etched with 1/8 in. divisions.) The Saybolt Color Numbers are aligned with inch, 1/2 in., 1/4 in., and 1/8 in. changes in the depth of oil. These fractional inch changes do not readily correspond to SI equivalents and in view of the preponderance of apparatus already in use and marked in inches, the inch/pound unit is regarded as the standard. However the test method does use SI units of length when the length is not directly related to divisions on the oil tube and Saybolt Color Numbers. The test method uses SI units for temperature.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7152-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Calculating Viscosity of a Blend of Petroleum Products

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Predicting the viscosity of a blend of components is a common problem. Both the Wright Blending Method and the ASTM Blending Method, described in this practice, may be used to solve this problem.  
5.2 The inverse problem, predicating the required blend fractions of components to meet a specified viscosity at a given temperature may also be solved using either the Inverse Wright Blending Method or the Inverse ASTM Blending Method.  
5.3 The Wright Blending Methods are generally preferred since they have a firmer basis in theory, and are more accurate. The Wright Blending Methods require component viscosities to be known at two temperatures. The ASTM Blending Methods are mathematically simpler and may be used when viscosities are known at a single temperature.  
5.4 Although this practice was developed using kinematic viscosity and volume fraction of each component, the dynamic viscosity or mass fraction, or both, may be used instead with minimal error if the densities of the components do not differ greatly. For fuel blends, it was found that viscosity blending using mass fractions gave more accurate results. For base stock blends, there was no significant difference between mass fraction and volume fraction calculations.  
5.5 The calculations described in this practice have been computerized as a spreadsheet and are available as an adjunct.3
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedures for calculating the estimated kinematic viscosity of a blend of two or more petroleum products, such as lubricating oil base stocks, fuel components, residual fuel oil with kerosene, crude oils, and related products, from their kinematic viscosities and blend fractions.  
1.2 This practice allows for the estimation of the fraction of each of two petroleum products needed to prepare a blend meeting a specific viscosity.  
1.3 This practice may not be applicable to other types of products, or to materials which exhibit strong non-Newtonian properties, such as viscosity index improvers, additive packages, and products containing particulates.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 Logarithms may be either common logarithms or natural logarithms, as long as the same are used consistently. This practice uses common logarithms. If natural logarithms are used, the inverse function, exp(×), must be used in place of the base 10 exponential function, 10×, used herein.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4952-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Qualitative Analysis for Active Sulfur Species in Fuels and Solvents (Doctor Test)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Sulfur present as mercaptans or as hydrogen sulfide in distillate fuels and solvents can attack many metallic and non-metallic materials in fuel and other distribution systems. A negative result in the doctor test ensures that the concentration of these compounds is insufficient to cause such problems in normal use.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers and is intended primarily for the detection of mercaptans in motor fuel, kerosine, and similar petroleum products. This method may also provide information on hydrogen sulfide and elemental sulfur that may be present in these sample types.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  For specific warning statements, see 7.3.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D2887-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Petroleum Fractions by Gas Chromatography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The boiling range distribution of petroleum fractions provides an insight into the composition of feedstocks and products related to petroleum refining processes. The gas chromatographic simulation of this determination can be used to replace conventional distillation methods for control of refining operations. This test method can be used for product specification testing with the mutual agreement of interested parties.  
5.2 Boiling range distributions obtained by this test method are essentially equivalent to those obtained by true boiling point (TBP) distillation (see Test Method D2892). They are not equivalent to results from low efficiency distillations such as those obtained with Test Method D86 or D1160.  
5.3 Procedure B was tested with biodiesel mixtures and reports the Boiling Point Distribution of FAME esters of vegetable and animal origin mixed with ultra low sulfur diesel.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the boiling range distribution of petroleum products. The test method is applicable to petroleum products and fractions having a final boiling point of 538 °C (1000 °F) or lower at atmospheric pressure as measured by this test method. This test method is limited to samples having a boiling range greater than 55.5 °C (100 °F), and having a vapor pressure sufficiently low to permit sampling at ambient temperature.
Note 1: Since a boiling range is the difference between two temperatures, only the constant of 1.8 °F/°C is used in the conversion of the temperature range from one system of units to another.  
1.1.1 Procedure A (Sections 6 – 14)—Allows a larger selection of columns and analysis conditions such as packed and capillary columns as well as a Thermal Conductivity Detector in addition to the Flame Ionization Detector. Analysis times range from 14 min to 60 min.  
1.1.2 Procedure B (Sections 15 – 23)—Is restricted to only 3 capillary columns and requires no sample dilution. In addition, Procedure B is used not only for the sample types described in Procedure A but also for the analysis of samples containing biodiesel mixtures B5, B10, and B20. The analysis time, when using Procedure B (Accelerated D2887), is reduced to about 8 min.  
1.2 This test method is not to be used for the analysis of gasoline samples or gasoline components. These types of samples must be analyzed by Test Method D7096.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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