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ASTM D240-02

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter

Standard Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the heat of combustion of liquid hydrocarbon fuels ranging in volatility from that of light distillates to that of residual fuels.
1.2 Under normal conditions, this test method is directly applicable to such fuels as gasolines, kerosines, Nos. 1 and 2 fuel oil, Nos. 1-D and 2-D diesel fuel and Nos. 0-GT, 1-GT, and 2-GT gas turbine fuels.
1.3 This test method is not as repeatable and not as reproducible as Test Method D4809.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.For specific hazard statements, see Sections 7 and 9 and A1.10 and Annex A3.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Apr-2002
ICS
75.160.20 - Liquid fuels
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.05 - Properties of Fuels, Petroleum Coke and Carbon Material
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D240-00 - Standard Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter
Effective Date
10-Apr-2002
Replaced By
ASTM D240-02(2007) - Standard Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter
Effective Date
01-May-2007
Referred By
ASTM D7566-22a - Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuel Containing Synthesized Hydrocarbons
Effective Date
10-Apr-2002
Referred By
ASTM D4529-17 - Standard Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels
Effective Date
10-Apr-2002
Referred By
ASTM D4809-18 - Standard Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision Method)
Effective Date
10-Apr-2002
Referred By
ASTM D7589-16e1 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Effects of Automotive Engine Oils on Fuel Economy of Passenger Cars and Light-Duty Trucks in Sequence VID Spark Ignition Engine<rangeref></rangeref >
Effective Date
10-Apr-2002
Referred By
ASTM D6823-08(2021) - Standard Specification for Commercial Boiler Fuels With Used Lubricating Oils
Effective Date
10-Apr-2002
Referred By
ASTM D8226-21ae1 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Effects of Automotive Engine Oils on Fuel Economy of Passenger Cars and Light-Duty Trucks in Sequence VIF Spark Ignition Engine<rangeref></rangeref >
Effective Date
10-Apr-2002
Referred By
ASTM D8275-22 - Standard Specification for Gasoline-like Test Fuel for Compression-Ignition Engines
Effective Date
10-Apr-2002
Referred By
ASTM D6984-18e1 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine Oils in the Sequence IIIF, Spark-Ignition Engine
Effective Date
10-Apr-2002
Referred By
ASTM D3338/D3338M-20a - Standard Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels
Effective Date
10-Apr-2002
Referred By
ASTM D8111-23a - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine Oils in the Sequence IIIH, Spark-Ignition Engine
Effective Date
10-Apr-2002
Referred By
ASTM D7320-18e1 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine Oils in the Sequence IIIG, Spark-Ignition Engine
Effective Date
10-Apr-2002
Referred By
ASTM D6709-22 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine Oils in the Sequence VIII Spark-Ignition Engine (CLR Oil Test Engine)
Effective Date
10-Apr-2002
Referred By
ASTM D7666-12(2019) - Standard Specification for Triglyceride Burner Fuel
Effective Date
10-Apr-2002

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ASTM D240-02 - Standard Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb CalorimeterASTM D240-02 - Standard Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter
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ASTM D240-02 - Standard Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
An American National Standard
Designation:D240–02
Standard Test Method for
Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb
1
Calorimeter
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D240; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
3
1. Scope nance Spectrometry
D4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the heat of
ProductsbyEnergy-DispersiveX-RayFluorescenceSpec-
combustion of liquid hydrocarbon fuels ranging in volatility
3
troscopy
from that of light distillates to that of residual fuels.
D4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid
1.2 Under normal conditions, this test method is directly
Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision
applicable to such fuels as gasolines, kerosines, Nos. 1 and 2
3
Method)
fuel oil, Nos. 1-D and 2-D diesel fuel and Nos. 0-GT, 1-GT,
D5453 Test Method for Determination Of Total Sulfur in
and 2-GT gas turbine fuels.
Light Hydrocarbons, Motor Fuels and Oils by Ultraviolet
1.3 This test method is not as repeatable and not as
4
Fluorescence
reproducible as Test Method D4809.
5
E1 Specification for ASTM Thermometers
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
E200 Practice for Preparation, Standardization, and Stor-
standard.
age of Standard and Reagent Solutions for Chemical
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
6
Analysis
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3. Terminology
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1 Definitions:
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard
3.1.1 grossheatofcombustion,Qg(MJ/kg)—thequantityof
statements, see Sections 7 and 9 and A1.10 and Annex A3.
energyreleasedwhenaunitmassoffuelisburnedinaconstant
2. Referenced Documents volume enclosure, with the products being gaseous, other than
water that is condensed to the liquid state.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1.1.1 Discussion—The fuel can be either liquid or solid,
D129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-
2
and contain only the elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and
eral Bomb Method)
2 sulfur. The products of combustion, in oxygen, are gaseous
D1018 Test Method for Hydrogen in Petroleum Fractions
carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and liquid
D1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products
2 water. In this procedure, 25°C is the initial temperature of the
(Lamp Method)
fuel and the oxygen, and the final temperature of the products
D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by
of combustion.
Wavelength Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrom-
3
3.1.2 net heat of combustion, Qn (MJ/kg)—the quantity of
etry
energy released when a unit mass of fuel is burned at constant
D3120 Test Method forTrace Quantities of Sulfur in Light
pressure, with all of the products, including water, being
Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Microcou-
3
gaseous.
lometry
3.1.2.1 Discussion—The fuel can be either liquid or solid,
D3701 Test Method for Hydrogen Content of Aviation
and contain only the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
TurbineFuelsbyLowResolutionNuclearMagneticReso-
nitrogen, and sulfur. The products of combustion, in oxygen,
are carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and water,
allinthegaseousstate.Inthisprocedure,thecombustiontakes
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
place at a constant pressure of 0.1012 MPa (1 atm), and 25°C
PetroleumProductsandLubricantsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommittee
D02.05 on Properties of Fuels, Petroleum, Coke and Carbon Material.
Current edition approved April 10, 2002. Published July 2002. Originally
4
published as D240–57T. Last previous edition D240–00. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.03
2 5
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.03.
3 6
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.02. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.05.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D240–02
is the initial temperature of the fuel and the oxygen, and the when considering the thermal efficiency of equipment for
final temperature of the products of combustion. producing either power or heat.
3.1.3 The following relationships may be used for convert- 5.2 The heat of combustion as determined by this test
...

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5.1 The analysis of trace oxygenates in automotive spark-ignition engine fuel has become routine in certain areas to ensure compliance whenever oxygenated fuels are used. In addition, test methods to measure trace levels of oxygenates in automotive spark-ignition fuel are necessary to assess product quality.
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5.1 The combustion quality of aviation turbine fuel has traditionally been controlled in specifications by such tests as smoke point (see Test Method D1322), smoke volatility index, aromatic content of luminometer number (see Test Method D1740). Evidence is accumulating that a better control of the quality may be obtained by limiting the minimum hydrogen content of the fuel.  
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1.4 Table of Contents:    
Section  
Scope  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Summary of Test Method  
4  
Significance and Use  
5  
Apparatus  
6  
Engine Fluids and Cleaning Solvents  
7  
Preparation of Apparatus  
8  
Engine/Stand Calibration and Non-Reference Oil Tests  
9  
Test Procedure  
10  
Calculations, Ratings, and Test Validity  
11  
Report  
12  
Precision and Bias  
13  
Annexes  
Safety Precautions  
Annex A1  
Intake Air Aftercooler  
Annex A2  
The Cummins ISB Engine Build Parts Kit  
Annex A3  
Sensor Locations and Special Hardware  
Annex A4  
External Oil System  
Annex A5  
Cummins Service Publications  
Annex A6  
Specified Units and Formats  
Annex A7  
Oil Analyses  
Annex A8  
Alternate Fuel Approval Process  
Annex A9  
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Standard Test Method for Measurement of Lubricity of Aviation Turbine Fuels by the Ball-on-Cylinder Lubricity Evaluator (BOCLE)

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5.1 Wear due to excessive friction resulting in shortened life of engine components such as fuel pumps and fuel controls has sometimes been ascribed to lack of lubricity in an aviation fuel.  
5.2 The relationship of test results to aviation fuel system component distress due to wear has been demonstrated for some fuel/hardware combinations where boundary lubrication is a factor in the operation of the component.  
5.3 The wear scar generated in the ball-on-cylinder lubricity evaluator (BOCLE) test is sensitive to contamination of the fluids and test materials, the presence of oxygen and water in the atmosphere, and the temperature of the test. Lubricity measurements are also sensitive to trace materials acquired during sampling and storage. Containers specified in Practice D4306 shall be used.  
5.4 The BOCLE test method may not directly reflect operating conditions of engine hardware. For example, some fuels that contain a high content of certain sulfur compounds can give anomalous test results.
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1.1 This test method covers assessment of the wear aspects of the boundary lubrication properties of aviation turbine fuels on rubbing steel surfaces.  
1.1.1 This test method incorporates two procedures, one using a semi-automated instrument and the second a fully automated instrument. Either of the two instruments may be used to carry out the test.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the hydrogen content of petroleum products ranging from atmospheric distillates to vacuum residua using a continuous wave, low-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer. (Test Method D3701 is the preferred method for determining the hydrogen content of aviation turbine fuels using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.)  
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Test Method  
Petroleum Products  
Boiling Range, °C (°F)
(approximate)  
A  
Light Distillates  
15–260 (60–500)  
B  
Middle Distillates  
200–370 (400–700)  
Gas Oils  
370–510 (700–950)  
C  
Residua  
510+ (950+ )  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. The preferred units are mass %.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Sections 7.2 and 7.4.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8252-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Vanadium and Nickel in Crude and Residual Oil by X-ray Spectrometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a rapid and precise elemental measurement with simple sample preparation. Typical analysis times are approximately 4 min to 5 min per sample with a preparation time of approximately 1 min to 3 min per sample.  
5.2 The quality of crude oil is related to the amount of sulfur present. Knowledge of the vanadium and nickel concentration is necessary for processing purposes as well as contractual agreements.  
5.3 The presence of vanadium and nickel presents significant risks for contamination of the cracking catalysts in the refining process.  
5.4 This test method provides a means of determining whether the vanadium and nickel content of crude meets the operational limits of the refinery and whether the metal content will have a deleterious effect on the refining process or when used as a fuel.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the quantitative determination of total vanadium and nickel in crude and residual oil in the concentration ranges shown in Table 1 using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry.  
1.2 Sulfur is measured for analytical purposes only for the compensation of X-ray absorption matrix effects affecting the vanadium and nickel X-rays. For measurement of sulfur by standard test method use Test Methods D4294, D2622 or other suitable standard test method for sulfur in crude and residual oils.  
1.3 This test method is limited to the use of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometers employing an X-ray tube for excitation in conjunction with wavelength dispersive detection system or energy dispersive high resolution semiconductor detector with the ability to separate signals of adjacent and near-adjacent elements.  
1.4 This test method uses inter-element correction factors calculated from XRF theory, the fundamental parameters (FP) approach, or best fit regression.  
1.5 Samples containing higher concentrations than shown in Table 1 must be diluted to bring the elemental concentration of the diluted material within the scope of this test method.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6.1 The preferred concentrations units are mg/kg for vanadium and nickel.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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