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ASTM D6455-11

(Guide)

Standard Guide for the Selection of Test Methods for Prefabricated Bituminous Geomembranes (PBGM)

Standard Guide for the Selection of Test Methods for Prefabricated Bituminous Geomembranes (PBGM)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
To properly evaluate PBGM, tests must be performed according to specific test methods and procedures. Failure to follow this practice can result in data not representative of the material's characteristics and performance.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides recommendations for the selection of appropriate test methods for prefabricated bituminous sheet used in geomembrane applications to provide consistency in data reporting.
1.2 This guide includes test methods for all types of prefabricated bituminous geomembranes (PBGM).
1.3 This guide is intended to aid all personnel involved in the selection, manufacture, or evaluation of prefabricated bituminous geomembranes. Field-related evaluation of PBGM, including but not limited to seam testing, is beyond the scope of this guide.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Jan-2011
ICS
91.100.50 - Binders. Sealing materials
Technical Committee
D35 - Geosynthetics
Drafting Committee
D35.10 - Geomembranes
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D6455-05 - Standard Guide for the Selection of Test Methods for Prefabricated Bituminous Geomembranes (PBGM)
Effective Date
01-Feb-2011
Replaced By
ASTM D6455-11(2018) - Standard Guide for the Selection of Test Methods for Prefabricated Bituminous Geomembranes (PBGMs)
Effective Date
01-Feb-2018
Referred By
ASTM D2643/D2643M-21 - Standard Specification for Prefabricated Bituminous Geomembrane Used as Canal and Ditch Liner (Exposed Type)
Effective Date
01-Feb-2011
Referred By
ASTM D7274-06A(2018)e1 - Standard Test Method for Mineral Stabilizer Content of Prefabricated Bituminous Geomembranes (PBGMs)
Effective Date
01-Feb-2011
Referred By
ASTM D7275-07(2018) - Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Bituminous Geomembranes (BGMs)
Effective Date
01-Feb-2011

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ASTM D6455-11 - Standard Guide for the Selection of Test Methods for Prefabricated Bituminous Geomembranes (PBGM)ASTM D6455-11 - Standard Guide for the Selection of Test Methods for Prefabricated Bituminous Geomembranes (PBGM)
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REDLINE ASTM D6455-11 - Standard Guide for the Selection of Test Methods for Prefabricated Bituminous Geomembranes (PBGM)REDLINE ASTM D6455-11 - Standard Guide for the Selection of Test Methods for Prefabricated Bituminous Geomembranes (PBGM)
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D6455 − 11
Standard Guide for the
Selection of Test Methods for Prefabricated Bituminous
1
Geomembranes (PBGM)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6455; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope tive Density) of Plastics by Displacement
D1079Terminology Relating to Roofing and Waterproofing
1.1 This guide provides recommendations for the selection
D1204Test Method for Linear Dimensional Changes of
of appropriate test methods for prefabricated bituminous sheet
Nonrigid Thermoplastic Sheeting or Film at Elevated
used in geomembrane applications to provide consistency in
Temperature
data reporting.
D1434TestMethodforDeterminingGasPermeabilityChar-
1.2 This guide includes test methods for all types of
acteristics of Plastic Film and Sheeting
prefabricated bituminous geomembranes (PBGM).
D3776Test Methods for Mass Per Unit Area (Weight) of
1.3 This guide is intended to aid all personnel involved in
Fabric
the selection, manufacture, or evaluation of prefabricated
D4354Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics and Rolled
bituminousgeomembranes.Field-relatedevaluationofPBGM,
Erosion Control Products(RECPs) for Testing
including but not limited to seam testing, is beyond the scope
D4355Test Method for Deterioration of Geotextiles by
of this guide.
Exposure to Light, Moisture and Heat in a Xenon Arc
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Type Apparatus
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
D4439Terminology for Geosynthetics
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
D4595Test Method for Tensile Properties of Geotextiles by
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
the Wide-Width Strip Method
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
D4833 Test Method for Index Puncture Resistance of
Geomembranes and Related Products
2. Referenced Documents
D4873Guide for Identification, Storage, and Handling of
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Geosynthetic Rolls and Samples
D36TestMethodforSofteningPointofBitumen(Ring-and-
D4885Test Method for Determining Performance Strength
Ball Apparatus)
of Geomembranes by the Wide Strip Tensile Method
D471Test Method for Rubber Property—Effect of Liquids
D5147Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Modified
D573Test Method for Rubber—Deterioration in an Air
Bituminous Sheet Material
Oven
D5199Test Method for Measuring the Nominal Thickness
D696TestMethodforCoefficientofLinearThermalExpan-
of Geosynthetics
sion of Plastics Between −30°C and 30°C with a Vitreous
D5261Test Method for Measuring Mass per Unit Area of
Silica Dilatometer
Geotextiles
D746Test Method for Brittleness Temperature of Plastics
D5262Test Method for Evaluating the Unconfined Tension
and Elastomers by Impact
Creep and Creep Rupture Behavior of Geosynthetics
D751Test Methods for Coated Fabrics
D5321Test Method for Determining the Shear Strength of
D792Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Rela-
Soil-Geosynthetic and Geosynthetic-Geosynthetic Inter-
faces by Direct Shear
1
ThisguideisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD35onGeosynthetics D5322Practice for Laboratory Immersion Procedures for
and is the direct responsibility of D35.10 on Geomembranes.
Evaluating the Chemical Resistance of Geosynthetics to
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2011. Published March 2011. Originally
Liquids
approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D6455–05. DOI:
10.1520/D6455-11. D5514Test Method for Large Scale Hydrostatic Puncture
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Testing of Geosynthetics
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
D5617Test Method for Multi-Axial Tension Test for Geo-
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. synthetics
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D6455 − 11
D5884Test Method for Determining Tearing Strength of 5.1.2 Table 2—Performance-Related PBGM Properties.
Internally Reinforced Geomembranes
D6747GuideforSelectionofTechniquesforElectricalLeak
Location of Leaks in Geomembranes
D7003Test Method for Strip Tensile Properties of Rein-
TABLE 2 Performance-Related PBGM Properties
forced Geomembranes
Property Test Method
D7274Test Method for Mineral Stabilizer Content of Pre-
Coefficient of Linear Expansion D696
fabricated Bituminous Geomembranes (BGM) Dimensional Stability at High Temperature D1204
Water Absorption D471
D7275Test
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D6455–05 Designation:D6455–11
Standard Guide for the
Selection of Test Methods for Prefabricated Bituminous
1
Geomembranes (PBGM)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6455; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide provides recommendations for the selection of appropriate test methods for prefabricated bituminous sheet used
in geomembrane applications to provide consistency in data reporting.
1.2This guide includes test methods for all types of composite bituminous geomembranes fabricated in a plant and consisting
of a synthetic fabric saturated by a modified bituminous or an oxidized bituminous blend.
1.3This guide is intended to aid all personnel involved in the selection, manufacture, installation, or evaluation of prefabricated
bituminous geomembranes.
1.2 This guide includes test methods for all types of prefabricated bituminous geomembranes (PBGM).
1.3 This guide is intended to aid all personnel involved in the selection, manufacture, or evaluation of prefabricated bituminous
geomembranes. Field-related evaluation of PBGM, including but not limited to seam testing, is beyond the scope of this guide.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D36 Test Method for Softening Point of Bitumen (Ring-and-Ball Apparatus)
D471 Test Method for Rubber PropertyEffect of Liquids
D573 Test Method for RubberDeterioration in an Air Oven
D696 Test Method for Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion of Plastics Between 30C and 30C with a Vitreous Silica
Dilatometer
D746 Test Method for Brittleness Temperature of Plastics and Elastomers by Impact
D751 Test Methods for Coated Fabrics
D792 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Relative Density) of Plastics by Displacement
D1079 Terminology Relating to Roofing and Waterproofing
D1204 Test Method for Linear Dimensional Changes of Nonrigid Thermoplastic Sheeting or Film at Elevated Temperature
D1434 Test Method for Determining Gas Permeability Characteristics of Plastic Film and Sheeting
D3776 Test Methods for Mass Per Unit Area (Weight) of Fabric
D4354 Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics for Testing
D4355 Test Method for Deterioration of Geotextiles by Exposure to Light, Moisture and Heat in a XenonArc TypeApparatus
D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
D4595 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Geotextiles by the Wide-Width Strip Method
D4833 Test Method for Index Puncture Resistance of Geomembranes and Related Products
D4873 Guide for Identification, Storage, and Handling of Geosynthetic Rolls and Samples
D4885 Test Method for Determining Performance Strength of Geomembranes by the Wide Strip Tensile Method
D5147 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Modified Bituminous Sheet Material
D5199 Test Method for Measuring the Nominal Thickness of Geosynthetics
D5261 Test Method for Measuring Mass per Unit Area of Geotextiles
D5262 Test Method for Evaluating the Unconfined Tension Creep and Creep Rupture Behavior of Geosynthetics
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of D35.10 on Geomembranes.
Current edition approved JuneFeb. 1, 2005.2011. Published October 2005.March 2011. Originally approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 19992005 as
D6455–99.D6455–05. DOI: 10.1520/D6455-05.10.1520/D6455-11.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D6455–11
D5321 Test Method for Determining the Coefficient of Soil and Geosynthetic or Geosynthetic and Geosynthetic Friction by the
Direct Shear Method
D5322 Practice for Laboratory Immersion Procedures for Evaluating the Chemical Resistance of Geosynthetics to Liqui
...

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ASTM D4437/D4437M-16(2023)(Practice)
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The use of geomembranes as barrier materials to restrict liquid migration from one location to another in soil and rock, and the large number of seam methods and types used in joining these geomembrane sheets, has created a need for standard tests by which the various seams can be compared and the quality of the seam systems can be nondestructively evaluated. This practice is intended to meet such a need.  
3.2 The geomembrane sheet material shall be formulated from the appropriate polymers and compounding ingredients to form a plastic or elastomer sheet material that meets all specified requirements for the end use of the product. The sheet material (reinforced or nonreinforced) shall be capable of being bonded to itself by one of the methods described in 1.2, in accordance with the sheet manufacturer's recommendations and instructions.
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1.1 This practice is intended for use as a summary of nondestructive quality control test methods for determining the integrity of seams used in the joining of flexible sheet materials in a geotechnical application. This practice outlines the test procedures available for determining the quality of bonded seams. Any one or combination of the test methods outlined in this practice can be incorporated into a project specification for quality control. These test methods are applicable to manufactured flexible polymeric membrane linings that are scrim reinforced or nonreinforced. This practice is not applicable to destructive testing. For destructive test methods, look at other ASTM standards and practices.  
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ASTM D6392-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining the Integrity of Nonreinforced Geomembrane Seams Produced Using Thermo-Fusion Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The use of geomembranes as barrier materials to restrict liquid migration from one location to another in soil and rock has created a need for a standard test method to evaluate the quality of geomembrane seams produced by thermo-fusion methods. In the case of geomembranes, it has become evident that geomembrane seams can exhibit separation in the field under certain conditions. Although this is an index-type test method used for quality assurance and quality control purposes, it is also intended to provide the quality assurance engineer with sufficient seam peel and shear data to evaluate seam quality. Recording and reporting data, such as separation that occurs during the peel test and elongation during the shear test, will allow the quality assurance engineer to take measures necessary to ensure the repair of inferior seams during facility construction, and therefore, minimize the potential for seam separation in service.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes destructive quality control and quality assurance tests used to determine the integrity of geomembrane seams produced by thermo-fusion methods. This test method presents the procedures used for determining the quality of nonbituminous bonded seams subjected to both peel and shear tests. These test procedures are intended for nonreinforced geomembranes only.  
1.2 The types of thermal field seaming techniques used to construct geomembrane seams include the following:  
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1.3 The types of materials covered by this test method include the following:  
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1.3.2 Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE).  
1.3.3 Very flexible polyethylene (VFPE).  
1.3.4 Linear medium-density polyethylene (LMDPE).  
1.3.5 High-density polyethylene (HDPE).  
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ASTM D8265-23(Practice)
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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SCOPE
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SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers procedures and test methods that can be used in the evaluation of the ability of the clay portion of a geosynthetic clay liner to resist change due to exposure to liquids. These liquids may come from a site, or be generated in a laboratory from a site-specific soil.  
1.2 The scope of this guide is limited to short-term screening and is not intended to replace evaluation procedures that measure a performance property such as EPA 9100, Test Method D6766, or other suitable ASTM standards as they become available. This guide does not address potential adverse effects of wet-dry cycling.  
1.3 This guide applies to the clay component of a GCL. The swell index and fluid loss tests referenced in Section 8 may not be applicable to clay with polymer or other chemical treatment. However, the flux tests referenced in Section 9 are applicable to clay with polymer or other chemical treatment. It is acknowledged that some use the swell index or fluid loss procedure, or both, on clay with polymer or other chemical treatment. However, such use of the standard would be considered a modification of the procedure and must be reported as such. The synthetic carrier components are covered independently as described in Practice D5322.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7703-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Electrical Leak Location on Exposed Geomembranes Using the Water Lance Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Geomembranes are used as barriers to prevent liquids from leaking from landfills, ponds, and other containments. For this purpose, it is desirable that the geomembrane have as little leakage as practical.  
4.2 The liquids may contain contaminants that, if released, can cause damage to the environment. Leaking liquids can erode the subgrade, causing further damage. Leakage can result in product loss or otherwise prevent the installation from performing its intended containment purpose.  
4.3 Geomembranes are often assembled in the field, either by unrolling and welding panels of the geomembrane material together in the field, unfolding flexible geomembranes in the field, or a combination of both.  
4.4 Geomembrane leaks can be caused by poor quality of the subgrade, poor quality of the material placed on the geomembrane, accidents, poor workmanship, manufacturing defects, and carelessness.  
4.5 Electrical leak location methods are an effective and proven quality assurance measure to detect and locate leaks. They do not verify material or seam integrity.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is a performance-based standard for an electrical method for locating leaks in exposed geomembranes. For clarity, this practice uses the term “leak” to mean holes, punctures, tears, knife cuts, seam defects, cracks, and similar breaches in an installed geomembrane (as defined in 3.2.6).  
1.2 This practice can be used for geomembranes installed in basins, ponds, tanks, ore and waste pads, landfill cells, landfill caps, canals, and other containment facilities. It is applicable for geomembranes made of materials such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, chlorosulfonated polyethylene, bituminous geomembrane, and any other electrically insulating materials. This practice is best applicable for locating geomembrane leaks where the proper preparations have been made during the construction of the facility.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D2643/D2643M-21(Specification)
Standard Specification for Prefabricated Bituminous Geomembrane Used as Canal and Ditch Liner (Exposed Type)

ABSTRACT
This specification covers prefabricated asphalt liner sheets intended for installation to provide a continuous, exposed lining for reservoirs, ponds, canals, and ditches. The liner sheets shall consist of layers of asphalt mastic between asphalt-saturated felts, mats, or fabrics, and shall be coated on both sides and covered with a material to prevent the finished sheets from sticking together during storage and shipment. The coating shall be a hot-applied asphalt material permitted to be compounded with a mineral stabilizer. Thickness of asphalt coating, water absorption, mass percent of asphalt, resistance to decay, flexibility, brittleness, and heat dissipation tests shall be performed to conform to the requirements specified.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers prefabricated bituminous geomembranes intended to provide a continuous, exposed lining for canals and ditches.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D6638-18(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining Connection Strength Between Geosynthetic Reinforcement and Segmental Concrete Units (Modular Concrete Blocks)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The connection strength between geosynthetic reinforcement and segmental concrete block units is used in design of reinforced soil retaining walls.  
5.2 This test is used to determine the connection strength for the design of the connection system formed by segmental concrete block units and geosynthetic reinforcement layers in reinforced soil retaining walls. Performing a series of these connection tests at varying normal loads permits development of a relationship between connection strength and normal load. This relationship may be linear, bilinear, or some other complex mathematical expression.  
5.3 This connection strength test is meant to be a performance test (laboratory or field); therefore, it should be conducted using full-scale system components. The conditions for the test are selected by the user and are not for routine testing.  
5.4 As a performance test on full-scale system components, it accounts for some of the variables in construction procedures and materials tolerance normally present for these types of retaining wall systems.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to determine the connection properties between a layer of geosynthetic reinforcement and segmental concrete block units used in construction of reinforced soil retaining walls. The test is carried out under conditions determined by the user that reproduce the connection system at full scale. The results of a series of tests are used to define a relationship between connection strength for a segmental unit-geosynthetic connection system and normal load.  
1.2 This is a performance test used to determine properties for design of retaining wall systems utilizing segmental concrete units and soil reinforcing geosynthetics, either geotextiles or geogrids. The test is performed on a full-scale construction of the connection and may be run in a laboratory or the field.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are regarded as the standard. The values stated in inch-pound units are provided for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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