ASTM D189-06(2010)e1
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Conradson Carbon Residue of Petroleum Products
Standard Test Method for Conradson Carbon Residue of Petroleum Products
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The carbon residue value of burner fuel serves as a rough approximation of the tendency of the fuel to form deposits in vaporizing pot-type and sleeve-type burners. Similarly, provided alkyl nitrates are absent (or if present, provided the test is performed on the base fuel without additive) the carbon residue of diesel fuel correlates approximately with combustion chamber deposits.
The carbon residue value of motor oil, while at one time regarded as indicative of the amount of carbonaceous deposits a motor oil would form in the combustion chamber of an engine, is now considered to be of doubtful significance due to the presence of additives in many oils. For example, an ash-forming detergent additive may increase the carbon residue value of an oil yet will generally reduce its tendency to form deposits.
The carbon residue value of gas oil is useful as a guide in the manufacture of gas from gas oil, while carbon residue values of crude oil residuums, cylinder and bright stocks, are useful in the manufacture of lubricants.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of carbon residue (Note 1) left after evaporation and pyrolysis of an oil, and is intended to provide some indication of relative coke-forming propensities. This test method is generally applicable to relatively nonvolatile petroleum products which partially decompose on distillation at atmospheric pressure. Petroleum products containing ash-forming constituents as determined by Test Method D482 or IP Method 4 will have an erroneously high carbon residue, depending upon the amount of ash formed (Note 2 and Note 4).
Note 1—The term carbon residue is used throughout this test method to designate the carbonaceous residue formed after evaporation and pyrolysis of a petroleum product under the conditions specified in this test method. The residue is not composed entirely of carbon, but is a coke which can be further changed by pyrolysis. The term carbon residue is continued in this test method only in deference to its wide common usage.
Note 2—Values obtained by this test method are not numerically the same as those obtained by Test Method D524. Approximate correlations have been derived (see Fig. X1.1), but need not apply to all materials which can be tested because the carbon residue test is applied to a wide variety of petroleum products.
Note 3—The test results are equivalent to Test Method D4530, (see Fig. X1.2).
Note 4—In diesel fuel, the presence of alkyl nitrates such as amyl nitrate, hexyl nitrate, or octyl nitrate causes a higher residue value than observed in untreated fuel, which can lead to erroneous conclusions as to the coke forming propensity of the fuel. The presence of alkyl nitrate in the fuel can be detected by Test Method D4046.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 WARNINGMercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s website http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htmfor additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D189 − 06(Reapproved 2010) British Standard 4380
Standard Test Method for
Conradson Carbon Residue of Petroleum Products
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D189; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
ε NOTE—Added mercury caveat editorially in November 2010.
the fuel can be detected by Test Method D4046.
1. Scope
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
1.1 Thistestmethodcoversthedeterminationoftheamount
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
of carbon residue (Note 1) left after evaporation and pyrolysis
standard.
of an oil, and is intended to provide some indication of relative
coke-forming propensities. This test method is generally ap-
1.3 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many
plicable to relatively nonvolatile petroleum products which
regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause
partially decompose on distillation at atmospheric pressure.
central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or
Petroleum products containing ash-forming constituents as
its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to
determined by Test Method D482 or IPMethod 4 will have an
materials.Cautionshouldbetakenwhenhandlingmercuryand
erroneously high carbon residue, depending upon the amount
mercury containing products. See the applicable product Ma-
of ash formed (Note 2 and Note 4).
terial Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s
website— http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for addi-
NOTE 1—The term carbon residue is used throughout this test method
tional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury
to designate the carbonaceous residue formed after evaporation and
pyrolysis of a petroleum product under the conditions specified in this test
and/or mercury containing products into your state or country
method. The residue is not composed entirely of carbon, but is a coke
may be prohibited by law.
which can be further changed by pyrolysis. The term carbon residue is
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
continued in this test method only in deference to its wide common usage.
NOTE 2—Values obtained by this test method are not numerically the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
same as those obtained by Test Method D524. Approximate correlations
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
have been derived (see Fig. X1.1), but need not apply to all materials
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
which can be tested because the carbon residue test is applied to a wide
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
variety of petroleum products.
NOTE 3—The test results are equivalent to Test Method D4530, (see
2. Referenced Documents
Fig. X1.2).
NOTE 4—In diesel fuel, the presence of alkyl nitrates such as amyl
2.1 ASTM Standards:
nitrate, hexyl nitrate, or octyl nitrate causes a higher residue value than
D482 Test Method for Ash from Petroleum Products
observed in untreated fuel, which can lead to erroneous conclusions as to
D524 Test Method for Ramsbottom Carbon Residue of
the coke forming propensity of the fuel. The presence of alkyl nitrate in
Petroleum Products
D4046 Test Method for Alkyl Nitrate in Diesel Fuels by
Spectrophotometry
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
Subcommittee D02.06 on Analysis of Lubricants.
Petroleum Products
Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2010. Published December 2010. Originally
ε2
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, Petroleum
approved in 1924. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D189–06 . DOI:
10.1520/D0189-06R10E01.
Products, and Lubricants
In the IP, this test method is under the jurisdiction of the Standardization
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and
Committee and is issued under the fixed designation IP 13. The final number
Petroleum Products
indicatestheyearoflastrevision.ThistestmethodwasadoptedasajointASTM–IP
D4530 Test Method for Determination of Carbon Residue
standard in 1964.
ThisprocedureisamodificationoftheoriginalConradsonmethodandapparatus
(Micro Method)
for Carbon Test and Ash Residue in Petroleum Lubricating Oils. See Proceedings,
Eighth International Congress of Applied Chemistry, New York, Vol 1, p. 131,
September 1912; also Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, IECHA, For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Vol 4, No. 11, December 1912. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
In 1965, a new Fig. 2 on reproducibility and repeatability combiningASTM and Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
IP precision data replaced old Fig. 2 and Note 4. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D189 − 06 (2010)
FIG. 1 Apparatus for Determining Conradson Carbon Residue
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers 5. Significance and Use
E133 Specification for Distillation Equipment
5.1 The carbon residue value of burner fuel serves as a
rough approximation of the tendency of the fuel to form
3. Terminology
deposits in vaporizing pot-type and sleeve-type burners.
3.1 Definitions:
Similarly, provided alkyl nitrates are absent (or if present,
3.1.1 carbon residue, n—the residue formed by evaporation
provided the test is performed on the base fuel without
and thermal degradation of a carbon containing material.
additive) the carbon residue of diesel fuel correlates approxi-
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Theresidueisnotcomposedentirelyof
mately with combustion chamber deposits.
carbon but is a coke that can be further changed by carbon
5.2 The carbon residue value of motor oil, while at one time
pyrolysis. The term carbon residue is retained in deference to
regarded as indicative of the amount of carbonaceous deposits
its wide common usage. D4175
a motor oil would form in the combustion chamber of an
engine, is now considered to be of doubtful significance due to
4. Summary of Test Method
the presence of additives in many oils. For example, an
4.1 Aweighedquantityofsampleisplacedinacrucibleand
ash-formingdetergentadditivemayincreasethecarbonresidue
subjected to destructive distillation. The residue undergoes
value of an oil yet will generally reduce its tendency to form
cracking and coking reactions during a fixed period of severe
deposits.
heating. At the end of the specified heating period, the test
crucible containing the carbonaceous residue is cooled in a 5.3 The carbon residue value of gas oil is useful as a guide
desiccator and weighed.The residue remaining is calculated as in the manufacture of gas from gas oil, while carbon residue
a percentage of the original sample, and reported as Conradson values of crude oil residuums, cylinder and bright stocks, are
carbon residue. useful in the manufacture of lubricants.
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D189 − 06 (2010)
6. Apparatus (see Fig. 1) suspended matter, into a tared porcelain or silica crucible
containing two glass beads about 2.5 mm in diameter. Place
6.1 Porcelain Crucible, wide form, glazed throughout, or a
this crucible in the center of the Skidmore crucible. Level the
silica crucible; 29- to 31-mL capacity, 46 to 49 mm in rim
sand in the large sheet-iron crucible and set the Skidmore
diameter.
crucible on it in the exact center of the iron crucible. Apply
6.2 Iron Crucible—Skidmore iron crucible, flanged and
covers to both the Skidmore and the iron crucible, the one on
ringed, 65- to 82-mL capacity, 53 to 57 mm inside and 60- to
the latter fitting loosely to allow free exit to the vapors as
67-mm outside diameter of flange, 37 to 39 mm in height
formed.
supplied with a cover without delivery tubes and having the
8.2 On a suitable stand or ring, place the bare Nichrome
vertical opening closed. The horizontal opening of about 6.5
wire triangle and on it the insulator. Next center the sheet-iron
mmshallbekeptclean.Theoutsidediameteroftheflatbottom
crucible in the insulator with its bottom resting on top of the
shall be 30 to 32 mm.
triangle, and cover the whole with the sheet-iron hood in order
6.3 Iron Crucible—Spun sheet-iron crucible with cover; 78
to distribute the heat uniformly during the process (see Fig. 1).
to82mminoutsidediameteratthetop,58to60mminheight,
8.3 Apply heat with a high, strong flame from the Meker-
and approximately 0.8 mm in thickness. Place at the bottom of
typegasburner,sothatthepre-ignitionperiodwillbe10 61.5
this crucible, and level before each test, a layer of about 25 mL
min (a shorter time can start the distillation so rapidly as to
of dry sand, or enough to bring the Skidmore crucible, with
cause foaming or too high a flame). When smoke appears
cover on, nearly to the top of the sheet-iron crucible.
above the chimney, immediately move or tilt the burner so that
6.4 Wire Support—Triangle of bare Nichrome wire of ap-
the gas flame plays on the sides of the crucible for the purpose
proximately No. 13B&S gage having an opening small
of igniting the vapors. Then remove the heat temporarily, and
enough to support the bottom of the sheet-iron crucible at the
before replacing adjust by screwing down the pinch-cock on
same level as the bottom of the heat-resistant block or hollow
the gas tubing so that the ignited vapors burn uniformly with
sheet-metal box (6.6).
the flame above the chimney but not above the wire bridge.
Heat can be increased, if necessary, when the flame does not
6.5 Hood—Circular sheet-iron hood from 120 to 130 mm in
diameter the height of the lower perpendicular side to be from show above the chimney. The period of burning the vapors
shall be 13 6 1 min. If it is found impossible to meet the
50 to 53 mm; provided at the top with a chimney 50 to 60 mm
requirements for both flame and burning time, the requirement
inheightand50to56mmininsidediameter,whichisattached
for burning ti
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