ASTM D6699-01
(Practice)Standard Practice for Sampling Liquids Using Bailers
Standard Practice for Sampling Liquids Using Bailers
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedure for sampling stratified or un-stratified waters and liquid waste using bailers.
1.2 Three specific bailers are discussed in this practice. The bailers are the single and double check valve and differential pressure.
1.3 This standard does not cover all of the bailing devices available to the user. The bailers chosen for this practice are typical of those commercially available.
1.4 This practice should be used in conjunction with Guide D4687, Practice D5088, and Practice D5283.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation:D6699–01
Standard Practice for
Sampling Liquids Using Bailers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6699; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice covers the procedure for sampling strati-
fied or un-stratified waters and liquid waste using bailers.
1.2 Three specific bailers are discussed in this practice. The
bailers are the single and double check valve and differential
pressure.
1.3 This standard does not cover all of the bailing devices
available to the user. The bailers chosen for this practice are
typical of those commercially available.
1.4 This practice should be used in conjunction with Guide
D 4687, Practice D 5088, and Practice D 5283.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 4448 Guide to Sampling Ground Water Wells
D 4687 Guide for General Planning of Sampling
D 4750 Test Method for Determining Subsurface Liquid
Levels in a Borehole or Monitoring Well (Observation
FIG. 1 Bailer Sampling a Screened Well
Well)
D 5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field Equipment
Used at Nonradioactive Waste Sites
D 6232 Guide for Selection of Sampling Equipment for
D 5283 Practice for Generation of Environmental Data
Waste and Contaminated Media Data CollectionActivities
Related to Waste Management Activities: Quality Assur-
D 6452 Guide for Purging Methods for Wells Used for
ance and Quality Control Planning and Implementation
Ground-Water Quality Investigations
D 5681 Terminology for Waste and Waste Management
D 6517 Guide for Field Preservation of Ground-Water
D 5792 Practice for Generation of Environmental Data
Samples
Related to Waste ManagementActivities: Development of
D 6564 GuideforFieldFiltrationofGround-WaterSamples
Data Quality Objectives
D 6634 Guide for the Selection of Purging and Sampling
D 6051 Guide for Composite Sampling and Field Subsam-
Devices for Ground-Water Monitoring Wells
pling for Environmental Waste Management Activities
2.2 EPA Standard:
EPA SW 486 RCRA Samples
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste
3. Terminology
Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.03 on
3.1 See Terminology D 5681.
Sampling Equipment.
Current edition approved Aug. 10, 2001. Published November 2001.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or 4. Summary of Practice
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
4.1 A clean bailer is lowered into the liquid to be sampled
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
using a suspension line (see Fig. 1). The bailer chamber is
the ASTM website.
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D6699–01
TABLE 1 General Advantages and Limitations of Bailers
allowed to fill with the sample. The check valve or valves on
bailers close when the bailer stops. The bailer is raised to the Advantages Limitations
surface where the sample is discharged into a clean sample
Simple to use Time consuming to use
Some have a low initial cost Valves may leak
confiner.
Can be made almost any size Tend to expose sample to the
atmosphere
5. Significance and Use
Can be constructed of a variety May result in sample
of materials contamination
5.1 A bailer is a device for obtaining a sample from
No external power source Bailers are not suitable for
stratified or un-stratified waters and liquid wastes. The most
needed sampling thin surface layers
common use of a bailer is for sampling ground water from like thin layers of light non-
aqueous phase liquids
single-screened wells (Fig. 1) and well clusters (see Guide
D 4448).
5.2 This practice is applicable to sampling water and liquid
6.2.2 Single Valve Bailer (Fig. 2):
wastes. The sampling procedure will depend on sampling plan
6.2.2.1 Asingle check valve bailer is a length of tubing with
and the data quality objectives (DQOs) (Practice D 5792).
acheckvalveinthebottom.Thebottomvalveallowsthebailer
5.3 Bailersmaybeusedtopurgegroundwaterwellspriorto
to fill and retain the sample.
sampling, but bailers are poor devices for removing large
6.2.2.2 The bottom-emptying bailers with controlled flow
volumes of water.
valves (Fig. 3) are used for collecting samples for volatile
5.4 Bailers may be used to sample waters and liquid wastes
organic analyses.
in underground and above ground tanks and surface impound-
6.2.2.3 Advantages—Low initial cost, and it is mechani-
ments. However, the design of the unit and associated piping
cally simple.
should be well understood so that the bailer can access the
6.2.2.4 Limitations—Applicable to surface sampling only,
desired compartment and depth.Any stratification of the liquid
disturbs the sample, and exposes the samples to the atmo-
should be identified prior to sampling.
sphere.
NOTE 1—Viscous liquids and suspended solids may interfere with a
6.2.3 Double Valve Bailers (Fig. 4):
bailer’s designed operation.
6.2.3.1 Adouble check valve bailer has an additional check
5.5 Bailers do not subject the sample to pressure extremes.
valve at the top of the body that allows sampling at a specific
Bailing does disturb the water column and may cause changes
depth. As the bailer is lowered through the liquid column, the
totheparameterstobemeasured(forexample,turbidity,gases,
liquid flows through the bailer until the sampling level is
etc.).
reached. At the sampling point, the two check valves close to
contain the sample. Because the difference between each ball
6. Sampling Equipment
and check valve seat is the same, both check valves close
6.1 Bailers are versatile devices constructed in different simultaneously upon retrieval. The valve from the valve seat is
sizes and from a variety of materials. Some bailers are maintainedbyapinthatblocksverticalmovementofthecheck
designed using a threaded section that allows the user to ball. A drainage pin is placed into the bottom of the bailer to
change the volume of the bailer by connecting additional drain the sample directly into a sample bottle.
sections. When sampling for volatile organic compounds 6.2.3.2 Advantage—It can sample at any point in a liquid
(VOCs) in liquids, specialized bailers that have a sample column.
control or a draft valve near the bottom of the bailer are used. 6.2.3.3 Limitation—It can become contaminated with the
Thecontrolvalveallowsasampletobedrainedfromthebailer overlaying material as the sampler approaches the targeted
with minimal loss of volatile compounds. sampling point.
6.2 Three general types of bailers are a single check valve 6.2.4 Differential Pressure Bailer (Fig. 5):
bailer, a double check valve bailer, and a differential pressure 6.2.4.1 The differential pressure bailer is a canister with two
bailer (hydrostatic pressure allows the bailer to fill through the small diameter tubes of different heights built into the remov-
lower tube and release displaced air through the upper tube). able top. It is usually made from stainless steel to provide
Advantages and limitations of bailers are found in Guides sufficientweighttoallowittobeloweredrapidlytothedesired
D 6232 and D 6634. A description of the equipment and the sampling depth. Once the bailer is stopped, hydrostatic pres-
advantages and limitations of bailers in general and specific sure allows the bailer to fill through the lower tube at the same
limitations of the single and double check valve bailers and the time as air is displaced through the upper tube.
differential pressure bailer are as follows: 6.2.4.2 Advantages—There is a minimal cross contamina-
6.2.1 General Descr
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