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ASTM D4050-14

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for (Field Procedure) for Withdrawal and Injection Well Testing for Determining Hydraulic Properties of Aquifer Systems

Standard Test Method for (Field Procedure) for Withdrawal and Injection Well Testing for Determining Hydraulic Properties of Aquifer Systems

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Withdrawal or injection well test field procedures are used with appropriate analytical procedures in appropriate hydrogeological sites to determine transmissivity and storage coefficient of aquifers and hydraulic conductivity of confining beds.  
5.2 Practice D3740 provides evaluation factors for the activities in this test method.
Note 2: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.  
5.3 This test method may be limited due to the correspondence between the field situation determined by this test method and the simplifying assumptions of the analytical Test Methods D4106 or D4106 and D4043.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the field procedure for selecting well locations, controlling change (discharge or injection) rates, and measuring water levels used to analyze the hydraulic properties of an aquifer or aquifers and adjacent confining beds.  
1.2 This test method is used in conjunction with an analytical procedure such as Test Methods D4105 or D4106 to evaluate the data and determine aquifer properties.  
1.3 The appropriate field and analytical procedures are selected as described in Guide D4043.  
1.4 Limitations—The limitations of this test method are primarily related to the correspondence between the field situation determined by this test method and the simplifying assumptions of the analytical Test Methods D4105 or D4106 and D4043.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.6 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.  
1.6.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated, in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analytical methods for engineering design.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-May-2014
ICS
13.060.10 - Water of natural resources
Technical Committee
D18 - Soil and Rock
Drafting Committee
D18.21 - Groundwater and Vadose Zone Investigations
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D4050-96(2008) - Standard Test Method for (Field Procedure) for Withdrawal and Injection Well Tests for Determining Hydraulic Properties of Aquifer Systems
Effective Date
01-Jun-2014
Replaced By
ASTM D4050-20 - Standard Test Method for (Field Procedure) for Withdrawal and Injection Well Testing for Determining Hydraulic Properties of Aquifer Systems
Effective Date
01-Jan-2020
Referred By
ASTM D5269-15 - Standard Test Method for Determining Transmissivity of Nonleaky Confined Aquifers by the Theis Recovery Method
Effective Date
01-Jun-2014
Referred By
ASTM D6029/D6029M-20 - Standard Practice for (Analytical Procedures) Determining Hydraulic Properties of a Confined Aquifer and a Leaky Confining Bed with Negligible Storage by the Hantush-Jacob Method
Effective Date
01-Jun-2014
Referred By
ASTM D4106-20 - Standard Practice for (Analytical Procedure) for Determining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Nonleaky Confined Aquifers by the Theis Nonequilibrium Method
Effective Date
01-Jun-2014
Referred By
ASTM D5473/D5473M-20 - Standard Practice for (Analytical Procedures) Analyzing the Effects of Partial Penetration of Control Well and Determining the Horizontal and Vertical Hydraulic Conductivity in a Nonleaky Confined Aquifer
Effective Date
01-Jun-2014
Referred By
ASTM D6034-20 - Standard Practice for (Analytical Procedure) Determining the Efficiency of a Production Well in a Confined Aquifer from a Constant Rate Pumping Test
Effective Date
01-Jun-2014
Referred By
ASTM E1943-98(2015) - Standard Guide for Remediation of Ground Water by Natural Attenuation at Petroleum Release Sites
Effective Date
01-Jun-2014
Referred By
ASTM D653-22 - Standard Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
Effective Date
01-Jun-2014
Referred By
ASTM D6914/D6914M-16 - Standard Practice for Sonic Drilling for Site Characterization and the Installation of Subsurface Monitoring Devices
Effective Date
01-Jun-2014
Referred By
ASTM D6286/D6286M-20 - Standard Guide for Selection of Drilling and Direct Push Methods for Geotechnical and Environmental Subsurface Site Characterization
Effective Date
01-Jun-2014
Referred By
ASTM D6028/D6028M-20 - Standard Practice for (Analytical Procedure) Determining Hydraulic Properties of a Confined Aquifer Taking into Consideration Storage of Water in Leaky Confining Beds by Modified Hantush Method
Effective Date
01-Jun-2014
Referred By
ASTM D5270/D5270M-20 - Standard Practice for (Analytical Procedures) Determining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Bounded, Nonleaky, Confined Aquifers
Effective Date
01-Jun-2014
Referred By
ASTM D420-18 - Standard Guide for Site Characterization for Engineering Design and Construction Purposes
Effective Date
01-Jun-2014
Referred By
ASTM D5850-20 - Standard Practice for (Analytical Procedure) Determining Transmissivity, Storage Coefficient, and Anisotropy Ratio from a Network of Partially Penetrating Wells
Effective Date
01-Jun-2014

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ASTM D4050-14 - Standard Test Method for (Field Procedure) for Withdrawal and Injection Well Testing for Determining Hydraulic Properties of Aquifer SystemsASTM D4050-14 - Standard Test Method for (Field Procedure) for Withdrawal and Injection Well Testing for Determining Hydraulic Properties of Aquifer Systems
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REDLINE ASTM D4050-14 - Standard Test Method for (Field Procedure) for Withdrawal and Injection Well Testing for Determining Hydraulic Properties of Aquifer SystemsREDLINE ASTM D4050-14 - Standard Test Method for (Field Procedure) for Withdrawal and Injection Well Testing for Determining Hydraulic Properties of Aquifer Systems
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D4050 − 14
Standard Test Method for
(Field Procedure) for Withdrawal and Injection Well Testing
1
for Determining Hydraulic Properties of Aquifer Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4050; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1.1 This test method covers the field procedure for selecting
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
well locations, controlling change (discharge or injection)
rates, and measuring water levels used to analyze the hydraulic
2. Referenced Documents
properties of an aquifer or aquifers and adjacent confining
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
beds.
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
1.2 This test method is used in conjunction with an analyti-
Fluids
cal procedure such as Test Methods D4105 or D4106 to
D2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils
evaluate the data and determine aquifer properties.
(Visual-Manual Procedure)
1.3 The appropriate field and analytical procedures are D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies
selected as described in Guide D4043. Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as
Used in Engineering Design and Construction
1.4 Limitations—The limitations of this test method are
D4043 Guide for Selection of Aquifer Test Method in
primarily related to the correspondence between the field
Determining Hydraulic Properties by Well Techniques
situation determined by this test method and the simplifying
D4044 Test Method for (Field Procedure) for Instantaneous
assumptions of the analytical Test Methods D4105 or D4106
Change in Head (Slug) Tests for Determining Hydraulic
and D4043.
Properties of Aquifers
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
D4105 Test Method for (Analytical Procedure) for Deter-
standard.
mining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Non-
leaky Confined Aquifers by the Modified Theis Nonequi-
1.6 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the
guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in librium Method
Practice D6026. D4106 Test Method for (Analytical Procedure) for Deter-
1.6.1 Theproceduresusedtospecifyhowdataarecollected/ mining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Non-
recorded or calculated, in this standard are regarded as the leaky Confined Aquifers by the Theis Nonequilibrium
industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the Method
significant digits that generally should be retained. The proce- D6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical
dures used do not consider material variation, purpose for Data
obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-
3. Terminology
ations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to
increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of common technical terms
commensuratewiththeseconsiderations.Itisbeyondthescope in this test method, refer to Terminology D653.
of this standard to consider significant digits used in analytical
4. Summary of Test Method
methods for engineering design.
4.1 This test method describes the field practices in con-
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
ducting aquifer performance tests by either withdrawal or
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
injection through a well point. These methods involve chang-
ing the control well water level by either the withdrawal of
1
Thistestmethodisunder the jurisdiction ofASTM CommitteeD18onSoiland
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater and
2
Vadose Zone Investigations. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
CurrenteditionapprovedJune1,2014.PublishedJuly2014.Originallyapproved contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D4050 – 96 (2008). DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D4050-14. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4050 − 14
waterfromorinjectionofwatertoanaquiferandmeasurement 6.3 Observation Wells or Piezometers—Numbers of obser-
of the water-level response in the aquifer. The analysis of the vation wells and their dis
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4050 − 96 (Reapproved 2008) D4050 − 14
Standard Test Method for
(Field Procedure) for Withdrawal and Injection Well
TestsTesting for Determining Hydraulic Properties of Aquifer
1
Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4050; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the field procedure for selecting well locations, controlling discharge change (discharge or
injectioninjection) rates, and measuring water levels used to analyze the hydraulic properties of an aquifer or aquifers and adjacent
confining beds.
1.2 This test method is used in conjunction with an analytical procedure such as Test Methods D4105 or D4106 to evaluate the
data and determine aquifer properties.
1.3 The appropriate field and analytical procedures are selected as described in Guide D4043.
1.4 Limitations—The limitations of this test method are primarily related to the correspondence between the field situation
determined by this test method and the simplifying assumptions of the analytical Test Methods D4105 or D4106 and D4043.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
1.6 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice
D6026.
1.6.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated, in this standard are regarded as the industry
standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not
consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives;
and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations.
It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analytical methods for engineering design.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
D2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils (Visual-Manual Procedure)
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in
Engineering Design and Construction
D4043 Guide for Selection of Aquifer Test Method in Determining Hydraulic Properties by Well Techniques
D4044 Test Method for (Field Procedure) for Instantaneous Change in Head (Slug) Tests for Determining Hydraulic Properties
of Aquifers
D4105 Test Method for (Analytical Procedure) for Determining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Nonleaky Confined
Aquifers by the Modified Theis Nonequilibrium Method
D4106 Test Method for (Analytical Procedure) for Determining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Nonleaky Confined
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater and Vadose
Zone Investigations.
Current edition approved Sept. 15, 2008June 1, 2014. Published October 2008July 2014. Originally approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 20022008 as
D4050 – 96 (2008). (2002). DOI: 10.1520/D4050-96R08.10.1520/D4050-14.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4050 − 14
Aquifers by the Theis Nonequilibrium Method
D4750D6026 Test Method for Determining Subsurface Liquid Levels in a Borehole or Monitoring Well (Observation
Well)Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical Data (Withdrawn 2010)
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 aquifer,
...

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1.5 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “standard” in the title means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standar...

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ASTM
ASTM D6001/D6001M-20(Guide)
Standard Guide for Direct-Push Groundwater Sampling for Environmental Site Characterization

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Direct-push groundwater sampling and profiling are economical methods for obtaining discrete interval groundwater quality samples in many soils and unconsolidated formations without the expense of permanent monitoring well installation (1-10).4 Many of these devices can be used to profile groundwater quality or contamination and/or hydraulic conductivity with depth by performing repetitive sampling and testing events. DP groundwater sampling is often used in expedited site characterization (Practice D6235) and as a means to accomplish high resolution site characterization (HRSC) (11, 12). The formation to be sampled should be sufficiently permeable to allow filling of the sampler in a relatively short time. The zone to be sampled and/or slug tested can be isolated by matching sampler screen length to obtain discrete samples of thin saturated, permeable layers. Use of these sampling and hydraulic testing techniques will result in more detailed characterization of sites containing multiple aquifers. The field conditions, sampler design and data quality objectives should be reviewed to determine if development (Guide D5521/D5521M) of the screened formation is appropriate. The samplers do not have a filter pack designed to retain fines like conventional wells, but only a slotted screen or wire-mesh covered ports. So, obtaining low turbidity samples may be difficult or even impossible in formations with a significant proportion of fine-grained materials. With most systems turbidity will always be high so consult Guide D6564/D6564M if field filtration of samples is required. Discrete water sampling, combined with knowledge of location and thickness of target aquifers, may better define conditions in thin multiple aquifers than monitoring wells with long screened intervals that can intersect and allow for intercommunication of multiple aquifers (4, 6, 11-15). DP sampling performed without knowledge of the location and thickness of target aquifers can result in sampling...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers a review of methods for sampling groundwater at discrete points or in increments by insertion of groundwater sampling devices using Direct Push Methods (D6286/D6286M, see 3.3.2). By directly pushing the sampler, the soil is displaced and helps to form an annular seal above the sampling zone. Direct-push water sampling can be one time, or multiple sampling events. Knowledge of site specific geology and hydrogeologic conditions is necessary to successfully obtain groundwater samples with these devices.  
1.2 Direct-push methods of water sampling are used for groundwater quality and geohydrologic studies. Water quality and permeability may vary at different depths below the surface depending on geohydrologic conditions. Incremental sampling or sampling at discrete depths is used to determine the distribution of contaminants and to more completely characterize geohydrologic environments. These explorations are frequently advised in characterization of hazardous and toxic waste sites and for geohydrologic studies.  
1.3 This guide covers several types of groundwater samplers; sealed screen samplers, profiling samplers, dual tube sampling systems, and simple exposed screen samplers. In general, sealed screen samplers driven to discrete depth provide the highest quality water samples. Profiling samplers using an exposed screen(s) which are purged between sampling events allow for more rapid sample collection at multiple depths. Simple exposed screen samplers driven to a test zone with no purging prior to sampling may result in more questionable water quality if exposed to upper contaminated zones, and in that case, would be considered screening devices.  
1.4 Methods for obtaining groundwater samples for water quality analysis and detection of contaminants are presented. These methods include use of related standards such as; selection of purging and sampling devices (Guide D6452 and D6634/D6634M), samp...

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ASTM
ASTM D6029/D6029M-20(Practice)
Standard Practice for (Analytical Procedures) Determining Hydraulic Properties of a Confined Aquifer and a Leaky Confining Bed with Negligible Storage by the Hantush-Jacob Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Assumptions:  
5.1.1 The control well discharges at a constant rate, Q.  
5.1.2 The control well is of infinitesimal diameter and fully penetrates the aquifer.  
5.1.3 The aquifer is homogeneous, isotropic, and areally extensive.
Note 2: Slug and pumping tests implicitly assume a porous medium. Fractured rock and carbonate settings may not provide meaningful data and information.  
5.1.4 The aquifer remains saturated (that is, water level does not decline below the top of the aquifer).  
5.1.5 The aquifer is overlain, or underlain, everywhere by a confining bed having a uniform hydraulic conductivity and thickness. It is assumed that there is no change of water storage in this confining bed and that the hydraulic gradient across this bed changes instantaneously with a change in head in the aquifer. This confining bed is bounded on the distal side by a uniform head source where the head does not change with time.  
5.1.6 The other confining bed is impermeable.  
5.1.7 Leakage into the aquifer is vertical and proportional to the drawdown, and flow in the aquifer is strictly horizontal.  
5.1.8 Flow in the aquifer is two-dimensional and radial in the horizontal plane.  
5.2 The geometry of the well and aquifer system is shown in Fig. 1.  
5.3 Implications of Assumptions:  
5.3.1 Paragraph 5.1.1 indicates that the discharge from the control well is at a constant rate. Section 8.1 of Test Method D4050 discusses the variation from a strictly constant rate that is acceptable. A continuous trend in the change of the discharge rate could result in misinterpretation of the water-level change data unless taken into consideration.  
5.3.2 The leaky confining bed problem considered by the Hantush-Jacob solution requires that the control well has an infinitesimal diameter and has no storage. Abdul Khader and Ramadurgaiah (5) developed graphs of a solution for the drawdowns in a large-diameter control well discharging at a constant rate from an aquifer confined...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers an analytical procedure for determining the transmissivity and storage coefficient of a confined aquifer and the leakance value of an overlying or underlying confining bed for the case where there is negligible change of water in storage in a confining bed. This practice is used to analyze water-level or head data collected from one or more observation wells or piezometers during the pumping of water from a control well at a constant rate. With appropriate changes in sign, this practice also can be used to analyze the effects of injecting water into a control well at a constant rate.  
1.2 This analytical procedure is used in conjunction with Test Method D4050.  
1.3 Limitations—The valid use of the Hantush-Jacob method is limited to the determination of hydraulic properties for aquifers in hydrogeologic settings with reasonable correspondence to the assumptions of the Theis nonequilibrium method (Practice D4106) with the exception that in this case the aquifer is overlain, or underlain, everywhere by a confining bed having a uniform hydraulic conductivity and thickness, and in which the gain or loss of water in storage is assumed to be negligible, and that bed, in turn, is bounded on the distal side by a zone in which the head remains constant. The hydraulic conductivity of the other bed confining the aquifer is so small that it is assumed to be impermeable (see Fig. 1).
FIG. 1 Cross Section Through a Discharging Well in a Leaky Aquifer (from Reed (1)3). The Confining and Impermeable Bed Locations Can Be Interchanged  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard. Reporting of results in units other than SI shall not...

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ASTM
ASTM D4104/D4104M-20(Practice)
Standard Practice for (Analytical Procedures) Determining Transmissivity of Nonleaky Confined Aquifers by Overdamped Well Response to Instantaneous Change in Head (Slug Tests)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Assumptions of Solution of Cooper et al (1):  
5.1.1 The head change in the control well is instantaneous at time t  = 0.  
5.1.2 Well is of finite diameter and fully penetrates the aquifer.  
5.1.3 Flow in the nonleaky aquifer is radial.
Note 2: The exact conservation equation of Richards (5)with the volumetric water content can be simplified to take the form used in the solution of (1)with the storage coefficient, which implies several assumptions including that of constant total stresses (6).  
5.2 Implications of Assumptions:  
5.2.1 The mathematical equations applied ignore inertial effects and assume the water level returns the static level in an approximate exponential manner. The geometric configuration of the well and aquifer are shown in Fig. 1.
FIG. 1 Cross Section Through a Well in Which a Slug of Water is Suddenly Injected  
5.2.2 Assumptions are applicable to artesian or confined conditions and fully penetrating wells. However, this practice is commonly applied to partially penetrating wells and in unconfined aquifers where it may provide estimates of hydraulic conductivity for the aquifer interval adjacent to the open interval of the well if the horizontal hydraulic conductivity is significantly greater than the vertical hydraulic conductivity.
Note 3: Slug and pumping tests implicitly assume a porous medium. Fractured rock and carbonate settings may not provide meaningful data and information.  
5.2.3 As pointed out by Cooper et al (1) the determination of storage coefficient by this practice has questionable reliability because of the similar shape of the curves, whereas, the determination of transmissivity is not as sensitive to choosing the correct curve. However, the curve selected should not imply a storage coefficient unrealistically large or small.
Note 4: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities us...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the determination of transmissivity from the measurement of force-free (overdamped) response of a well-aquifer system to a sudden change of water level in a well. Force-free response of water level in a well to a sudden change in water level is characterized by recovery to initial water level in an approximate exponential manner with negligible inertial effects.  
1.2 The analytical procedure in this practice is used in conjunction with the field procedure in Test Method D4044/D4044M for collection of test data.  
1.3 Limitations—Slug tests are considered to provide an estimate of transmissivity. Although the assumptions of this practice prescribe a fully penetrating well (a well open through the full thickness of the aquifer), the slug test is commonly conducted using a partially penetrating well. Such a practice may be acceptable for application under conditions in which the aquifer is stratified and horizontal hydraulic conductivity is much greater than vertical hydraulic conductivity. In such a case the test would be considered to be representative of the average hydraulic conductivity of the portion of the aquifer adjacent to the open interval of the well.  
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.  
1.4.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in the standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this practice to consider significant digits use...

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ASTM
ASTM D5472/D5472M-20(Practice)
Standard Practice for Determining Specific Capacity and Estimating Transmissivity at the Control Well

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Assumptions of the Theis (1) equation affect specific capacity and transmissivity estimated from specific capacity. These assumptions are given below:  
5.1.1 Aquifer is homogeneous and isotropic.  
5.1.2 Aquifer is horizontal, of uniform thickness, and infinite in areal extent.  
5.1.3 Aquifer is confined by impermeable strata on its upper and lower boundaries.  
5.1.4 Density gradient in the flowing fluid must be negligible and the viscous resistance to flow must obey Darcy's Law.  
5.1.5 Control well penetrates and receives water equally from the entire thickness of the aquifer.  
5.1.6 Control well has an infinitesimal diameter.  
5.1.7 Control well discharges at a constant rate.  
5.1.8 Control well operates at 100 percent efficiency.  
5.1.9 Aquifer remains saturated throughout the duration of pumping.  
5.2 Implications of Assumptions and Limitations of Method.  
5.2.1 The simplifying assumptions necessary for solution of the Theis equation and application of the method are never fully met in a field situation. The satisfactory use of the method may depend upon the application of one or more empirical correction factors being applied to the field data.  
5.2.2 Generally the values of transmissivity derived from specific capacity vary from those values determined from aquifer tests utilizing observation wells. These differences may reflect 1) that specific-capacity represents the response of a small part of the aquifer near the well and may be greatly influenced by conditions near the well such as a gravel pack or graded material resulting from well development, and 2) effects of well efficiency and partial penetration.  
5.2.3 The values of transmissivity estimated from specific capacity data are considered less accurate than values obtained from analysis of drawdowns that are observed some distance from the pumped well.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this practice is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a procedure for conducting a specific capacity test, computing the specific capacity of a control well, and estimating the transmissivity in the vicinity of the control well. Specific capacity is the well yield per unit drawdown at an identified time after pumping started.  
1.2 This practice is used in conjunction with Test Method D4050 for conducting withdrawal and injection well tests.  
1.3 The method of determining transmissivity from specific capacity is a variation of the nonequilibrium method of Theis  (1)2 for determining transmissivity and storage coefficient of an aquifer. The Theis nonequilibrium method is given in Practice D4106.  
1.4 Limitations—The limitations of the technique for determining transmissivity are primarily related to the correspondence between the field situation and the simplifying assumptions of the Theis method.  
1.5 The scope of this practice is limited by the capabilities of the apparatus.  
1.6 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.  
1.6.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in this practice are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that should generally be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this practice to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.  
1.7 Units—The values stated in SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system...

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ASTM
ASTM D5850-20(Practice)
Standard Practice for (Analytical Procedure) Determining Transmissivity, Storage Coefficient, and Anisotropy Ratio from a Network of Partially Penetrating Wells

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is one of several available for determining vertical anisotropy ratio. Among other available methods are Weeks ((5); see Practice D5473/D5473M), that relies on distance-drawdown data, and Way and McKee (6), that utilizes time-drawdown data. An important restriction of the Weeks distance-drawdown method is that the observation wells need to have identical construction (screened intervals) and two or more of the observation wells need to be located at a distance from the pumped well beyond the effects of partial penetration. The procedure described in this practice general distance-drawdown method, in that it works in theory for most observation well configurations incorporating three or more wells, provided some of the wells are within the zone where flow is affected by partial penetration.  
5.2 Assumptions:  
5.2.1 Control well discharges at a constant rate, Q.  
5.2.2 Control well is of infinitesimal diameter and partially penetrates the aquifer.  
5.2.3 Data are obtained from a number of partially penetrating observation wells, some screened at elevations similar to that in the pumped well and some screened at different elevations.  
5.2.4 The aquifer is confined, homogeneous and areally extensive. The aquifer may be anisotropic, and, if so, the directions of maximum and minimum hydraulic conductivity are horizontal and vertical, respectively.  
5.2.5 Discharge from the well is derived exclusively from storage in the aquifer.  
5.3 Calculation Requirements—Application of this method is computationally intensive. The function, fs, shown in (Eq 4) should be evaluated numerous times using arbitrary input parameters. It is not practical to use existing, somewhat limited, tables of values for fs and, because this equation is rather formidable, it may not be easily tractable by hand. Because of this, it is assumed the practitioner using this will have available a computerized procedure for evaluating the function fs. This can be accomplished u...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers an analytical procedure for determining the transmissivity, storage coefficient, and ratio of vertical to horizontal hydraulic conductivity of a confined aquifer using observation well drawdown measurements from a constant-rate pumping test. This practice uses data from a minimum of four partially penetrating, recommended to be positioned observation wells around a partially penetrating control well.  
1.2 The analytical procedure is used in conjunction with the field procedure in Test Method D4050.  
1.3 Limitations—The limitations of the technique for determination of the horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivity of aquifers are primarily related to the correspondence between the field situation and the simplifying assumption of this practice.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are mathematical conversions, which are provided for information purposes only and are not considered standard. The reporting of results in units other than inch-pound shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.  
1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026, unless superseded by this standard.  
1.6 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objective; and it is common practice to increase or reduce the significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis method or engineeri...

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