ASTM C1564-20

Standard Guide for Use of Silicone Sealants for Protective Glazing Systems

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Guidelines are provided for the use of silicone sealants in protective glazing. Protective glazing incorporates various forms of glazing that are not covered in Guides C1401 and C1193. The requirements for a sealant in protective glazing are similar to the requirements for structural sealant glazing. However, for certain applications, such as missile impact and blast resistant glazing, sealant requirements may be greater. Modes of failure for blast resistant glazing can be different than the modes of failure for missile impact glazing. Of particular concern is the outbound glazing support loading from blast wave negative phase pressure or the dynamic rebound of the glazing, or both.  
4.2 Many types of protective glazing systems are relatively new and the test methods and standards for protective glazing are continually evolving. Because the demands on a sealant in protective glazing systems are changing, guidelines are necessarily general in many instances.  
4.3 As a component of a glazing system, the sealant can be a factor in whether a glazing system meets the requirements of a specific test method but other factors such as the frame and glazing type, may be of greater influence.  
4.4 The designer of a protective glazing system should consult with the various manufacturers of the component materials. The experience and judgment of the glazing system designer working with the sealant manufacturer and other component manufacturers, can ultimately determine whether a specific glazing system will successfully meet a specific test requirement.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the use of silicone sealants in protective glazing systems for building construction. Protective glazing includes systems designed for use in applications subject to natural hazards, such as hurricanes, earthquakes, windstorms, impacts from wind-borne debris; and assaults such as burglary, air blasts, forced-entry attacks and ballistic attacks.  
1.2 While other glazing accessories and components are used in protective glazing, this document specifically describes the use of silicone sealants for protective glazing systems.  
1.3 This guide provides information useful to design professionals, architects, manufacturers, installers, and others for the design and use of silicone sealants for protective glazing systems.  
1.4 A silicone sealant is only one component of a glazing system. A glazing system that meets the testing and code requirement for protective glazing must successfully integrate the frame and its anchorage, glass, or other glazing materials, protective film or interlayer and silicone sealant into a high performance system. Compliance with code or other requirements can be determined through physical testing of the glazing system or through computer simulation.  
1.5 Glazing systems using silicone sealants that have successfully met the test requirements for missile impact and airblast test requirements incorporate the use of silicone sealants specifically formulated, tested, and marketed for this application. Sealants that are commonly used today comply with Specifications C920 and C1184.  
1.6 This guide does not discuss sealants intended to protect against radioactivity or provide biological containment.  
1.7 The committee with jurisdiction over this standard is not aware of any comparable standards published by other organizations.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade ...

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Apr-2020
• ICS: 71.100.55 - Silicones
• Technical Committee: C24 - Building Seals and Sealants
• Drafting Committee: C24.10 - Specifications, Guides and Practices

Relations

• Refers: ASTM E1886-19 - Standard Test Method for Performance of Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, Doors, and Impact Protective Systems Impacted by Missile(s) and Exposed to Cyclic Pressure Differentials
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2019
• Refers: ASTM C1135-19 - Standard Test Method for Determining Tensile Adhesion Properties of Structural Sealants
• Effective Date: 01-May-2019
• Refers: ASTM C717-19 - Standard Terminology of Building Seals and Sealants
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2019
• Refers: ASTM C1184-18 - Standard Specification for Structural Silicone Sealants
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2018
• Refers: ASTM C717-18 - Standard Terminology of Building Seals and Sealants
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2018
• Refers: ASTM C920-18 - Standard Specification for Elastomeric Joint Sealants
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2018
• Refers: ASTM C717-17a - Standard Terminology of Building Seals and Sealants
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2017
• Refers: ASTM F2912-17 - Standard Specification for Glazing and Glazing Systems Subject to Airblast Loadings
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2017
• Refers: ASTM C717-17 - Standard Terminology of Building Seals and Sealants
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2017
• Refers: ASTM C717-16a - Standard Terminology of Building Seals and Sealants
• Effective Date: 15-Nov-2016
• Refers: ASTM C717-16 - Standard Terminology of Building Seals and Sealants
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2016
• Refers: ASTM C1472-16 - Standard Guide for Calculating Movement and Other Effects When Establishing Sealant Joint Width
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2016
• Refers: ASTM C1135-15 - Standard Test Method for Determining Tensile Adhesion Properties of Structural Sealants
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2015
• Refers: ASTM C794-15a - Standard Test Method for Adhesion-in-Peel of Elastomeric Joint Sealants
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2015
• Refers: ASTM C794-15 - Standard Test Method for Adhesion-in-Peel of Elastomeric Joint Sealants
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2015

Overview

ASTM C1564-20: Standard Guide for Use of Silicone Sealants for Protective Glazing Systems offers important guidelines for the selection and use of silicone sealants in protective glazing applications. This standard, developed by ASTM International, is applicable to building construction projects where glazing systems must withstand natural hazards and intentional assaults. These hazards include hurricanes, earthquakes, windstorms, debris impacts, forced-entry, burglary, air blasts, and ballistic attacks.

Protective glazing systems provide enhanced safety, security, and resilience for building envelopes. Silicone sealants play a critical role in maintaining the integrity of glazed openings, helping to prevent building envelope breaches that can result in extensive structural damage. ASTM C1564-20 provides valuable information for architects, engineers, designers, manufacturers, and installers looking to ensure robust, compliant protective glazing assemblies.

Key Topics

Silicone Sealant Performance in Protective Glazing

• Silicone sealants are crucial for both structural and weather-sealing functions in protective glazing.
• Protective glazing often requires higher-performance sealants compared to typical structural glazing, especially for blast- and impact-resistant applications.
• The guide discusses key sealant properties such as adhesion, compatibility, strength/modulus, tear resistance, durability, and movement capability.
• Applies to both structural and non-structural uses, including retrofits with fragment retention films and residential impact-resistant windows.

Design and Testing Considerations

• Successful protective glazing systems incorporate several components: frames, anchorage, glass, interlayers/films, and sealants.
• Physical testing and computer simulation are essential to confirm system performance and code compliance.
• Joint design parameters (such as bite and thickness) are critical for satisfactory performance under impact or blast loading conditions, but must be established on a project-specific basis.
• Recommendations are made for engaging sealant and system manufacturers early in the design process.

Installation and Maintenance

• Proper sealant installation, surface preparation, curing, and quality assurance are crucial for long-term performance in protective glazing systems.
• Both factory and on-site glazing scenarios are addressed.
• The standard emphasizes the need for ongoing maintenance plans, including regular inspection and reglazing procedures.

Applications

ASTM C1564-20 is applicable to a broad range of building construction scenarios requiring protective glazing systems:

• High-rise commercial buildings in hurricane-prone regions where impact-resistant windows are code-mandated.
• Critical infrastructure such as government facilities or airports demanding blast-resistant glazing assemblies.
• Retail and banking environments where forced-entry and burglary resistance are primary concerns.
• Residential windows in areas subject to windborne debris or severe storms.
• Retrofit projects upgrading existing glazing with protective films, anchored by silicone sealants, for enhanced safety.

By providing a structured guide for sealant evaluation and specification, ASTM C1564-20 supports safer building envelopes and compliance with stringent safety and security codes.

Related Standards

Several other ASTM documents support and complement ASTM C1564-20. Key related standards include:

• ASTM C920 – Specification for Elastomeric Joint Sealants
• ASTM C1184 – Specification for Structural Silicone Sealants
• ASTM C1193 – Guide for Use of Joint Sealants
• ASTM C1401 – Guide for Structural Sealant Glazing
• ASTM E1886 – Test Method for Performance of Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, Doors, and Impact Protective Systems Impacted by Missile(s) and Exposed to Cyclic Pressure Differentials
• ASTM F1642 – Test Method for Glazing and Glazing Systems Subject to Airblast Loadings
• ASTM F2912 – Specification for Glazing and Glazing Systems Subject to Airblast Loadings

Referencing these standards alongside ASTM C1564-20 ensures comprehensive design, testing, and performance verification of protective glazing systems using silicone sealants.

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Keywords: ASTM C1564-20, silicone sealants, protective glazing, blast resistant glazing, impact resistant glazing, building safety, standard guide, sealant selection, window security, structural glazing.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: C1564 − 20
Standard Guide for
Use of Silicone Sealants for Protective Glazing Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1564; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1 This guide covers the use of silicone sealants in protec-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
tive glazing systems for building construction. Protective
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
glazing includes systems designed for use in applications
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
subject to natural hazards, such as hurricanes, earthquakes,
1.9 This international standard was developed in accor-
windstorms, impacts from wind-borne debris; and assaults
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
such as burglary, air blasts, forced-entry attacks and ballistic
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
attacks.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
1.2 While other glazing accessories and components are
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
used in protective glazing, this document specifically describes
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
the use of silicone sealants for protective glazing systems.
2. Referenced Documents
1.3 This guide provides information useful to design
2.1 ASTM Standards:
professionals, architects, manufacturers, installers, and others
C717 Terminology of Building Seals and Sealants
forthedesignanduseofsiliconesealantsforprotectiveglazing
C719 Test Method for Adhesion and Cohesion of Elasto-
systems.
meric Joint Sealants Under Cyclic Movement (Hockman
1.4 A silicone sealant is only one component of a glazing
Cycle)
system. A glazing system that meets the testing and code
C794 Test Method forAdhesion-in-Peel of Elastomeric Joint
requirement for protective glazing must successfully integrate
Sealants
the frame and its anchorage, glass, or other glazing materials,
C920 Specification for Elastomeric Joint Sealants
protective film or interlayer and silicone sealant into a high
C1087 Test Method for Determining Compatibility of
performance system. Compliance with code or other require-
Liquid-Applied Sealants with Accessories Used in Struc-
ments can be determined through physical testing of the
tural Glazing Systems
glazing system or through computer simulation.
C1135 Test Method for Determining TensileAdhesion Prop-
1.5 Glazing systems using silicone sealants that have suc- erties of Structural Sealants
cessfully met the test requirements for missile impact and C1184 Specification for Structural Silicone Sealants
airblast test requirements incorporate the use of silicone C1193 Guide for Use of Joint Sealants
sealants specifically formulated, tested, and marketed for this C1394 Guide for In-Situ Structural Silicone Glazing Evalu-
application. Sealants that are commonly used today comply ation
with Specifications C920 and C1184. C1401 Guide for Structural Sealant Glazing
C1472 Guide for Calculating Movement and Other Effects
1.6 This guide does not discuss sealants intended to protect
When Establishing Sealant Joint Width
against radioactivity or provide biological containment.
C1682 Guide for Characterization of Spent Nuclear Fuel in
1.7 Thecommitteewithjurisdictionoverthisstandardisnot
Support of Interim Storage, Transportation and Geologic
aware of any comparable standards published by other orga-
Repository Disposal
nizations.
D624 Test Method for Tear Strength of Conventional Vul-
canized Rubber and Thermoplastic Elastomers
E631 Terminology of Building Constructions
ThisguideisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeC24onBuildingSeals
and Sealants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C24.10 on
Specifications, Guides and Practices. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
CurrenteditionapprovedMay1,2020.PublishedJuly2020.Originallyapproved contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as C1564 – 15. DOI: 10.1520/ Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
C1564-20. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C1564 − 20
E1886 Test Method for Performance of Exterior Windows, component manufacturers, can ultimately determine whether a
Curtain Walls, Doors, and Impact Protective Systems specific glazing system will successfully meet a specific test
Impacted by Missile(s) and Exposed to Cyclic Pressure requirement.
Differentials
5. Introduction
E2395 Specification for Voluntary Security Performance of
5.1 Protective glazing systems are designed for the protec-
Window and Door Assemblies with Glazing Impact
tion of the building occupants and the general public from
F1233 Test Method for Security Glazing Materials And
various natural and man-made occurrences that could cause
Systems
injury or damage. Natural hazards include hurricanes,
F1642 Test Method for Glazing and Glazing Systems Sub-
earthquakes, and windstorms; which with their high winds and
ject to Airblast Loadings
wind-driven rain, can cause failure of joint sealants.
F2912 Specification for Glazing and Glazing Systems Sub-
Additionally, flying debris resulting from high winds can cause
ject to Airblast Loadings
damage to the glazing system. Test methods, such as E1886,
F3038 Test Method for Timed Evaluation of Forced-Entry-
simulate the effect of flying debris during a windstorm.
Resistant Systems
Man-made occurrences include bomb blast, forced-entry
2.2 GSA Standard:
attack, ballistic attack, burglary, and vandalism. Test Method
US General Services Administration (GSA) Standard Test
F1642, Specification F2912, and GSA Standard Test Method
Method for Glazing and Window Systems Subject to
3 for Glazing and Window Systems Subject to Dynamic Over-
Dynamic Overpressure Loading
pressure Loading provide information related to testing and
2.3 Department of Defense:
application of glazing systems subject to blast loading. Com-
UFC 4-010-01 MinimumAntiterrorism Standards for Build-
puter software programs such as WINGARD or or SBEDS-W
ings
may be used to evaluate the effects of a blast on a glazing
system. Particular attention should be given to limitations of
3. Terminology
the current computer programs. For example, WINGARD is
3.1 Definitions—Refer to Terminologies C717 and E631 for
based on the assumption that the edges of the glazing are
definitions of terms used in this guide.
mechanically captured in a bite, which is not true for many
blastloadapplications.TestMethodsF1233andF3038provide
4. Significance and Use
procedures for evaluation of resistance due to ballistic and
4.1 Guidelines are provided for the use of silicone sealants
forced entry attack; and E2395 provides procedures for evalu-
in protective glazing. Protective glazing incorporates various
ation of burglary resistance.
forms of glazing that are not covered in Guides C1401 and
5.2 Asealant can play a crucial role in retaining the glazing
C1193.The requirements for a sealant in protective glazing are
material in the opening and thus preserving the integrity of the
similar to the requirements for structural sealant glazing.
buildingenvelope.Ifthebuildingenvelopeislostduetofailure
However, for certain applications, such as missile impact and
of the glazing system, the building can become pressurized
blast resistant glazing, sealant requirements may be greater.
resulting in significant damage to the structure, its contents and
Modesoffailureforblastresistantglazingcanbedifferentthan
its occupants. In the case of blast resistant systems, the
the modes of failure for missile impact glazing. Of particular
requirement may or may not include retaining the glazing in
concern is the outbound glazing support loading from blast
the opening after the event. The type of framing system,
wave negative phase pressure or the dynamic rebound of the
glazingmaterial(s),connections,andsealantarecomponentsof
glazing, or both.
a glazing system that must meet demanding test requirements;
4.2 Many types of protective glazing systems are relatively
and when considered separately, may or may not have a
new and the test methods and standards for protective glazing
significant impact on system performance.
are continually evolving. Because the demands on a sealant in
6. Sealant Considerations
protective glazing systems are changing, guidelines are neces-
6.1 Depending on the specific requirement of the protective
sarily general in many instances.
glazing system, the properties of the sealant can be critical to
4.3 As a component of a glazing system, the sealant can be
the overall performance of the system. Important properties to
a factor in whether a glazing system meets the requirements of
consider when selecting a sealant for any glazing system
a specific test method but other factors such as the frame and
include the following:
glazing type, may be of greater influence.
6.1.1 Adhesion—Sealant adhesion to component surfaces
4.4 The designer of a protective glazing system should
should be confirmed as acceptable. Components’ surfaces of
consult with the various manufacturers of the component
the glazing system may include glass, glass coatings, metal,
materials. The experience and judgment of the glazing system
wood, plastic, film laminate, or other material to which
designer working with the sealant manufacturer and other
adhesion is required. Adhesion can be determined using Test
Methods C794 or C1135.The performance requirements speci-
fied in C1184 should be considered as the minimum require-
U.S. General Services Administration (GSA), 1800 F Street, NW Washington,
ment for most missile impact and blast resistant glazing
DC 20405
systems. Guide C1193 includes a discussion on adhesion and
Online, Available: https://www.wbdg.org/ffc/dod/unified-facilities-criteria-ufc/
ufc-4-010-01 testing that may be helpful.
C1564 − 20
6.1.2 Compatibility—Sealant compatibility with each of the 7. Design Considerations
glazing components should be verified. Components include
7.1 Currently there are no industry-accepted standards for
PVB,ionomer,polycarbonateorotherinterlayermaterialsused
the design of sealant joints in protective glazing systems. The
for laminated glass, insulating glass unit edge sealants, glazing
considerations discussed below are based on findings from
and other gasket and spacer materials, metal framing materials
actual tests of protective glazing systems according to Test
and factory applied coatings. Compatibility with gasket or
Methods E1886, F1642, and GSA Standard Test Method for
other accessory materials is determined using Test Method
Glazing and Glazing Systems Subject to Airblast Loadings.
C1087. Guide C1193 includes a discussion on compatibility
Unlike structural glazing where joint dimensions can be
and testing that may be helpful.
calculated and precisely determined, this capability does not
6.1.3 Strength and Modulus—Sealant strength and modulus
exist for the design of joints in protective glazing systems.
are very important factors in determining whether a glazing
Variables such as glass type and dimension, laminate type,
system will pass a specific protective glazing requirement. A
framing system, anchoring, applied loads, and other factors
sealant with an ultimate tensile strength that is too low may not
will all have an impact on the performance of the sealant joint
be able to support the glazing through a specific missile impact
in a protective glazing system. In most cases, the glazing
or airblast test requirement. As a guide, the strength require-
should be designed to remain in the opening after the load
ments and modulus consideration identified in Specification
event. While that is the recommended result, an exception
C1184 should be followed. For some applications, such as
includes glass fragments entering the room as classified by the
encountered in certain blast resistant test requirements, these
GSA Standard Test Method for Glazing and Glazing Systems
strength requirements and modulus considerations may not be
Subject to Dynamic Overpressure Loading or by Test Method
sufficient and a higher strength structural silicone will be
F1642 and Specification F2912. Another exception is the
required. Since certain high modulus sealants have lower
possible allowance for the glazing panel to be ejected from the
movement capability, considerations should be made to ensure
frame to the outside of the building as allowed by UFC
that relative component movement across the sealant joint does
4-010-01 for lower levels of protection. The allowance for the
not exceed the movement capability of the sealant.
glazing to leave the frame introduces various post-event safety
6.1.4 Tear Characteristics and Fatigue—Along with
and security concerns. Accordingly, there should be clear
strength and modulus, the ability of a sealant to withstand the
definition as to whether ejection of the glazing panel is
impact and cyclic (fatigue) loading of certain protective
acceptable or if the blast design should include resistance to
glazing test methods is important. Resistance to tearing and
ejection of the glazing panels.
tear strength are similar concepts; and Test Methods D624 and
7.2 Applied Loads—Protective glazing that is designed to
C1682 can be useful in determining whether a sealant can
resist blast loading must also be designed to resist other lateral
withstand the impulse load of an airblast test or the cyclic
loads such as those required by the local building code, which
loading of a missile impact test. The ability of a sealant to
usually include lateral wind loads and seismic events. For
withstand the fatigue associated with cyclic loading is an
example, the design requirements for protective glazing to
important consideration that may deem a sealant appropriate
resist airblast loading can sometimes differ from those for an
for missile impact applications. It is recommended that infor-
applied lateral load from the local wind environment. Glass or
mation regarding fatigue and cyclic performance for the
a glass composite product with the necessary strength and
product(s) under consideration be obtained from the sealant
deflection characteristics for a protective glazing system, when
manufacturer(s).
designed for blast resistance, may not have the necessary
6.1.5 Durability—Sealant durability is important in protec-
strength and deflection characteristics to resist a building code
tive glazing. A sealant used in protective glazing is subject to
or laboratory test determined wind load. The designer of a
a broad range of environmental factors including: temperature
protective glazing system must consider both airblast and wind
cycling, solar radiation exposure, moisture from the environ-
load requirements. Doing so may
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C1564 − 15 C1564 − 20
Standard Guide for
Use of Silicone Sealants for Protective Glazing Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1564; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide covers the use of silicone sealants in protective glazing systems for building construction. Protective glazing
includes systems designed for use in applications subject to natural disastershazards, such as hurricanes, earthquakes, windstorms
and forms of forced entry such as blasts, burglary, and ballistic attack.windstorms, impacts from wind-borne debris; and assaults
such as burglary, air blasts, forced-entry attacks and ballistic attacks.
1.2 While other glazing accessories and components are used in protective glazing, this document specifically describes the use
of silicone sealants for protective glazing systems.
1.3 This guide provides information useful to design professionals, architects, manufacturers, installers, and others for the
design and installationuse of silicone sealants for protective glazing systems.
1.4 A silicone sealant is only one component of a glazing system. A glazing system that meets the testing and code requirement
for impactprotective glazing must successfully integrate the frame and its anchorage, glass, or other glazing materials, protective
film or interlayer and silicone sealant into a high performance system. Compliance with code or other requirements can be
determined through physical testing of the glazing system or through computer simulation.
1.5 Glazing systems using silicone sealants that have successfully met the test requirements for missile impact and bomb blast
airblast test requirements incorporate the use of silicone sealants specifically formulated, tested, and marketed for this application.
Sealants that are commonly used today comply with Specifications C920 and C1184.
1.6 This guide does not discuss sealants intended to protect against radioactivity or provide biological containment.
1.7 The committee with jurisdiction over this standard is not aware of any comparable standards published by other
organizations.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory requirementslimitations prior to use.
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C717 Terminology of Building Seals and Sealants
C719 Test Method for Adhesion and Cohesion of Elastomeric Joint Sealants Under Cyclic Movement (Hockman Cycle)
C794 Test Method for Adhesion-in-Peel of Elastomeric Joint Sealants
C920 Specification for Elastomeric Joint Sealants
C1087 Test Method for Determining Compatibility of Liquid-Applied Sealants with Accessories Used in Structural Glazing
Systems
C1135 Test Method for Determining Tensile Adhesion Properties of Structural Sealants
C1184 Specification for Structural Silicone Sealants
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C24 on Building Seals and Sealants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C24.10 on Specifications,
Guides and Practices.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2015May 1, 2020. Published January 2016July 2020. Originally approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 20092015 as
C1564 – 04C1564 – 15.(2009). DOI: 10.1520/C1564-15.10.1520/C1564-20.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C1564 − 20
C1193 Guide for Use of Joint Sealants
C1394 Guide for In-Situ Structural Silicone Glazing Evaluation
C1401 Guide for Structural Sealant Glazing
C1472 Guide for Calculating Movement and Other Effects When Establishing Sealant Joint Width
C1682 Guide for Characterization of Spent Nuclear Fuel in Support of Interim Storage, Transportation and Geologic Repository
Disposal
D624 Test Method for Tear Strength of Conventional Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplastic Elastomers
E631 Terminology of Building Constructions
E1886 Test Method for Performance of Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, Doors, and Impact Protective Systems Impacted by
Missile(s) and Exposed to Cyclic Pressure Differentials
E2395 Specification for Voluntary Security Performance of Window and Door Assemblies with Glazing Impact
F1233 Test Method for Security Glazing Materials And Systems
F1642 Test Method for Glazing and Glazing Systems Subject to Airblast Loadings
F2912 Specification for Glazing and Glazing Systems Subject to Airblast Loadings
F3038 Test Method for Timed Evaluation of Forced-Entry-Resistant Systems
2.2 GSA Standard:
US General Services Administration (GSA) Standard Test Method for Glazing and Window Systems Subject to Dynamic
Overpressure Loading
2.3 Department of Defense:
UFC 4-010-01 Minimum Antiterrorism Standards for Buildings
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—Refer to Terminologies C717 and E631 for definitions of terms used in this guide.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 Guidelines are provided for the use of silicone sealants in protective glazing. Protective glazing incorporates various forms
of glazing that are not covered in Guides C1401 and C1193. The requirements for a sealant in protective glazing are similar to the
requirements for structural sealant glazing butglazing. However, for certain applications, such as missile impact and bomb blast
resistant glazing, sealant requirements may be greater. Modes of failure for bomb blast resistant glazing can be different than the
modes of failure for missile impact glazing. Of particular concern is the outbound glazing support loading from blast wave negative
phase pressure or the dynamic rebound of the glazing, or both.
4.2 Many types of protective glazing systems are relatively new and the test methods and standards for protective glazing are
continually evolving. Because the demands on a sealant in protective glazing systems are changing, guidelines are necessarily
general in many instances.
4.3 As a component of a glazing system, the sealant can be a factor in whether a glazing system meets the requirements of a
specific test method but other factors such as the frame and glass typeglazing type, may be of greater influence.
4.4 The designer of a protective glazing system should consult with the various manufacturers of the component materials. The
experience and judgment of the glazing system designer working with the sealant manufacturer and other component
manufacturers, can ultimately determine whether a specific glazing system will successfully meet a specific test requirement.
5. Introduction
5.1 Protective glazing systems are designed for the protection of the building occupants and the general public from various
natural and man-made occurrences that could cause injury or damage. Natural disastershazards include hurricanes, earthquakes,
and windstorms,windstorms; which with their high winds and wind-driven rain, can cause failure toof joint sealants. Additionally,
flying debris resulting from high winds can cause damage to the glazing system. Test methods, such as Test Method E1886,
simulate the effect of flying debris during a windstorm. Man-made occurrences include bomb blast, forced-entry attack, ballistic
attack, burglary, and vandalism. Test methods such as Test Method E1886F1642, Specification F2912, and GSA Standard Test
Method for Glazing and Window Systems Subject to Dynamic Overpressure Loading provide procedures for the testing
information related to testing and application of glazing systems subject to bomb blast.blast loading. Computer software programs
such as WINGARD or WINLAC or SBEDS-W may be used to evaluate the effects of a bomb blast on a glazing system. Particular
attention should be given to limitations of the current computer programs. For example, WINGARD is based on the assumption
that the edges of the glazing are mechanically captured in a bite, which is not true for many blast load applications. Test Methods
F1233 and F3038 provide procedures for evaluation of resistance due to ballistic and forced entry attack; and E2395 provides
procedures for evaluation of burglary resistance.
U.S. General Services Administration (GSA), 1800 F Street, NW Washington, DC 20405
Online, Available: https://www.wbdg.org/ffc/dod/unified-facilities-criteria-ufc/ufc-4-010-01
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5.2 A sealant can play a crucial role in retaining the glazing material in the opening and thus preserving the integrity of the
building envelope. If the building envelope is lost due to failure of the glazing system, the building can become pressurized
resulting in significant damage to the structure, its contents and its occupants. In the case of blast resistant systems, the requirement
may or may not include retaining the glazing in the opening after the event. The type of framing system, glazing material(s),
connections, and sealant are major components of a glazing system that must meet demanding test requirementsrequirements; and
thatwhen considered separately, may or may not have a significant impact on system performance.
6. Sealant Considerations
6.1 Depending on the specific requirement of the protective glazing system, the properties of the sealant can perform a
significant role in be critical to the overall performance of the system. Important properties to consider when selecting a sealant
for any glazing system include the following:
6.1.1 Adhesion—Sealant adhesion to component surfaces should be confirmed as acceptable to the components acceptable.
Components’ surfaces of the glazing system including may include glass, glass coatings, metal, wood, plastic, film laminate, or
other material to which adhesion is required. Adhesion can be determined using Test Methods C794 or C1135. The
adhesionperformance requirements specified in Specification C1184 should be considered as the minimum requirement for most
missile impact and bomb blast resistant glazing systems. Guide C1193 includes a discussion on adhesion and testing that may be
helpful.
6.1.2 Compatibility—Sealant compatibility with each of the glazing components should be verified. Components include PVB,
ionomer, polycarbonate or a similar interlayer of other interlayer materials used for laminated glass, insulating glass unit edge
sealants, glazing and other gasket and spacer materials, metal framing materials and factory applied coatings. Compatibility with
gasket or other accessory materials is determined using Test Method C1087. Guide C1193 includes a discussion on compatibility
and testing that may be helpful.
6.1.3 Strength and Modulus—Sealant strength and modulus are very important factors in determining whether a glazing system
will pass a specific protective glazing requirement. A sealant with an ultimate tensile strength that is too low may not be able to
support the glazing through a specific missile impact or bomb blast airblast test requirement. As a guide, the strength requirements
and modulus requirementsconsideration identified in Specification C1184 should be followed. For some applications, such as
encountered in certain bomb blast resistant test requirements, these strength requirements and modulus requirementsconsiderations
may not be high enough sufficient and a higher strength structural silicone will be required. Since certain high modulus sealants
have lower movement capability, considerations should be made to ensure that annual relative component movement onacross the
sealant joint does not exceed the movement capability of the sealant.
6.1.4 Tear Characteristics and Fatigue—Along with strength and modulus, the ability of a sealant to withstand the impact and
cyclic (fatigue) loading of certain protective glazing test methods is important. Tear strength as determined by Test
MethodResistance to tearing and tear strength are similar concepts; and Test Methods D624 and C1682 can be useful in
determining whether a sealant can withstand the impulse load of a blastan airblast test or the cyclic loading of a missile impact
test. The ability of a sealant to withstand the fatigue associated with cyclic loading is an important consideration that may deem
a sealant appropriate for missile impact applications. It is recommended that information regarding fatigue and cyclic performance
for the product(s) under consideration be obtained from the sealant manufacturer(s).
6.1.5 Durability—Sealant durability is important in protective glazing. A sealant used in protective glazing is subject to a broad
range of environmental factors including: Temperaturetemperature cycling, solar radiation exposure, moisture from the
environment or condensation, ozone, and airborne pollutants. These factors can cause premature failure of certain sealant types.
Guide C1193 includes a discussion on sealant durability and testing.
6.1.6 Movement Capability—The movement capability of a sealant is important if the sealant also serves as a weatherseal in
a protective glazing system. Consideration of a sealant’s movement capability is important for a glazing system to remain
watertight and function as intended. Environmental thermal cycling and other framing system movements may impact the ability
of a sealant to perform as a weatherseal. Sealant joint design is important in determining ifwhether a sealant can perform as for
a weatherseal. Test Method C719 should be used to determine movement capability of a sealant. Guides C1193 and C1472 should
be used to determine proper sealant joint design.
7. Design Considerations
7.1 Currently there are no industry-accepted standards for the design of sealant joints in protective glazing systems. The
considerations discussed below are based on findings from actual tests of protective glazing systems according to Test Methods
E1886, F1642, and GSA Standard Test Method for Glazing and Glazing Systems Subject to Airblast Loadings. Unlike structural
glazing where joint dimensions can be calculated and precisely determined, this capability does not exist for the design of joints
in protective glazing systems. Variables such as glass type and dimension, laminate type, framing system, anchoring, applied loads,
and other factors will all have an impact on the performance of the sealant joint in a protective glazing system. In most cases, the
glazing should be designed to remain in the opening after the load event. While that is the recommended result, an exception
includes glass fragments entering the room as classified by the GSA Standard Test Method for Glazing and Glazing Systems
Subject to Dynamic Overpressure Loading or by Test Method F1642 and Specification F2912. Another exception is the possible
allowance for the glazing panel to be ejected from the frame to the outside of the building as allowed by UFC 4-010-01 for lower
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levels of protection. The allowance for the glazing to leave the frame introduces various post-event safety and security concerns.
Accordingly, there should be clear definition as to whether ejection of the glazing panel is acceptable or if the blast design should
include resistance to ejection of the glazing panels.
7.2 Applied Loads—Protective glazing that is designed to resist bomb blast criterialoading must also be designed to resist other
lateral loads such as those required by the local building code, which usually include lateral wind loads and seismic events. For
example, sometimes the design requirements for protective glazing to resist a bomb blast can airblast loading can sometimes differ
from those for an applied lateral load from the local wind environment. Glass or a glass composite product with the necessary
strength and deflection characteristics for a protective glazing system, when designed for bomb blast resistance, may not have the
necessary strength and deflection characteristics to resist a building code or laboratory test determined wind load. The designer of
a protective glazing system may have to must consider both bomb blast airblast and wind load requirements. Doing so may change
the design requirements for at least the glazing product, glazing sealant joint, glazed opening metal framing, and framing anchorage
requirements from those solely required for resisting a bomb blast.an airblast load.
7.3 Joint Movement—Joint movement is a primary consideration for classical conventional design conditions including wind
and seismic loading. In blast design applications the glazing mid-panel deflections are most often much larger than those for
conventional load conditions. The associated glazing edge movements can result in joint movements on the order of 5 – 10 times
joint movements in conventional load applications. Accordingly, if there is an assumed dependence on the capacity of sealant to
retain the glazing unit in the frame, the sealant must be evaluated with consideration for inbound (positive phase) panel deflection
plus outbound d
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