ASTM D5747-95a
(Practice)Standard Practice for Tests to Evaluate the Chemical Resistance of Geomembranes to Liquids
Standard Practice for Tests to Evaluate the Chemical Resistance of Geomembranes to Liquids
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for the testing of geomembranes for chemical resistance with liquid wastes, prepared chemical solutions, and leachates derived from solid wastes.
1.2 This practice covers procedures for testing semicrystalline, amorphous, elastomeric, and fabric-reinforced geomembranes.
1.3 This practice is intended to be used in conjunction with Practice D5322 or Practice D5496, or both. The scope of this practice is limited to testing and reporting procedures for unexposed and exposed geomembrane samples.
1.4 Evaluation and interpretation of test data are beyond the scope of this practice.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: D 5747 – 95a
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428
Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Copyright ASTM
Standard Practice for
Tests to Evaluate the Chemical Resistance of
Geomembranes to Liquids
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5747; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D 1004 Test Method for Initial Tear Resistance of Plastic
Film and Sheeting
1.1 This practice covers procedures for the testing of
D 1505 Test Method for Density of Plastics by Density-
geomembranes for chemical resistance with liquid wastes,
Gradient Technique
prepared chemical solutions, and leachates derived from solid
D 2240 Test Method of Rubber Property-Durometer Hard-
wastes.
ness
1.2 This practice covers procedures for testing semi-
D 3417 Test Method for Heats of Fusion and Crystallization
crystalline, amorphous, elastomeric, and fabric-reinforced
of Polymers by Thermal Analysis
geomembranes.
D 3418 Test Method for Transition Temperatures of Poly-
1.3 This practice is intended to be used in conjunction with
mers by Thermal Analysis
Practice D 5322 or Practice D 5496, or both. The scope of this
D 3895 Test Method for Oxidative Induction Time of Poly-
practice is limited to testing and reporting procedures for
olefins by Thermal Analysis
unexposed and exposed geomembrane samples.
D 4437 Practice for Determining the Integrity of Field
1.4 Evaluation and interpretation of test data are beyond the
Seams Used in Joining Flexible Polymeric Sheet
scope of this practice.
Geomembranes
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
D 4439 Terminology for Geotextiles
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
D 4545 Practice for Determining the Integrity of Factory
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Seams Used in Joining Manufactured Flexible Sheet
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Geomembranes
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-
D 4833 Test Method for Index Puncture Resistance of
tionary statements are given in Section 7.
Geotextiles, Geomembranes, and Related Products
2. Referenced Documents D 5199 Test Method for Measuring Nominal Thickness of
Geotextiles and Geomembranes
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 5322 Practice for Immersion Procedures for Evaluating
C 717 Terminology of Building Seals and Sealants
the Chemical Resistance of Geosynthetics to Liquids
D 412 Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermo-
D 5323 Practice for Determination of 2 % Secant Modulus
plastic Rubbers and Thermoplastic Elastomers-Tension
of Polyethylene Geomembranes
D 413 Test Method for Rubber Property-Adhesion to Flex-
D 5397 Test Method for Evaluation of Stress Crack Resis-
ible Substrate
tance of Polyolefin Geomembranes Using Notched Con-
D 624 Test Method for Tear Strength of Conventional
stant Tensile Load Test
Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplastic Elastomer
D 5496 Practice for In-Situ Immersion Testing of Geosyn-
D 638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics
thetics
D 751 Method of Testing Coated Fabrics
E 793 Test Method for Heats of Fusion and Crystallinity by
D 882 Test Methods for Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic
Differential Scanning Calorimetry
Sheeting
E 794 Test Method for Melting and Crystallization by
D 883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
Thermal Analysis
F 1251 Terminology Relating to Polymeric Biomaterials in
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-35 on Geosyn-
Medical and Surgical Devices
theticsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.02 on Endurance
2.2 Government Standard:
Properties.
Current edition approved Dec. 10, 1995. Published May 1996. Originally
EPA/600/2-88/052, Lining of Waste Containment and Other
published as D 5747 – 95. Last previous edition D 5747 – 95.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.07.
3 7
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 09.01. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.02.
4 8
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.09.
5 9
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 09.02. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
6 10
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 13.01.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D 5747
Impoundment Facilities 4. Summary of Practice
2.3 NSF Standard:
4.1 This practice defines test methods and procedures for
NSF Standard 54, Flexible Membrane Liners
evaluating the resistance of geomembranes to liquid exposure
2.4 FTMS Standard:
by monitoring physical and chemical properties of geomem-
FTMS 101C, Method 2031 Test Method for Preservation,
brane coupons immersed in a test liquid. The physical condi-
Packaging, and Package Materials: Test Procedures
tion of the geomembrane is monitored as a function of
cumulative exposure time by means of dimensional measure-
3. Terminology
ments, and physical and chemical property tests.
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 chemical resistance, n—for geosynthetics, the extent
to which a material or product retains its as-manufactured
physical and chemical characteristics when subjected to im-
mersion or contact with a foreign substance.
3.1.2 coupon, n—a portion of a material or laboratory
sample from which multiple specimens can be taken for
testing.
NOTE 1—See Fig. 1 for the relationship between sample, coupon, and
specimen.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—See Fig. 1 for the relationship between
sample, coupon, and specimen.
3.1.3 elastomer, n—a macromolecular material that returns
rapidly to approximately the initial dimensions and shape after
substantial deformation by a weak stress and release of the
stress. (C 717, C-24)
3.1.4 elastomeric, adj—having the characteristics of an
elastomer. (C 717, C-24)
3.1.5 fabric-reinforced, adj—structurally reinforced mate-
rial made by incorporating geotextile.
3.1.6 flood coating, n—the process of placing a layer(s) of
FIG. 1 Chemical Resistance of Geomembranes
adhesive or polymer on the edges of cut, fabric-reinforced
geomembranes in order to prevent exposure of the fabric to an
environment.
5. Significance and Use
3.1.7 geomembrane, n—an essentially impermeable geo-
5.1 This practice is intended to provide a list of standard
synthetic composed of one or more synthetic sheets.
procedures for test programs investigating the chemical resis-
(D 4439)
tance of a geomembrane with a liquid waste, leachate, or
3.1.8 plasticized, adj—having had a plasticizer added.
chemical. This practice should be used in the absence of other
3.1.9 plasticizer, n—a substance incorporated into a mate-
specifications required for the particular situation being ad-
rial to increase its workability, flexibility, or distensibility.
dressed.
(D 883, D-20)
5.2 Chemical resistance, as used in this practice, is not a
3.1.10 semi-crystalline, n—a solid that contains a mixture
quantifiable term. This practice is intended to provide a basis of
of both crystalline and amorphous regions.
standardization for those wishing to compare or investigate the
3.1.11 tensile set, n—represents residual deformation which
chemical resistance of a geomembrane. It should be recognized
is partly permanent and partly recoverable after stretching and
that chemical resistance is a user judgement evaluation and that
retraction. (D 412, D-11)
this practice does not offer procedures for interpreting the
3.1.12 thermoplastic, n—a plastic that repeatedly can be
results obtained from test procedures contained in this practice.
softened by heating and hardened by cooling through a
As a practice, this does not produce a test result.
temperature range characteristic of the plastic, and that in the
softened state can be shaped by flow into articles by molding
NOTE 2—This practice is for the chemical resistance assessment of
or extrusion. (F 1251, F-4) geomembranes and is written in parallel to similar standard practices for
geotextiles, geonets, geogrids, geopipes, and geosynthetic clay liners.
3.2 For definitions of other terms related to geomembranes,
Each standard is to be considered individually for the geosynthetic under
refer to Terminology D 4439.
investigation and collectively for all geosynthetics exposed to the poten-
3.3 For definition of other terms related to plastics, refer to
tially harsh chemical environment under consideration.
Terminology D 883.
6. Apparatus
National Technical Information Service, PB-89-129670.
6.1 Analytical Balance, capable of weighing to an accuracy
Copies can be obtained from National Sanitation Foundation International,
of 0.001 g.
3475 Plymouth Road, PO Box 1468, Ann Arbor, MI 48106.
6.2 Dead Weight Micrometer(s), meeting the requirements
Copies can be obtained from Global Engineering Documents, 2805 McDermit
Ave., Irvine, CA 92714. of Test Methods D 638, D 751, or D 5199, or combination
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D 5747
thereof, capable of measuring thicknesses to an accuracy of 10.3 Immerse additional pieces of geomembrane for weight
0.0025 mm (0.0001 in.). changes, thickness changes, and volatile loss for each immer-
6.3 Air Circulating Oven, capable of maintaining a tempera- sion period. Record the weight of the specimens to an accuracy
ture of 105 6 2°C. of at least 0.1 % of the specimen’s weight. Record the
6.4 All other required equipment is specified in the refer- thickness of the specimens to an accuracy of 0.0025 mm
enced test method standards. Refer to the appropriate standards (0.0001 in.).
for a description of the apparatus necessary to perform those 10.4 Remove a sufficient number of coupons at the pre-
tests. scribed test period for the required testing. Rinse each coupon
with deionized water and blot dry with water-absorbent,
7. Hazards
lint-free paper towels to remove any visible liquid or solid
residue on the coupon surface. Allow elevated temperature
NOTE 3—Warning: The solutions used in this practice may contain
coupons to cool to room temperature in a sample of immersion
hazardous chemicals. Appropriate precautions must be taken when han-
fluid. Store coupons in an airtight container or bag with as little
dling hazardous waste, chemicals, and the immersion solutions. Protective
equipment suitable for the chemicals being used must be worn by all
air as possible when not being used or tested in order to
personnel handling or exposed to the chemicals. Particular care should be
minimize moisture or volatile loss, or both. Keep cut speci-
taken when opening storage vessels at elevated temperatures due to the
mens in an airtight container between tests.
increased volatility of organics and the increased activity of acids and
10.5 The tests to be performed on the geomembrane are
bases. Care must also be taken to prevent the spilling of hazardous
listed in Sections 11 through 20 for each of the four types of
materials and provisions must be made to clean up any accidental spills
geomembranes addressed by this practice. The tests consist of
which do occur.
required testing to be done on the geomembrane and recom-
8. Sampling
mended testing to be performed at the discretion of the user.
Conduct recommended tests whenever possible as this data
8.1 Determine the number and dimensions of the test
will aid in the interpretation of the final test results. All the tests
specimens according to the requirements of the dimensional
should be completed on the unexposed geomembrane as well
measurements and physical/chemical property tests to be
as on the exposed material after each test period. Test twice as
performed, the duration of the immersion, and the number of
many specimens as listed below on the unexposed material in
test intervals.
order to increase precision of baseline data.
8.2 Sample in accordance with the respective test methods
10.6 Testing (except the extractables test) of the material
selected.
exposed to the leachate must be done within 24 h of removal
8.3 Cut the geomembrane coupons so that they are repre-
from the test solution.
sentative of the geomembrane being evaluated. Discard cou-
pons that contain scratches or other imperfections that might
11. Required Testing, All Geomembranes
affect the test results.
11.1 Weight Change—After each period, remove three pre-
NOTE 4—Since rate of leachate absorption is a function of thickness
weighed pieces of geomembrane from the liquid, quickly blot
and can have an impact on the test results, the geomembrane coupons
dry with water-absorbent, lint-free paper towels any visible
should be as close in thickness as possible.
liquid or solid residue on the specimen surface, and weigh to
8.4 Mix the selected coupons in a random fashion and then
the nearest 0.001 g. Calculate the percent weight change to the
re-select coupons for the immersion and baseline testing.
nearest 0.1 %.
8.5 Cut individual test specimens for thickness, weight, and
volatile loss measurements. Specimens may be of any size for NOTE 6—Extra care should be taken to completely dry textured
surfaces to avoid an apparent increase in weight caused by residual surface
which accurate and repeatable measurements can be made. Cut
moisture.
specimens from sheet stock using a die to ensure consistency of
dimensions.
11.2 Dimension Changes—Measure thickness as directed in
2 2 Test Methods D 751, D 638, or D 5199 to the nearest 0.0025
NOTE 5—Circular specimens 7.98 cm (3.14 in. ) have been found to be
mm (0.0001 in.) at three locations near the center of the pieces
satisfactory for thickness, weight, and volatile loss measurements. The
same individual specimen may be used for thickness, weight, and volatile of geomembrane used for weight changes before and after
loss measurements if desired.
immersion. Measure length and width (machine and transverse
directions) at two locations on the sheets of geomembrane used
9. Conditioning
for the physical testing before and after immersion. Calculate
9.1 Conditioning—Condition samples at 21 6 2°C (70 6
percent changes to the nearest 0.1 %.
4°F) and a relative humidity between 50 and 70 % for not less
11.3 Volatile Loss—Dry the pieces of geomembrane from
than 40 h prior to weighing or baseline testing and immersion,
...
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