ASTM D5293-08e1
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Apparent Viscosity of Engine Oils Between -5 and -35°C Using the Cold-Cranking Simulator
Standard Test Method for Apparent Viscosity of Engine Oils Between -5 and -35°C Using the Cold-Cranking Simulator
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The CCS apparent viscosity of automotive engine oils correlates with low temperature engine cranking. CCS apparent viscosity is not suitable for predicting low temperature flow to the engine oil pump and oil distribution system. Engine cranking data were measured by the Coordinating Research Council (CRC) L-49 test with reference oils that had viscosities between 600 and 8400 mPa·s (cP) at –17.8°C and between 2000 and 20 000 mPa·s (cP) at –28.9°C. The detailed relationship between this engine cranking data and CCS apparent viscosities is in Appendixes X1 and X2 of the 1967 T edition of Test Method D 2602 and CRC Report 409. Because the CRC L-49 test is much less precise and standardized than the CCS procedures, CCS apparent viscosity need not accurately predict the engine cranking behavior of an oil in a specific engine. However, the correlation of CCS apparent viscosity with average CRC L-49 engine cranking results is satisfactory.
The correlation between CCS and apparent viscosity and engine cranking was confirmed at temperatures between –1 and –40°C by work on 17 commercial engine oils (SAE grades 5W, 10W, 15W, and 20W). Both synthetic and mineral oil based products were evaluated. See ASTM STP 621.
A correlation was established in a low temperature engine performance study between light duty engine startability and CCS measured apparent viscosity. This study used ten 1990s engines at temperatures ranging from –5 down to –40°C with six commercial engine oils (SAE 0W, 5W, 10W, 15W, 20W, and 25W).
The measurement of the cranking viscosity of base stocks is typically done to determine their suitability for use in engine oil formulations. A significant number of the calibration oils for this method are base stocks that could be used in engine oil formulations.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination of apparent viscosity of engine oils and base stocks by cold cranking simulator (CCS) at temperatures between –5 and –35°C at shear stresses of approximately 50 000 to 100 000 Pa and shear rates of approximately 105 to 104 s–1 for viscosities of approximately 900 to 25 000 mPa·s. The range of an instrument is dependent on the instrument model and software version installed. Apparent Cranking Viscosity results by this method are related to engine-cranking characteristics of engine oils.
1.2 A special procedure is provided for measurement of highly viscoelastic oils in manual instruments. See Appendix X2.
1.3 Procedures are provided for both manual and automated determination of the apparent viscosity of engine oils using the cold-cranking simulator.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are given in Section 8.
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Designation: D5293 – 08
Standard Test Method for
Apparent Viscosity of Engine Oils and Base Stocks
1
Between –5 and –35°C Using Cold-Cranking Simulator
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5293; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
´ NOTE—Moved headings in 13.1 and updated Summary of Changes editorially in February 2009.
1. Scope* D2162 PracticeforBasicCalibrationofMasterViscometers
and Viscosity Oil Standards
1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination of
D2602 Test Method for Apparent Viscosity of Engine Oils
apparent viscosity of engine oils and base stocks by cold
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at Low Temperature Using the Cold-Cranking Simulator
cranking simulator (CCS) at temperatures between –5 and
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
–35°C at shear stresses of approximately 50 000 to 100 000 Pa
5 4 –1
Petroleum Products
and shear rates of approximately 10 to 10 s for viscosities
2.2 ISO Standard:
of approximately 900 to 25 000 mPa·s. The range of an
ISO 17025 General Requirements for the Competence of
instrument is dependent on the instrument model and software
4
Testing and Calibration Laboratories
version installed. Apparent Cranking Viscosity results by this
method are related to engine-cranking characteristics of engine
3. Terminology
oils.
3.1 Definitions:
1.2 A special procedure is provided for measurement of
3.1.1 Newtonian oil or fluid, n—one that exhibits a constant
highly viscoelastic oils in manual instruments. See Appendix
viscosity at all shear rates.
X2.
3.1.2 non-Newtonian oil or fluid, n—one that exhibits a
1.3 Procedures are provided for both manual and automated
viscosity that varies with changing shear stress or shear rate.
determination of the apparent viscosity of engine oils using the
3.1.3 viscosity, h, n—the property of a fluid that determines
cold-cranking simulator.
its internal resistance to flow under stress, expressed by:
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this t
h5 (1)
g
standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
where:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
t = the stress per unit area, and
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
g = the rate of shear.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1.3.1 Discussion—It is sometimes called the coefficient of
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning
dynamic viscosity. This coefficient is thus a measure of the
statements are given in Section 8.
resistance to flow of the liquid. In the SI, the unit of viscosity
is the pascal-second; for practical use, a submultiple
2. Referenced Documents
(millipascal-second) is more convenient and is customarily
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2.1 ASTM Standards:
used. The millipascal second is 1 cP (centipoise).
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1
3.2.1 apparent viscosity, n—theviscosityobtainedbyuseof
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
this test method.
D02.07 on Flow Properties.
Current edition approved Oct. 15, 2008. Published November 2008. Originally
approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D5293–04. DOI:
10.1520/D5293-08E01.
2 3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM on www.astm.org.
4
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
the ASTM website. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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D5293 – 08
3.2.1.1 Discussion—Since many engine oils are non- 1990s engines at temperatures ranging from –5 down to –40°C
Newtonian at low temperature, apparent viscosity can vary with six commercial engine oils (SAE 0W, 5W, 10W, 15W,
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with shear rate. 20W, and 25W).
3.2.2 calibration oils, n—oils with known viscosity and
5.4 The measurement of the cranking viscosity of base
viscosity/temperature functionality that are used to define the
stocks is typically done to determine their suitability for use in
calibration relati
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
An American National Standard
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Designation:D5293–04 Designation: D 5293 – 08
Standard Test Method for
Apparent Viscosity of Engine Oils Between−5 and−35°C
Using the Cold-Cranking SimulatorApparent Viscosity of
Engine Oils and Base Stocks Between –5 and –35°C Using
1
Cold-Cranking Simulator
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5293; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
´ NOTE—Moved headings in 13.1 and updated Summary of Changes editorially in February 2009.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination of apparent viscosity of engine oils and base stocks by cold cranking
simulator(CCS)attemperaturesbetween−5and−35°Cbetween–5and–35°Catshearstressesofapproximately50000to100000
5 4 −1
Paandshearratesofapproximately10 to10 s andviscositiesofapproximately500to25000mPa·s.Therangeofaninstrument
is dependent on the instrument model and software version installed. These results are related to engine-cranking characteristics
of engine oils.
1.2Aspecial procedure is provided inAnnexA1 for highly viscoelastic oils. –1 for viscosities of approximately 900 to 25000
mPa·s. The range of an instrument is dependent on the instrument model and software version installed. Apparent Cranking
Viscosity results by this method are related to engine-cranking characteristics of engine oils.
1.2 A special procedure is provided for measurement of highly viscoelastic oils in manual instruments. See Appendix X2.
1.3 Procedures are provided for both manual and automated determination of the apparent viscosity of engine oils using the
cold-cranking simulator.
1.4A special manual procedure is provided in Annex A1 for highly viscoelastic oils.
1.5The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.6
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are given in 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, and Section Specific warning statements are given
in Section 8.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D2162 Practice for Basic Calibration of Master Viscometers and Viscosity Oil Standards
3
D2602 Test Method for Apparent Viscosity of Engine Oils at Low Temperature Using the Cold-Cranking Simulator
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
2.2 ISO Standard:
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ISO 17025 General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.07 on
Flow Properties.
Current edition approved May 1, 2004. Published June 2004. Originally approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D5293–02.
Current edition approved Oct. 15, 2008. Published November 2008. Originally approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D5293–04.
2
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Withdrawn.
3
Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
4
CRC Report No. 409 “Evaluation of Laboratory Viscometers for Predicting Cranking Characteristics of Engine Oils at−0°F and−20°F,”April 1968 available from the
Coordinating Research Council, Inc., 219 Perimeter Center Parkway, Atlanta, GA 30346.
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Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
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D5293–08
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 Newtonian oil or fluid, n—one that exhibits a constant viscosity at all shear rates.
3.1.2 non-Newtonian oil or flui
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