ASTM E175-82(2010)
(Terminology)Standard Terminology of Microscopy (Withdrawn 2019)
Standard Terminology of Microscopy (Withdrawn 2019)
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee E04 on Metallography, this terminology was withdrawn in January 2019 in accordance with section 10.6.3 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth year since the last approval date.
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Designation: E175 − 82 (Reapproved 2010)
Standard Terminology of
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Microscopy
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E175; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
Abbe condenser—see condenser, Abbe. aperture, angular—theanglebetweenthemostdivergentrays
that can pass through a lens to form the image of an object.
aberration—any error that results in image degradation. Such
errors may be chromatic, spherical, astigmatic, comatic,
aperture, effective—the diameter of the entrance pupil; it is
distortion,orcurvatureoffield;andcanresultfromdesignor
theapparentdiameterofthelimitingaperturemeasuredfrom
execution, or both.
the front.
achromatic—literally, color-free.Alens or prism is said to be
aplanatic—corrected for spherical aberration and coma.
achromatic when corrected for two colors. The remaining
apochromatic objective—a lens system whose secondary
color seen in an image formed by such a lens is said to be
chromatic aberrations have been substantially reduced. (See
secondary chromatic aberration.
achromatic).
achromatic objective—an objective that is corrected chro-
axis, optical—thelineformedbythecoincidingprincipalaxes
matically for two colors, and spherically for one, usually in
of a series of optical elements comprising an optical system.
the yellow-green part of the spectrum.
It is the line passing through the centers of curvature of the
Airy disk—the image of a bright point object, as focused by a
optical surfaces.
lens system. With monochromatic light, it consists of a
axis, optic—the direction, or directions in an anisotropic
central point of maximum intensity surrounded by alternate
crystal along which light is not doubly refracted.
circlesoflightanddarknesscausedbythereinforcementand
interference of diffracted rays. The light areas are called
balsam, Canada—aresinfromthebalsamfir Abies balsamea.
maxima and the dark areas minima.The distribution of light
Dissolved in xylene, toluene, or benzene it is used as a
from the center to the outer areas of the figure was
mountant for permanent microscopical preparations. Its
investigatedmathematicallybySirGeorgeAiry.Thediffrac-
refractive index may vary from 1.530 to 1.545 and its
tion disk forms a basis for determining the resolving power
softening point from room temperature to 100°C, these
of an ideal lens system. The diameter of the disk depends
properties varying with age and solvent content. If impure it
largely on the aperture of the lens. The diffraction of light
discolors with age.
causing theAiry disk is a factor limiting the resolution of a
Bertrand lens—see lens, Bertrand.
well corrected optical system.
bisectrix, acute—in biaxial crystals, that principal axis of the
analyzer—an optical device, capable of producing plane ellipsoid of indexes which bisects the smaller angle between
polarized light, used for detecting the state of polarization. the optic axes.
bisectrix, obtuse—inbiaxialcrystals,thatprincipalaxisofthe
a˚ngström unit—a unit of linear measure named after A. J.
−10
ellipsoid of indexes which bisects the larger angle between
Ångström. It is 1×10 metres; 1 µm=10,000 Å. It is
generally abbreviated asA. in the United States; elsewhere, the optic axes.
it is variously abbreviated Å , A., A.U., Å., or ÅU.
calcite—a doubly refracting mineral used in the manufacture
of polarizing prisms. It is uniaxial negative and in the
angular aperture—see aperture, angular.
trigonal diversion of the hexagonal system of crystals. Its
indexes are ϵ=1.486, ω =1.658; its hardness is 3 on the
Mohr scale and specific gravity 2.711.
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This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E04 on
Metallography and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E04.02 on Termi-
Canada balsam—see balsam, Canada.
nology
chromatic aberration—a defect in a lens or lens system as a
CurrenteditionapprovedJuly1,2010.PublishedJuly2010.Originallyapproved
result of which the lens possesses different focal lengths for
in 1961. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E175–82(2005). DOI:
10.1520/E0175-82R10. radiation of different wavelengths.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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E175 − 82 (2010)
collimation—the operation of controlling a beam of radiation darkfield condenser—see condenser, darkfield.
so that if the light source were a point, the light rays would
density. optical—logarithm to the vase 10 of the reciprocal of
become pa
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