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ASTM D1655-02

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels

Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the use of purchasing agencies in formulating specifications for purchases of aviation turbine fuel under contract.
1.2 This specification defines specific types of aviation turbine fuel for civil use in the operation and certification of aircraft and describes fuels found satisfactory for the operation of aircraft and engines. The specification can be used as a standard in describing the quality of aviation turbine fuels from the refinery to the aircraft.
1.3 This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory for aviation turbine engines. Certain equipment or conditions of use may permit a wider, or require a narrower, range of characteristics than is shown by this specification.
1.4 Aviation turbine fuels defined by this specification may be used in other than turbine engines that are specifically designed and certified for this fuel.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Jun-2002
ICS
75.160.20 - Liquid fuels
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.J0.01 - Jet Fuel Specifications
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D1655-01 - Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
Effective Date
10-Jun-2002
Replaced By
ASTM D1655-03 - Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
Effective Date
10-Aug-2003
Referred By
ASTM D8070-23 - Standard Test Method for Screening of Fuels and Fuel Associated Aqueous Specimens for Microbial Contamination by Lateral Flow Immunoassay
Effective Date
10-Jun-2002
Referred By
ASTM D3241-23 - Standard Test Method for Thermal Oxidation Stability of Aviation Turbine Fuels
Effective Date
10-Jun-2002
Referred By
ASTM D7566-22a - Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuel Containing Synthesized Hydrocarbons
Effective Date
10-Jun-2002
Referred By
ASTM D7042-21a - Standard Test Method for Dynamic Viscosity and Density of Liquids by Stabinger Viscometer (and the Calculation of Kinematic Viscosity)
Effective Date
10-Jun-2002
Referred By
ASTM D7095-17 - Standard Test Method for Rapid Determination of Corrosiveness to Copper from Petroleum Products Using a Disposable Copper Foil Strip
Effective Date
10-Jun-2002
Referred By
ASTM D4054-23 - Standard Practice for Evaluation of New Aviation Turbine Fuels and Fuel Additives
Effective Date
10-Jun-2002
Referred By
ASTM D8073-22 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Water Separation Characteristics of Aviation Turbine Fuel by Small Scale Water Separation Instrument
Effective Date
10-Jun-2002
Referred By
ASTM D7548-22 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Accelerated Iron Corrosion in Petroleum Products
Effective Date
10-Jun-2002
Referred By
ASTM D6217-21 - Standard Test Method for Particulate Contamination in Middle Distillate Fuels by Laboratory Filtration<rangeref></rangeref >
Effective Date
10-Jun-2002
Referred By
ASTM D6824-23 - Standard Test Method for Determining Filterability of Aviation Turbine Fuel
Effective Date
10-Jun-2002
Referred By
ASTM D130-19 - Standard Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petroleum Products by Copper Strip Test
Effective Date
10-Jun-2002
Referred By
ASTM D4865-19 - Standard Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static Electricity in Petroleum Fuel Systems
Effective Date
10-Jun-2002
Referred By
ASTM D5677-17 - Standard Specification for Fiberglass (Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting-Resin) Pipe and Pipe Fittings, Adhesive Bonded Joint Type, for Aviation Jet Turbine Fuel Lines
Effective Date
10-Jun-2002

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ASTM D1655-02 - Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine FuelsASTM D1655-02 - Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
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ASTM D1655-02 - Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
An American National Standard
Designation: D 1655 – 02
Standard Specification for
1
Aviation Turbine Fuels
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1655; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope D 381 Test Method for Existent Gum in Fuels by Jet
2
Evaporation
1.1 This specification covers the use of purchasing agencies
D 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
in formulating specifications for purchases of aviation turbine
2
and Opaque Liquids
fuel under contract.
2
D 1094 Test Method for Water Reaction of Aviation Fuels
1.2 This specification defines specific types of aviation
D 1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products
turbine fuel for civil use in the operation and certification of
2
(Lamp Method)
aircraft and describes fuels found satisfactory for the operation
D 1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific
of aircraft and engines. The specification can be used as a
Gravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid
standard in describing the quality of aviation turbine fuels from
2
Petroleum Products by Hydrometer Method
the refinery to the aircraft.
D 1319 Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Liquid
1.3 This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory
2
Petroleum Products by Fluorescent Indicator Adsorption
for aviation turbine engines. Certain equipment or conditions
D 1322 Test Method for Smoke Point of Aviation Turbine
of use may permit a wider, or require a narrower, range of
2
Fuels
characteristics than is shown by this specification.
D 1405 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Com-
1.4 Aviation turbine fuels defined by this specification may
2
bustion of Aviation Fuels
be used in other than turbine engines that are specifically
D 1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products
designed and certified for this fuel.
2
(High-Temperature Method)
2. Referenced Documents D 1660 Test Method for Thermal Stability of Aviation
3
Turbine Fuels
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 1840 Test Method for Naphthalene Hydrocarbons in
D 56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup
2
2
Aviation Turbine Fuels by Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry
Tester
D 2276 Test Method for Particulate Contaminant in Avia-
D 86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at
2
2
tion Fuel by Line Sampling
Atmospheric Pressure
2
D 2386 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels
D 93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens
2
D 2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by
Closed Cup Tester
2
X-Ray Spectrometry
D 129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-
2
D 2624 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity of Avia-
eral Bomb Method)
2
tion and Distillate Fuels
D 130 Test Method for Detection of Copper Corrosion from
2
D 2887 Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of
Petroleum Products by the Copper Strip Tarnish Test
2
Petroleum Fractions by Gas Chromatography
D 156 Test Method for Saybolt Color of Petroleum Prod-
2
D 3120 Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in Light
ucts (Saybolt Chromometer Method)
Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Microcou-
D 240 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid
2
2
lometry
Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter
D 3227 Test Method for Mercaptan Sulfur in Gasoline,
D 323 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-
2
Kerosine, Aviation Turbine, and Distillate Fuels (Potentio-
ucts (Reid Method)
2
metric Method)
D 3240 Test Method for Undissolved Water in Aviation
4
Turbine Fuels
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.J0 on Aviation Fuels.
3
Current edition approved June 10, 2002. Published November 2002. Originally Discontinued. Replaced by D 3241, see 1993 Annual Book of ASTM Standards,
published as D 1655–59. Last previous edition D 1655–01. Vol 05.02.
2 4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.02.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D1655–02
D 3241 Test Method for Thermal Oxidation Stability of D 5972 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels
4 5
Aviation Turbine Fuels (JFTOT Procedure) (Automatic Phase Transition Method)
4
D
...

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5.1 The analysis of trace oxygenates in automotive spark-ignition engine fuel has become routine in certain areas to ensure compliance whenever oxygenated fuels are used. In addition, test methods to measure trace levels of oxygenates in automotive spark-ignition fuel are necessary to assess product quality.
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ASTM D3701-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Hydrogen Content of Aviation Turbine Fuels by Low Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometry

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5.1 The combustion quality of aviation turbine fuel has traditionally been controlled in specifications by such tests as smoke point (see Test Method D1322), smoke volatility index, aromatic content of luminometer number (see Test Method D1740). Evidence is accumulating that a better control of the quality may be obtained by limiting the minimum hydrogen content of the fuel.  
5.2 Existing methods allow the hydrogen content to be calculated from other parameters or determined by combustion techniques. The method specified provides a quick, simple, and more precise alternative to these methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the hydrogen content of aviation turbine fuels.  
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Standard Guide for Evaluation of New Aviation Gasolines and New Aviation Gasoline Additives

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5.4 This guide does not purport to specify an all-inclusive listing of test and analysis requirements to achieve ASTM International approval ...
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1.1 This guide provides procedures to develop data for use in research reports for new aviation gasolines or new aviation gasoline additives.  
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5.1 Some acids can be present in aviation turbine fuels due either to the acid treatment during the refining process or to naturally occurring organic acids. Significant acid contamination is not likely to be present because of the many check tests made during the various stages of refining. However, trace amounts of acid can be present and are undesirable because of the consequent tendencies of the fuel to corrode metals that it contacts or to impair the water separation characteristics of the aviation turbine fuel.  
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5.1 This test method was developed to assess the performance of a heavy-duty engine oil in controlling engine wear under operating conditions selected to accelerate soot production and valve-train wear in a turbocharged and aftercooled four-cycle diesel engine with sliding tappet followers equipped with exhaust gas recirculation hardware.  
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1.4 Table of Contents:    
Section  
Scope  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Summary of Test Method  
4  
Significance and Use  
5  
Apparatus  
6  
Engine Fluids and Cleaning Solvents  
7  
Preparation of Apparatus  
8  
Engine/Stand Calibration and Non-Reference Oil Tests  
9  
Test Procedure  
10  
Calculations, Ratings, and Test Validity  
11  
Report  
12  
Precision and Bias  
13  
Annexes  
Safety Precautions  
Annex A1  
Intake Air Aftercooler  
Annex A2  
The Cummins ISB Engine Build Parts Kit  
Annex A3  
Sensor Locations and Special Hardware  
Annex A4  
External Oil System  
Annex A5  
Cummins Service Publications  
Annex A6  
Specified Units and Formats  
Annex A7  
Oil Analyses  
Annex A8  
Alternate Fuel Approval Process  
Annex A9  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D5001-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measurement of Lubricity of Aviation Turbine Fuels by the Ball-on-Cylinder Lubricity Evaluator (BOCLE)

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5.1 Wear due to excessive friction resulting in shortened life of engine components such as fuel pumps and fuel controls has sometimes been ascribed to lack of lubricity in an aviation fuel.  
5.2 The relationship of test results to aviation fuel system component distress due to wear has been demonstrated for some fuel/hardware combinations where boundary lubrication is a factor in the operation of the component.  
5.3 The wear scar generated in the ball-on-cylinder lubricity evaluator (BOCLE) test is sensitive to contamination of the fluids and test materials, the presence of oxygen and water in the atmosphere, and the temperature of the test. Lubricity measurements are also sensitive to trace materials acquired during sampling and storage. Containers specified in Practice D4306 shall be used.  
5.4 The BOCLE test method may not directly reflect operating conditions of engine hardware. For example, some fuels that contain a high content of certain sulfur compounds can give anomalous test results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers assessment of the wear aspects of the boundary lubrication properties of aviation turbine fuels on rubbing steel surfaces.  
1.1.1 This test method incorporates two procedures, one using a semi-automated instrument and the second a fully automated instrument. Either of the two instruments may be used to carry out the test.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard Test Methods for Hydrogen Content of Light Distillates, Middle Distillates, Gas Oils, and Residua by Low-Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

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5.1 The hydrogen content represents a fundamental quality of a petroleum product that has been correlated with many of the performance characteristics of that product.  
5.2 This test method provides a simple and more precise alternative to existing test methods, specifically combustion techniques (Test Methods D5291) for determining the hydrogen content on a range of petroleum products.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the hydrogen content of petroleum products ranging from atmospheric distillates to vacuum residua using a continuous wave, low-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer. (Test Method D3701 is the preferred method for determining the hydrogen content of aviation turbine fuels using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.)  
1.2 Three test methods are included here that account for the special characteristics of different petroleum products and apply to the following distillation ranges:    
Test Method  
Petroleum Products  
Boiling Range, °C (°F)
(approximate)  
A  
Light Distillates  
15–260 (60–500)  
B  
Middle Distillates  
200–370 (400–700)  
Gas Oils  
370–510 (700–950)  
C  
Residua  
510+ (950+ )  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. The preferred units are mass %.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Sections 7.2 and 7.4.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8252-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Vanadium and Nickel in Crude and Residual Oil by X-ray Spectrometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a rapid and precise elemental measurement with simple sample preparation. Typical analysis times are approximately 4 min to 5 min per sample with a preparation time of approximately 1 min to 3 min per sample.  
5.2 The quality of crude oil is related to the amount of sulfur present. Knowledge of the vanadium and nickel concentration is necessary for processing purposes as well as contractual agreements.  
5.3 The presence of vanadium and nickel presents significant risks for contamination of the cracking catalysts in the refining process.  
5.4 This test method provides a means of determining whether the vanadium and nickel content of crude meets the operational limits of the refinery and whether the metal content will have a deleterious effect on the refining process or when used as a fuel.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the quantitative determination of total vanadium and nickel in crude and residual oil in the concentration ranges shown in Table 1 using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry.  
1.2 Sulfur is measured for analytical purposes only for the compensation of X-ray absorption matrix effects affecting the vanadium and nickel X-rays. For measurement of sulfur by standard test method use Test Methods D4294, D2622 or other suitable standard test method for sulfur in crude and residual oils.  
1.3 This test method is limited to the use of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometers employing an X-ray tube for excitation in conjunction with wavelength dispersive detection system or energy dispersive high resolution semiconductor detector with the ability to separate signals of adjacent and near-adjacent elements.  
1.4 This test method uses inter-element correction factors calculated from XRF theory, the fundamental parameters (FP) approach, or best fit regression.  
1.5 Samples containing higher concentrations than shown in Table 1 must be diluted to bring the elemental concentration of the diluted material within the scope of this test method.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6.1 The preferred concentrations units are mg/kg for vanadium and nickel.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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