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ASTM D3501-05

(Test Method)

Standard Test Methods for Wood-Based Structural Panels in Compression

Standard Test Methods for Wood-Based Structural Panels in Compression

SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the compression properties of wood-based structural panels. Wood-based structural panels in use include plywood, waferboard, oriented strand board, and composites of veneer and of wood-based layers.
1.2 Method A, Compression Test for Small SpecimensThis method is applicable to small specimens that are uniform with respect to elastic and strength properties. Two types of compression tests are employed: one to evaluate both elastic and compressive strength properties, and the second to evaluate maximum compressive strength only.
1.3 Method B, Compression Test for Large SpecimensThis method employs large specimens and responds well to manufacturing variables and growth characteristics that influence compression properties of structural panels.
1.3.1 This method is intended for the following:
Comparative tests of structural panels,
Evaluating the effects of moisture content on strength properties of structural panels,
Determining the strength properties of structural panels, and
Evaluating the effects of raw material and manufacturing variables on compression properties of structural panels.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Oct-2005
ICS
79.060.10 - Plywood
Technical Committee
D07 - Wood
Drafting Committee
D07.03 - Panel Products
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D3501-94(2000) - Standard Test Methods for Wood-Based Structural Panels in Compression
Effective Date
01-Nov-2005
Replaced By
ASTM D3501-05a - Standard Test Methods for Wood-Based Structural Panels in Compression
Effective Date
01-Dec-2005
Referred By
ASTM D5457-23 - Standard Specification for Computing Reference Resistance of Wood-Based Materials and Structural Connections for Load and Resistance Factor Design
Effective Date
01-Nov-2005
Referred By
ASTM D1037-12(2020) - Standard Test Methods for Evaluating Properties of Wood-Base Fiber and Particle Panel Materials
Effective Date
01-Nov-2005
Referred By
ASTM D7033-22 - Standard Practice for Establishing Design Capacities for Oriented Strand Board (OSB) Wood-Based Structural-Use Panels
Effective Date
01-Nov-2005

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ASTM D3501-05 - Standard Test Methods for Wood-Based Structural Panels in Compression
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D3501–05
Standard Test Methods for
1
Wood-Based Structural Panels in Compression
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3501; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the 2.1 ASTM Standards:
compression properties of wood-based structural panels. D 2395 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Wood and
Wood-based structural panels in use include plywood, wafer- Wood-Base Materials
board, oriented strand board, and composites of veneer and of D 4442 TestMethodsforDirectMoistureContentMeasure-
wood-based layers. ment of Wood and Wood-Base Materials
1.2 MethodA, Compression Test for Small Specimens—This
3. Significance and Use
method is applicable to small specimens that are uniform with
3.1 These methods determine the compressive strength of
respect to elastic and strength properties. Two types of com-
pression tests are employed: one to evaluate both elastic and structural panels in response to stresses acting in the plane of
the panel.
compressive strength properties, and the second to evaluate
maximum compressive strength only. 3.2 Method A—This method is applicable to structural
panels of uniform properties within a panel. It is useful for
1.3 Method B, Compression Test for Large Specimens—
This method employs large specimens and responds well to evaluating plywood of clear, straight-grained veneers, and
determining the effect of chemical or preservative treatments,
manufacturing variables and growth characteristics that influ-
ence compression properties of structural panels. construction, principal direction with respect to direction of
stress, and other variables that are expected to uniformly
1.3.1 This method is intended for the following:
1.3.1.1 Comparative tests of structural panels, influence the panel.
3.3 Method B:
1.3.1.2 Evaluating the effects of moisture content on
3.3.1 The compressive properties obtained by this method
strength properties of structural panels,
1.3.1.3 Determining the strength properties of structural are a reliable approximation of the strength of a full-size panel,
and are intended for use in design.
panels, and
1.3.1.4 Evaluating the effects of raw material and manufac- 3.3.2 The compressive properties are influenced by buck-
ling;however,thiseffectiseliminatedinthistestbyrestraining
turing variables on compression properties of structural panels.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded the edges of the specimens.
3.4 It is recommended that where comparisons are to be
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only made, that the same method and specimen size be used
throughout. This is because the volume of material included in
and are not considered standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the a test specimen can influence the compressive strength regard-
less of whether the material properties are uniform throughout
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- the sheet or vary widely due to the presence of growth or
manufacturing features.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1 2
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D07 on For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Wood and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D07.03 on Panel Products. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2005. Published December 2005. Originally Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
approved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D 3501 – 94 (2000). the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D3501–05
4. Control of Moisture Content 8. Evaluation of Both Compressive Strength and Elastic
Properties
4.1 Condition structural panel samples to be tested at a
1
specific moisture content or relative humidity to approximate 8.1 Support laterally test specimens ⁄4 in. (6 mm) or less in
constant weight in controlled atmospheric conditions before thickness intended for use in obtaining load deformation data
testing.
...

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4.1 This test method is most useful for determining the moduli of rigidity of orthotropic materials for which moduli of rigidity cannot be computed from elastic moduli and Poisson's ratios. The shear modulus determined by this method appears in the equation governing the bending of a plate. This is the modulus that is needed in discussing the deflection and buckling of plates.
Note 2: Test Methods D2718 describes a plate method for determination of modulus of rigidity of structural panels.
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1.1 This test method covers determination of the shear modulus of wood-based structural panels associated with shear distortion in the plane of the panels. The method is applicable to all types of wood-based structural panels. The grain direction or orientation of the individual plies, laminations, or layers shall be parallel or perpendicular to the edge of the test specimen. If the plies, laminations, or layers are of different material or elastic properties, the method gives the effective shearing modulus. Wood-based structural panels in use include plywood, oriented strand board, and composites of veneer and of wood-based layers.  
Note 1: This test method is primarily designed for material in which the grain or orientation of the individual plies, laminations, or layers is parallel or perpendicular to the edge of the specimen. It may be used, however, for plywood specimens in which the grain is at 45° to the specimen edges if a four-ply panel with all plies of the same thickness is used. The controlling condition is that the EI (modulus of elasticity × moment of inertia) values along both diagonals shall be equal.  
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3.1 These test methods determine the tensile properties of wood structural panels in response to stresses acting in the plane of the panel.  
3.2 Test Method A—This test method is suited to material that is uniform with respect to tensile properties. It is normally applied to wood structural panels and plywood of clear, straight-grained veneers. It may also be used to evaluate the strength of scarf and finger joints and other manufacturing process variables that can be expected to influence the tensile properties of wood structural panels in a uniform manner across the width of the sheet.  
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1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the tensile properties of wood structural panels.  
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1.3.1 This test method employs small specimens that should have a reduced cross section at the center of their length to avoid failure in the grip area. The transition from full width of specimen to reduced section at the center should be gradual to minimize stress concentration.  
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1.4 Test Method B, Tensile Test for Large Specimens:  
1.4.1 This test method employs large specimens and responds well to manufacturing variables, panel grade characteristics, and other variables influencing the tensile properties of structural panels.  
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1.4.3.3 Determination of tensile properties of panels for use in developing structural recommendations.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The strength and modulus of rigidity of wood structural panels in shear through-the-thickness obtained by these test methods are required for the rigorous design of many lumber-panel structural components such as trusses with panel gussets, box beams, folded plate roofs, and space plane structures, as well as floor and roof diaphragms, and shear walls. These properties are of secondary importance in typical roof deck and sheathing applications, and in crates and shipping containers.  
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B. Large Panel Shear Test  
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C. Two-Rail Shear Test  
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1.1.3 Test Method C: Two-Rail Shear Test—This test method is applicable to a wide variety of materials and problems. The specimen fabrication and test procedures are somewhat simpler than in Test Methods A and B. The specimen is free to shear parallel to its 24-in. (610-mm) length dimension anywhere within the 8-in. (203-mm) width between rails. Thus, the test method is well suited for determining grade and...

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3.1 These methods determine the compressive strength of structural panels in response to stresses acting in the plane of the panel.  
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3.3 Method B:  
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1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the compression properties of wood-based structural panels. Wood-based structural panels in use include plywood, waferboard, oriented strand board, and composites of veneer and of wood-based layers.  
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1.3 Method B, Compression Test for Large Specimens—This method employs large specimens and responds well to manufacturing variables and growth characteristics that influence compression properties of structural panels.  
1.3.1 This method is intended for the following:
1.3.1.1 Comparative tests of structural panels,
1.3.1.2 Evaluating the effects of moisture content on strength properties of structural panels,
1.3.1.3 Determining the strength properties of structural panels, and
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1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is most useful for determining the moduli of rigidity of orthotropic materials for which moduli of rigidity cannot be computed from elastic moduli and Poisson's ratios. The shear modulus determined by this method appears in the equation governing the bending of a plate. This is the modulus that is needed in discussing the deflection and buckling of plates.
Note 2: Test Methods D2718 describes a plate method for determination of modulus of rigidity of structural panels.
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1.1 This test method covers determination of the shear modulus of wood-based structural panels associated with shear distortion in the plane of the panels. The method is applicable to all types of wood-based structural panels. The grain direction or orientation of the individual plies, laminations, or layers shall be parallel or perpendicular to the edge of the test specimen. If the plies, laminations, or layers are of different material or elastic properties, the method gives the effective shearing modulus. Wood-based structural panels in use include plywood, oriented strand board, and composites of veneer and of wood-based layers.  
Note 1: This test method is primarily designed for material in which the grain or orientation of the individual plies, laminations, or layers is parallel or perpendicular to the edge of the specimen. It may be used, however, for plywood specimens in which the grain is at 45° to the specimen edges if a four-ply panel with all plies of the same thickness is used. The controlling condition is that the EI (modulus of elasticity × moment of inertia) values along both diagonals shall be equal.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 These test methods determine the tensile properties of wood structural panels in response to stresses acting in the plane of the panel.  
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1.4.1 This test method employs large specimens and responds well to manufacturing variables, panel grade characteristics, and other variables influencing the tensile properties of structural panels.  
1.4.2 The test specimens are large enough to contain the maximum sized grade characteristics found in panels. The test specimens have a constant cross section since the size and location of grade characteristics control the location of failures and the effect of stress concentration at the grips is overshadowed.  
1.4.3 This test method is recommended for the following:
1.4.3.1 Comparative tests of wood structural panels,
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1.4.3.3 Determination of tensile properties of panels for use in developing structural recommendations.  
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1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The strength and modulus of rigidity of wood structural panels in shear through-the-thickness obtained by these test methods are required for the rigorous design of many lumber-panel structural components such as trusses with panel gussets, box beams, folded plate roofs, and space plane structures, as well as floor and roof diaphragms, and shear walls. These properties are of secondary importance in typical roof deck and sheathing applications, and in crates and shipping containers.  
3.2 Veneer produced by slicing or rotary peeling may contain fine checks or separations parallel to the grain on the knife side of the veneer that are produced as the knife is forced through the wood. These checks are termed “knife checks” to distinguish them from occasional checks that may be formed on the opposite side of the veneer by forces at the compression bar, and from checks caused by drying. Average depth of knife checks has been found to strongly influence shear properties in plywood panels and may be of significance in veneer incorporated in composite panels. Measurement of depth of knife checks is recommended in these test methods.  
3.3 To control or define other variables influencing shear properties, these test methods require determination of moisture content and elapsed time to failure. The conditioning of test material in controlled atmosphere and determination of specific gravity are recommended.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods determine the shear through-the-thickness properties of wood structural panels associated with shear distortion of the major axis. Wood structural panels in use include plywood, oriented strand board, and composites of veneer and of wood-based layers. Three test methods are included which differ somewhat in their application:    
Test Method  
Section  
A. Small Panel Shear Test  
5  
B. Large Panel Shear Test  
6  
C. Two-Rail Shear Test  
7
The choice of test method will be determined in part by the purpose of the tests, characteristics of test material, and equipment availability. In general, Test Method B or C for large specimens is preferred when equipment, amount of test material, and experimental plan permit.  
1.1.1 Test Method A: Small Panel Shear Test—This test method is suitable for testing small samples of uniform material including investigations of the effects of grain direction or orientation and of many raw materials and manufacturing process variables which influence shear properties uniformly throughout the specimen. The test method is unsuited for determining effects of grade and manufacturing features such as density variations, knots, and core gaps within the specimen.  
1.1.2 Test Method B: Large Panel Shear Test—This test method is regarded as giving the most accurate modulus of rigidity and is therefore recommended for elastic tests of materials to be used in stress analysis studies of test structures. This test method also yields excellent shear strength values for clear material. However, in spite of the large size of the specimen, failures generally occur only in narrow zones at the perimeter of the test area. This characteristic, a result of the heavy perimeter framing, causes this test method to be generally unsuited for determining grade and manufacturing effects such as density variations, core gaps, and knots that are not uniformly distributed throughout the panel. Generally, only in cases where effects of these factors under conditions of heavy perimeter framing are desired, should the test method be applied.  
1.1.3 Test Method C: Two-Rail Shear Test—This test method is applicable to a wide variety of materials and problems. The specimen fabrication and test procedures are somewhat simpler than in Test Methods A and B. The specimen is free to shear parallel to its 24-in. (610-mm) length dimension anywhere within the 8-in. (203-mm) width between rails. Thus, the test method is well suited for determining grade and...

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