ASTM B243-16a
(Terminology)Standard Terminology of Powder Metallurgy
Standard Terminology of Powder Metallurgy
General Information
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Designation: B243 − 16a
Standard Terminology of
1
Powder Metallurgy
This standard is issued under the fixed designation B243; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
on density and mechanical properties, information on hardness
1. Scope
2
measurement, Volume 02.05.
1.1 This terminology standard includes definitions that are
apparent porosity, n—specific to cemented carbides, micro-
helpful in the interpretation and application of powder metal-
structural features that appear to be pores in a properly
lurgy terms.
prepared, unetched surface; these features may result from
uncombined carbon or nonmetallic inclusions as well as
2. Referenced Documents
actual porosity.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
atomization, n—thedispersionofamoltenmetalintoparticles
B331Test Method for Compressibility of Metal Powders in
by a rapidly moving gas or liquid stream or by mechanical
Uniaxial Compaction
means.
3. Terminology
atomized metal powder, n—metal powder produced by the
dispersion of a molten metal by a rapidly moving gas, or
3.1 Definitions:
liquid stream, or by mechanical dispersion
acicular powder, n—needle-shaped particles.
binder, n—acementingmedium;eitheramaterialaddedtothe
activated sintering, v—a sintering process during which the
powder to increase the green strength of the compact, and
rate of sintering is increased, for example, by addition of a
which is expelled during sintering; or a material (usually of
substancetothepowderorbychangingsinteringconditions.
relatively lower melting point) added to a powder mixture
for the specific purpose of cementing together powder
agglomerate, n—several particles adhering together.
particles which alone would not sinter into a strong body.
air classification, n—the separation of powder into particle
binder (MIM), n—amixtureofpolymersorothermaterials,or
size fractions by means of an air stream of controlled
both, that when combined with metal powders enables the
velocity.
mixture to flow during the injection molding process. The
angle of repose, n—thebasalangleofapileformedbypowder
binder imparts green strength to the MIM part and allows it
when freely poured under specified conditions onto a hori-
to retain its molded shape.
zontal surface.
binder removal, n—the chemical or thermal extraction of
apparent density, n—the mass of a unit volume of powder, binder from a compact. Synonymous with debinding.
usuallyexpressedasgramspercubiccentimetre,determined
blank, n—a pressed, presintered, or fully sintered compact,
by a specified method.
usually in the unfinished condition, requiring cutting,
machining, or some other operation to give it its final shape.
apparent hardness, n—thehardnessofaPMmaterial(includ-
ing the effects of porosity), measured using macroindenta-
blending, n—the thorough intermingling of powders of the
tion hardness equipment.
samenominalcomposition(nottobeconfusedwithmixing).
DISCUSSION—See general description of production, properties, and
blister crack, n—typically small defects (star burst) over or
uses of sintered metal powder bearings and structural parts, paragraph
around a bump or blister.
DISCUSSION—These may occur during sintering as a result of rapid
outgassing of the lubricant.The rapid outgassing may be caused by the
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee B09 on Metal
Powders and Metal Powder Productsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommit-
2
tee B09.01 on Nomenclature and Technical Data. For a discussion of apparent hardness, see the section on Density in General
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2016. Published February 2017. Originally Description of Production, Properties, and Uses of Sintered Metal Powder Bearings
approved in 1949. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as B243–16. DOI: and Structural Parts, which appears in the Annual Book of ASTM Standards,Vol
10.1520/B0243-16A. 02.05.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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B243 − 16a
specified amount of lubricant being subjected to an excessive heating
cold isostatic pressing, n—the pressing of a powder, compact,
rate. The defects may also be caused by “concentrated balls” of
orsinteredobjectbysubjectingit,atambienttemperature,to
lubricant, or moisture. During the sintering of the copper base PM
nominally equal pressure from every direction.
parts, hydrogen gas from the furnace atmosphere can diffuse into the
compactandreactwithresidualoxygen,producingsteamthatcanform
cold pressing, n—the forming of a compact at room tempera-
blister
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: B243 − 16 B243 − 16a
Standard Terminology of
1
Powder Metallurgy
This standard is issued under the fixed designation B243; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This terminology standard includes definitions that are helpful in the interpretation and application of powder metallurgy
terms.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
B331 Test Method for Compressibility of Metal Powders in Uniaxial Compaction
3. Terminology
3.1 Table of Contents
1 Powders
1.0 General 3.2.1
1.1 Processes to Produce Powder 3.2.8
1.2 Types of Powder 3.2.20
1.3 Shapes of Powder Particles 3.2.44
1.4 Additives to Powder 3.2.53
1.5 Treatment of Powder 3.2.60
1.6 Properties of Powder 3.2.65
1.7 Procedures to Evaluate Powder 3.2.92
1.8 Equipment to Evaluate Powder 3.2.96
2 Forming
2.0 General 3.3.1
2.1 Processes for Compacting 3.3.13
2.2 Conditions of Compacting
2.3 Tools Used for Compacting 3.3.30
2.4 Phenomena Resulting from Compaction 3.3.44
2.5 Properties of Compacts 3.3.60
2.6 Forging 3.3.65
2.7 Metal Injection Molding 3.3.73
3 Sintering
3.1 Process for Sintering 3.4.1
3.2 Conditions During Sintering 3.4.13
3.3 Phenomena Resulting from Sintering 3.4.20
3.4 Properties of Sintered Parts 3.4.41
3.5 Procedure to Evaluate Sintered Parts 3.4.59
3.6 Removal of Binders 3.4.61
4 Postsinter Treatments
4.1 Processes 3.5.1
5 Miscellaneous
5.1 Definitions 3.6.1
5.2 Processes 3.6.7
5.3 Materials 3.6.14
3.2 Definitions: Powder— Terms associated with production, characterization, use, and testing of metal powders.
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B09 on Metal Powders and Metal Powder Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
B09.01 on Nomenclature and Technical Data.
Current edition approved July 1, 2016Dec. 1, 2016. Published July 2016February 2017. Originally approved in 1949. Last previous edition approved in 20132016 as
B243 – 13.B243 – 16. DOI: 10.1520/B0243-16.10.1520/B0243-16A.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
B243 − 16a
3.2.1 General:
agglomerate, n—several particles adhering together.
metal powder, n—particles of elemental metals or alloys, normally less than 1000 μm (1 mm) in size.
particulate matter, n—see powder.
PM, n— the acronym for powder metallurgy.
powder, n—particles that are usually less than 1000 μm (1 mm) in size.
powder metallurgy, n—the production and utilization of metal powders.
3.2.8 Processes to Produce Powder
air classification, n—the separation of powder into particle size fractions by means of an air stream of controlled velocity.
atomization, n—the dispersion of a molten metal into particles by a rapidly moving gas or liquid stream or by mechanical means.
chemical deposition, n—the precipitation of one metal from a solution of its salts by the addition of another metal or reagent to
the solution.
chemically precipitated metal powder, n—powder produced by the reduction of a metal from a solution of its salts either by the
addition of another metal higher in the electromotive series or by other reducing agent.
classification, n—separation of a powder into fractions according to particle size.
disintegration, n—the reduction of massive material to powder.
gas classification, n—the separation of powder into particle size fractions by means of a gas stream of controlled velocity.
granulation, n—the production of coarse metal particles by pouring the molten metal through a screen into water (shotting) or by
violent agitation of the molten metal while solidifying.
milling, n—the mechanical treatment of metal powder, or metal powder mixtures, as in a ball mill, to alter the size or shape of
the individual particles or to coat one component of the mixture with another.
pulverization, n—the reduction in particle size of metal powder by mechanical means, a specific type of disintegration.
reduced metal powder, n—metal powder produced, without melting, by the chemical reduction of metal oxides or other
compounds.
3.2.20 Types of Powder:
atomized metal powder, n—metal powder produced by the dispersion of a molten metal by a rapidly moving gas, or liquid stream,
or by mechanical dispersion
carbonyl powder, n—a metal powder prepare
...
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